from what most of their successors have been, in England or Scotland. | Translations diligently compared and reuised by his Maiestie's With the exception of Bishop Lowth's classic work upon Isaiah, no speciall Comandement. Imprinted at London by Robert Barker, other effort at translating, among the English divines, will compare, Printer to the King's most Excellent Maiestie. Anno Dom. 1611, either in respect to taste, judgment, or sound understanding of the Hebrew, with the authorized version."

14. THE AMERICAN MONTHLY REVIEW.-"No new translation can succeed, which is not based upon that now in use. The phraseology of King James's translation is connected too intimately with the religious impressions of individuals, and with almost all the religious literature extant in our language, to be renounced by those who cherish the former and renounce the latter. Nor would we wish to renounce it, if the Christian public would consent to it. It is euphonious, elegant, and lofty. It comprises few words now obsolete, few which every well-trained child does not understand. And King James's translation has been itself the reason, why its phraseology has not become obsolete. It has been as an anchor to the English language, which, before that work was undertaken, had been constantly fluctuating."

Notwithstanding these decisive testimonies to the superior excellency of our authorized version, it is readily admitted that it is not immaculate, and that a revision or correction of it is an object of desire to the friends of religion, were it only to silence the perpetually repeated cavils of the opposers of divine revelation; who, studiously disregarding the various satisfactory answers which have been given to their unfounded objections, persevere in repeating them, so long as they find a very few mistranslated passages in the authorized version. But that the existing translation is so faulty in innumerable instances, and so ambiguous and incorrect even in matters of the highest importance, as to render a new translation absolutely necessary,-or that sacred criticism is yet so far advanced as to furnish all the means that may be expected, we hesitate not to deny. Indeed, when we consider the very few REAL faults which the most minute and scrupulous inquirer has been able to find in our present translation; when we perceive such distinguished critics as Archbishop Newcome and Bishop Horsley (to mention no more), producing very discordant interpretations of the same text or word, we cannot but call to mind, with gratitude and admiration, the integrity, wisdom, fidelity, and learning of the venerable translators, of whose pious labours we are now reaping the benefit; who, while their reverence for the Sacred Scriptures induced them to be as literal as they could, to avoid obscurity, have been extremely happy in the simplicity and dignity of their expressions, and who, by their adherence to the Hebrew idiom, have at once enriched and adorned our language. And instead of being impatient for a new translation, we shall (to adopt the energetic expression of Mr. Todd) "take up THE BOOK, which from our infancy we have known and loved, with increased delight; and resolve not hastily to violate, in regard to itself, the rule which it records:-FOR

SAKE NOT AN OLD FRIEND, FOR THE NEW IS NOT COMPARABLE
TO HIM.'"

Happy, thrice happy, hath our English nation been, since God hath given it learned translators to express, in our mother tongue, the heavenly mysteries of his holy word, delivered to his church in the Hebrew and Greek languages; who, although they may have in some matters of no importance unto salvation, as men, been deceived and mistaken, yet they have faithfully delivered the whole substance of the heavenly doctrine contained in the Holy Scriptures, without any heretical translations or wilful corruptions. With what reverence, joy, and gladness, then, ought we to receive this blessing! Let us read the Scriptures with an humble, modest, and teachable disposition: with a willingness to embrace all truths which are plainly delivered there, how contrary soever to our own opinions and prejudices; and, in matters of difficulty, readily hearken to the judgment of our teachers, and those that are set over us in the Lord; check every presumptuous thought or reasoning which exalts itself against any of those mysterious truths therein revealed; and if we thus search after the truth in the love of it, we shall not miss of that knowledge which will make us wise unto salvation."3

1. The Holy Bible, conteyning the Old Testament and the New: Newly translated out of the Originall tongues, & with the former

1 Stuart's Dissertations on the Importance and Best Method of studying the Original Languages of the Bible, p. 61.

2 The American Monthly Review, vol. iii. (March, 1833), p. 224. 3 Johnson's Hist. Acc. in the concluding paragraph. Bp. Watson's Tracts, vol. iii. p. 100.

