tes, and other eminent philosophers, or friends to wisdom, were largely endowed with this faculty, which may be considered as one of the most distinguishing and noblest attributes of man.

Uses to trace cause and effect; to pursue philosophical inquiry.

cation.

Abuses-metaphysical subtleties without a practical appliLocation-outside and each side of Comparison. Physiognomical language-serious, thoughtful and contem

plative.

INTELLECTUAL AND SENTIMENTAL BEAUTY DESCRIBED

Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall,
God-like erect, with native honor clad.
For contemplation he and valor formed,

For softness she and sweet, attractive grace;
He for God only, she for God in him.

His fair, large front and eye sublime declar'd
Absolute rule; and hyacinthine locks

Round from his parted forelock manly hung
Clustering, but not beneath his shoulders broad;
She, as a veil down to the slender waist,
Her unadorned, golden tresses wore.

{Over lower forehead, or the organ of

Individuality to occipital spine,

13 inches.

THE TEMPERAMENTS.

Physiologists have laid down the following rules in forming a judgment of the temperament from the external appearance of the individual, which are described as follows:

THE LYMPHATIC is distinguished by a roundness of person, fair hair and skin, delicate texture of body, and softness of the muscles, inactivity of the brain and nervous system.

THE SANGUINE mperament is indicated by fulness of person and firmness of muscle, bright chesnut hair, ruddy countenance, and regular features; fond also of animated and active exertion.

THE BILIOUS temperament is recognized by full, dark hair, angular outlines of form, firmness of texture; also by strength and energy of person; the features acute and strongly defined.

THE NERVOUS temperament is distinguished by rapidity of motion for a short period; small muscles and thin, fine hair; easily becomes fatigued, and very susceptible.

When comparing different brains, the temperament should always be attended to; because two brains may be of the same size, but if one be of the lymphatic, and the other of the bilious temperament, there will be great difference in the powers of manifesting the faculties. In referring man's actions to his cerebral structure, we must admit the great impor tance of his organic constitution or structure, as this is one of the first and most important conditions to be observed in estimating his phrenological character. We can readily conceive how the organic constitution of the brain is affected and modified by the digestion, circulation, perspiration, and nutrition of the body, and how these different states of organization may produce different degrees of activity of the mental faculties generally.

1

THE size of Brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of power, either in the aggregate or as exhibited in detail by means of the written figures in this book, which, as before stated, are intended to express the relative size or force of each particular organ or faculty.

VERY LARGE.-A person having a Head or Brain marked VERY LARGE, with activity also VERY LARGE, with a favorable temperament, good education and opportunities, will exhibit the very highest order of talents and vigor of intellect, will be a natural genius and possess an aptitude for almost any pursuit or profession, and calculated to make a figure in the world. He will, by the mere force of his natural genius, be enabled to overcome difficulties which would be insurmountable to persons of smaller heads and ordinary talents; such an one will shine like a bright and particular star in the firmament of intellectual greatness, upon which future ages may gaze with astonishment and delight. His mental capacity will grasp the highest, the noblest, and the most sublime conceptions of happiness and virtue; his feelings will be of the most exquisite sensibility, either for pleasure or pain. With activity LARGE, he will be endowed with a very high order of talents and very superior powers of mind and vigorous intellect, enabled to make a distinguished figure amongst even great men, and be a leading, prominent character in whatever sphere. he may be engaged. With activity FULL, on great occasions, or when thoroughly aroused, he would be truly great; but upon ordinary occasions he would not manifest those traits of character which would distinguish him from the generality of mankind.

LARGE.-One having a large-sized Brain, with activity LARGE or VERY LARGE, will possess great power of mind, and exercise a commanding influence over those with whom he may come in contact. He will possess great ardor and impetuosity, and in some points be irresistible, particularly should his propelling powers and selfish passions be strong. With the practical intellect LARGE, he would excel in business, and possess a ready intuitive knowledge of everything, and be highly successful in his profession or business. With activity FULL, he would be endowed with a great share of mental capacity, but require stimulus to exertion and thoroughly arouse him to those vigorous efforts of mind, of which he is under some circumstances capable; when not excited, he would pass for an ordinary person. With deficiency of the perceptive and reflective faculties, would not be very shrewd or apt, but rather inferior in judgment and capacity; but with large propelling or animal feelings, might exhibit a great degree of misapplied energy, and a great wish to excel, but not the capacity. With activity MODERATE, when powerfully excited, may evince considerable energy of intellect and capacity for performance, yet be too indolent and sluggish to do much; wanting also in clearness of ideas and intensity of feeling, and unless driven to exertion, will not be likely to accomplish much. With activity SMALL, or VERY SMALL, an extreme aversion to action, indolent and incapable of great exertion, either mentally or physically.

FULL.-With activity GREAT, or VERY GREAT, and the practical intellect and propelling powers LARGE, or VERY LARGE, although not possessing a high order of talent, will be generally clever, have considerable talent, and that so energetic, that it will pass current for more than what it really is worth, from its great incentive to action, yet is inadequate for great undertakings, and incapable of making a distinguished figure in the

world, nor be really great. With activity FULL, will be tolerably clever, but manifest only an ordinary share of intellect. With the intellectual and perceptive faculties LARGE, he would be enabled to conduct business of an ordinary character, and even to obtain some celebrity and pass for a talented man. With activity MODERATE, will be indisposed to action, and take the world easy. SMALL, or VERY SMALL, will be extremely deficient in everything that constitutes a great character.

MODERATE.-One with a Head of only moderate size, combined with GREAT OF VERY GREAT activity and large perceptive and propelling powers, will appear to possess much more talent than he really does, and with others to pioneer for him, he may be enabled to follow their plans with advantage. He will be more remarkable for activity than strength of mind, and more showy than useful in his acquirements. With activity only FULL, will have but a very moderate amount of intelligence, and no desire to acquire a great reputation; very sluggish and inactive. With activity MODERATE, or SMALL, extremely dull of apprehension and excessively indolent.

SMALL, OR VERY SMALL.-One with a SMALL or VERY SMALL Head, will be conscious of little else than merely an animal existence, and can never accomplish those high and splendid achievements which have immortalized the names of Homer, a Milton, or Shakespeare, or of the super-eminent goodness or greatness of an Alfred, or a Washington, who, generously resigning every consideration of self for the advancement of their country's happiness and welfare, have left their names an enduring monument to all ages.

THE DEGREE OF ACTIVITY.-Whilst size gives power, momentum and endurance of the mental faculties, &c., activity imparts intensity, quickness, willingness, and even a restless desire to act; implying energy and efficiency of character in the same ratio as marked in the margin.

The Brain is divided into two halves or hemispheres, each hemisphere being composed of a number of folds or convolutions, each of which has been discovered and unfolded by Spurzheim's new and admirable method of dissecting the Brain. The functions of each have also been fully established by the unwearied and indefatigable personal observation of the immortal Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, first founders of the science, and since corroborated by innumerable practical observations of its numerous professors, both in this country and Europe. The two hemispheres of the Brain are brought into communication and simultaneous action by means of fibres running transversely from one to the other. This important fact was first established by the extremely delicate method of unravelling the Brain, as practised by Spurzheim. The Skull, or bony outside covering to the Brain, and its three distinct coverings by which it is enveloped, generally presents a perfect parallelism to the Brain, as it is moulded on the Brain, and may be regarded as a kind of shell-work, as it presents no more obstruction to the growth and development of the Brain, than does the shell to the growth of such animals as are protected by them; the bony structure being of a secondary formation to that of the Brain or softer parts of the human system.