Classification, Evolution, and the Nature of BiologyCambridge University Press, 1992. jún. 26. - 403 oldal Historically, naturalists who proposed theories of evolution, including Darwin and Wallace, did so in order to explain the apparent relationship of natural classification. This book begins by exploring the intimate historical relationship between patterns of classification and patterns of phylogeny. However, it is a circular argument to use the data for classification. Alec Panchen presents other evidence for evolution in the form of a historically based but rigorously logical argument. This is followed by a history of methods of classification and phylogeny reconstruction including current mathematical and molecular techniques. The author makes the important claim that if the hierarchical pattern of classification is a real phenomenon, then biology is unique as a science in making taxonomic statements. This conclusion is reached by way of historical reviews of theories of evolutionary mechanism and the philosophy of science as applied to biology. The book is addressed to biologists, particularly taxonomists, concerned with the history and philosophy of their subject, and to philosophers of science concerned with biology. It is also an important source book on methods of classification and the logic of evolutionary theory for students, professional biologists, and paleontologists. |
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Tartalomjegyzék
INTRODUCTION | 1 |
PATTERNS OF CLASSIFICATION | 10 |
I The scala naturae | 11 |
II The Linnean hierarchy and the Tree of Porphyry | 16 |
III Quinarian circles and family trees | 23 |
IV Grades phenograms and cladograms | 30 |
V Conclusions | 38 |
PATTERNS OF PHYLOGENY | 41 |
CLASSIFICATION AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PHYLOGENY | 195 |
I The reconstruction of phylogeny | 196 |
II Molecular distance | 204 |
III Sequence data | 212 |
IS SYSTEMATICS INDEPENDENT? | 225 |
or likelihood? | 226 |
II The hierarchy | 237 |
III Cladograms trees and scenarios | 244 |
I The scala naturae as phylogeny | 42 |
II Family trees | 45 |
III Stufenreihen and cladograms | 52 |
IV Reticulate phylogeny | 58 |
V Conclusions | 59 |
HOMOLOGY AND THE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION | 62 |
I Homology | 63 |
II The classification of homology | 69 |
III Vestigial organs | 79 |
IV Ontogeny and molecular biology | 82 |
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE | 85 |
II Fossils and transmutation | 91 |
III Biogeography | 97 |
IV Conclusions | 106 |
METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAXONOMY | 109 |
II Linncan taxonomy | 114 |
III PostLinnean taxonomy | 117 |
IV Evolutionary classification | 121 |
The historical basis of taxonomy | 130 |
METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION PHENETICS AND CLADISTICS | 132 |
II Phenetic clustering | 144 |
III Cladistics | 151 |
IV Cladistics and fossils | 158 |
METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION THE CURRENT DEBATE | 169 |
I The transformation of cladistics | 170 |
II Outgroups or ontogeny | 181 |
III Parsimony | 188 |
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION DARWINISM AND ITS RIVAL | 248 |
I Lamarck and Lamarckism | 250 |
Darwin and Wallace | 254 |
III PostOrigin theories | 262 |
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION THE SYNTHETIC THEORY | 268 |
I The Modern Synthesis | 270 |
II Criticisms of the Synthetic Theory | 273 |
III Developmental constraints and selection | 279 |
IV Macroevolution | 284 |
The Theory of Natural Selection | 294 |
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE | 298 |
I The problem of induction | 300 |
II The hypotheticodeductive method | 304 |
III Popper and after | 308 |
IV Normative descriptive sociological or cognitive? | 317 |
PHILOSOPHY AND BIOLOGY | 323 |
I Biological generalisations | 326 |
II The taxonomic statement | 330 |
III What is being classified? | 333 |
IV The hierarchy again | 341 |
V Propositions in biology | 345 |
VI Postscript | 347 |
349 | |
387 | |
395 | |
Más kiadások - Összes megtekintése
Gyakori szavak és kifejezések
accepted adaptive Amphibia anagenesis ancestor animals apomorph archetype autapomorphies biology birds branch lengths Chapter characterised characters clades cladistics cladogenesis cladogram claim clustering coding concept Crassigyrinus dendrogram derived divergent Eldredge evidence for evolution evolutionary explanandum extant extinction Farris fossil record gene genetic geological Gould groups Hennig Hennigian comb hierarchy homoplasy hypothesis individual Lamarck Linnaeus logical division mammals Mayr method molecular morphocline mutation natural classification natural selection node ontogeny organisms original OTUs out-group comparison Panchen parsimony pattern of classification pattern of phylogeny Patterson phenetics phenogram phylogenetic phylogeny Platnick Popper population principle priori produced proposed protein rank reconstruction relationship represent reptiles result sauropsids scala naturae scientific Section sequence similarity sister-group Sneath and Sokal speciation species structure suggested symplesiomorphy synapomorphies Synthetic Theory Systematic Zoology taxa taxic homologies taxon taxonomic terminal taxa tetrapods theory of evolution transformed cladistics tree of Porphyry universal statements vertebrates