The reader, who is desirous of perusing more minute bibliographical accounts of the English Versions executed anterior to King James's (or the authorized English) version of the Bible, is referred to Lewis's History of the principal Translations of the Bible; Dr. Cotton's List of Editions of VOL. II. APP. 3 X

folio.

ment."

This is the title of the first edition of the authorized English version: it is retained in all the subsequent editions, the spelling being modernized, and "command" being substituted for "comandethe Genealogical Tables ascribed to the industrious antiquary John To this edition there are prefixed a Calendar of Lessons, Speed, and an engraved map of Canaan, together with an alphabetical list of the places mentioned in the Scriptures. The first quarto edition appeared in 1612.

1638 and 1685, an alteration is introduced in Acts vi. 3.; where,
In some of the very numerous editions printed between the years
instead of we may appoint, we read YE may appoint. This altera-
tion has been charged upon the Independents during the time of
Cromwell's usurpation; but, as the first Bible in which it was ob-
served is that printed at Cambridge, by Buck and Daniel, in 1638
(which was revised, by royal command, by Dr. Ward, Dr. Goad,
bability an error of the press, without any design to favour any
Mr. Boys, Mr. Mede, and other eminent scholars), it is in all pro-
particular party. In 1653, an edition was printed by John Field,
at Cambridge, in 24mo., which is of extreme rarity and beauty: it
is called the Pearl Bible, from the very small type with which it
was printed, but is disgraced by very numerous errata, some of
which are of importance. An imitation of it was made in Hol-
land, in 1658; but the genuine edition is known by having the
first four psalms on a page, without turning over. In 1660, the
same printer executed a splendid folio edition of the Bible, which
was illustrated with chorographical plates, engraved by Ogilby, an
eminent artist of that time: he also printed several other editions
in 8vo. and 12mo., but they are not considered as typographical
curiosities. From the time of Field to the end of the seventeenth
minated preaching Bibles, from the use made of them in the pulpit
century, several curious flat Bibles were printed, which are deno-
during that period. The typographical execution of them is very
clear, the type being a broad-faced letter, upon thin paper, with a
few marginal notes, which gives them a superiority over many of
the thick and heavy volumes that have since been printed. In
1683, this translation was corrected, and many references to paral-
edition was published, in large folio, under the direction of Dr.
lel texts were added by Dr. Scattergood; and in 1701, a very fine
Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury, with chronological dates, and
an index by Bishop Lloyd, and accurate tables of Scripture weights
and measures by Bishop Cumberland: but this edition is said to
abound with typographical errors. The latest and most complete
revision is that made by the late Rev. Dr. Blayney, under the di-
rection of the vice-chancellor and delegates of the Clarendon
press, at Oxford. In this edition, which was printed both in quarto
and folio, in 1769, the punctuation was thoroughly revised; the
words printed in Italics were examined and corrected by the He-
brew and Greek originals; the proper names, to the etymology of
which allusions are made in the text, were translated and entered
in the margin; the summaries of chapters, and running titles, at the
top of each page corrected; some material errors in the chronology
rectified; and the marginal references were re-examined and cor-
rected, and thirty thousand four hundred and ninety-five new refer
ences were inserted in the margin. From the singular pains be-
stowed, in order to render this edition as accurate as possible, it
has hitherto been considered the standard edition, from which all
subsequent impressions have been executed. A few copies of the
quarto edition were printed on thick paper, which are now very
rare: nearly the whole impression having been destroyed by fire.

Notwithstanding the great labour and attention bestowed by Dr. Blayney, his edition must now yield the palm of accuracy to the very beautiful and correct edition published by Messrs. Eyre and Strahan, his majesty's printers (but printed by Mr. Woodfall), in 1806, and again in 1813, in quarto; as not fewer than one hun1806 with Dr. B.'s, and one of these errors was an omission of condred and sixteen errors were discovered in collating the edition of the Bible; and Dr. Dibdin's Edition of Herbert's and Ames's Typographical Antiquities, of which work four volumes have been published. Kilbourn's "Dangerous Errors in some late printed Bibles," p. 6. London, 1659, 4to.

Another material error has crept into many modern editions of the English Bible in 1 Tim. iv. 16., where we read Take heed unto thyself and THY doctrine, instead of THE doctrine. The origin of this mistake (which the author of this work has found in various editions printed between the year 1690 and the commencement of the present century) it is now impossible to ascertain. It was first pointed out by the eminently learned Bishop Horsley.

Mr. D'Israeli has an interesting article on the above noticed "Pearl Bibles and Six Thousand Errata," from which the following instances are

copied :-Rom vi. 13. "Neither yield ye your members as instruments of righteousness unto sin;"-for unrighteousness.-1 Cor. vi. 9. "Know ye not that the unrighteous shall inherit the kingdom of God?"-for shall not inherit. "This erratum," Mr. D. remarks, served as the foundation of a dangerous doctrine: for many libertines urged the text from this corrupt Bible, against the reproofs of a divine." Curiosities of Literature (2d Series), vol. iii. p. 318. To the two preceding instances we may add that in John ix. 2. the words "or who hath opened his eyes, we know not," are wholly omitted. (Kilbourn's "Dangerous Errors in some late printed Bibles," p. 7.)

A full account of Dr. Blayney's Collation and Revision was communicated by him to the Gentleman's Magazine for November, 1769. vol xxxix pp. 517-519

the part of the University of Cambridge, by the Rev. Dr. Turton (the titles of whose pamphlets will be found in a subsequent page of this bibliographical appendix). The result is that, though abso lute inerrancy is impracticable in any printed book, yet all the modern editions (those, for instance, which have been printed since the year 1820) have been proved to be as correct, as unwearied and incessant industry can make them. With reference to the alleged charges of inaccuracy, the editors of an ably conducted amined; and we assert, without hesitation or difficulty, that the TEXT OF SCRIPTURE IN THE ENGLISH BIBLE IS NOT VITIATED BY THE modern Italics, as the charges allege; AND THAT IN ANY COPY OF THE TRANSLATION IN COMMON USE THERE IS NOTHING to be FOUND WHICH CAN RENDER THE TEXT OF SCRIPTURE UNWORTHY OF THE CONFIDENCE OF THE UNLEARNED.... And those classes of the community, amongst whom the Bible most largely circulates, should be told that, in the copies which have been put into their hands, THERE IS NEITHER PERVERSION NOR OBSCURATION OF THE TRUTH. The Bibles of the Oxford, Cambridge, and London” [that is, the king's printers"]"presses, recently issued, are most beautiful books; and certainly, in respect to the important purposes of their publication and use, MAY BE READ WITHOUT DISTRUST. We do not affirm them to be immaculate, but they afford NO GROUNDS for such imputations as those which have been, we regret to say, so inconsiderately and so reproachfully directed against them.” (Eclectic Review, Third Series, vol. ix. p. 533.)

siderable importance. Messrs. Eyre and Strahan's editions may therefore be regarded as approaching as near as possible to what bibliographers term an immaculate text. Only one erratum, we believe, has been discovered in the edition of 1806. The following particulars relative to the above-mentioned London editions of the Bible may not be unacceptable to the bibliographical reader, at the same time they will show that their claims to be considered as standard editions are not altogether unfounded. The booksellers of the metropolis having applied to his majesty's printers to un-Journal thus express themselves: -"These charges we have exdertake a handsome edition of the Bible, confided the execution of it to Mr. George Woodfall in 1804. The copy printed from was the then current Cambridge edition, with which Mr. W.'s edition agrees page for page. It was afterwards read twice by the Oxford impression then in use, and the proofs were transmitted to the Rev. Launcelot Sharpe, by whom they were read with Dr. Blayney's 4to. edition of 1769. After the proofs returned by Mr. S. for press had been corrected, the forms were placed upon the press at which they were to be worked, and another proof was taken. This was read by Mr. Woodfall's superintendent, and afterwards by Mr. W. himself, with Dr. Blayney's edition, and any errors that had previously escaped were corrected; the forms not having been removed from the press after the last proofs had been taken off. By this precaution they avoided the danger of errors (a danger of very frequent occurrence, and of no small magnitude), arising from the removal of the forms from the proof-press to the presses on which the sheets were finally worked off. Of this edition, which was ready for publication in 1806, five hundred copies were printed on imperial 4to. two thousand on royal, and three thousand on me3. The New Testament, with References under the Text in dium quarto size. In the course of printing this edition from the words at length, so that the Parallel Texts may be seen at one Cambridge copy, a great number of errors in the latter were dis-view. By the Rev. Francis Fox, M.A. London, 1722. Secovered and corrected. The London edition of 1806 being ex-cond edition, 1742. 2 vols. 8vo. hausted, a new impression was put to press in 1810, which was completed, with equal beauty and accuracy, in 1812, and published in 1813. It will gratify the reader to know that the edition of 1813 all the references in the then last and fullest edition of the Bible, has been recommended by the General Convention of the Protest-together with a great number collected by himself; and has further ant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, to be adopt-added the chronology of Archbishop Usher, the marginal rendered as the Standard Edition to which future editions of the Englishings, and several good notes on really difficult passages, together Version of the Holy Scriptures (for the use of the members of that with a copious index. This work is now only to be procured at a church) are to be made conformable. (Journal of the Proceedings very high price. of the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in a general Convention held in the city of Philadelphia, from the 16th to the 24th of May, 1820, p. 54. Journal of the Convention of the same Church in May, 1823, p. 101.)

The editor of this useful publication has given, for the most part,

There are copies of this work in royal 8vo. Its design is to erof the New Testament are neatly printed by themselves, in Greek and English; and below them is placed (in words at length) a new selection of parallel references, which is evidently the result of great labour and research, and is calculated to save much time and trouble to biblical students. The typographical execution is very

4. Scientia Biblica; being a copious Collection of Parallel Passages, for the illustration of the New Testament, printed in words at length, the whole so arranged as to illustrate and confirm the different clauses of each verse; together with the text Of the various editions of the authorized English Version, pub- at large, in Greek and English, the various readings and the lished with parallel texts, those printed at Oxford (after that of Dr. | chronology. London, 1825. 3 vols. 8vo. Blayney in 1769, and that of Bishop Wilson) are among the best and most copious of the larger editions. The Oxford minion octa-pound Scripture by Scripture: with this view the different verses vo, which issued from the press in 1821, is one of the most commodious and correct editions that has ever been printed. The me dium octavo Bible, executed by his majesty's printers, in 1814, is a most beautiful book. Canne's octavo edition, 1682, and Watson's, Edinburg, 8vo. 1722, are the most valuable of the earlier pocket editions, and are all scarce and dear. The Rev. Thomas Scott's Commentary on the Bible, in 6 vols. 4to., has a very copious and judicious selection of parallel references on the plan of Canne's Bible. The Rev. Dr. Adam Clarke's Commentary also has a similar selection of parallel texts. The pocket edition of the entire English Bible, published by Mr. Bagster in 1816, contains a new selection of upwards of sixty thousand references to passages that are really parallel. But the cheapest, as well as one of the most elegant and useful of all the pocket editions, is that published at Oxford in 1827, after Dr. Blayney's revision, at the very low price of eight shillings in sheets, which, from its type and size, is known by the appellation of the OXFORD RUBY Octavo Bible.

In 1833 various charges of inaccuracy were made against the modern editions of the authorized English version by Mr. Thomas Curtis, in four letters addressed to the Bishop of London. The misrepresentations of this writer were exposed and refuted, on the part of the University of Oxford, by the Rev. Dr. Cardwell, and on

In Dr. Blayney's quarto edition of 1769, the following words are omitted in Rev. xviii. 22. after the words "no more," viz. "at all in thee; and no craftsman, of whatsoever craft he be, shall be found any more." The author has been informed that the same omission occurs in the folio edition of 1769. Similar errors have been detected in other editions of the Bible, some of which are sufficiently curious. Thus, in 1632, Barker and Lucas (the king's printers) executed an edition of the English Bible, consisting of one thousand copies, in which a very serious error was committed by leaving out the word not in the seventh commandment, which ran thus: Thou SHALT commit adultery. This fact being proved before the high commission court, the whole impression was called in, and a very heavy fine was imposed upon the printers. (Townley's Illustrations of Biblical Literature, vol. ii. pp. 318-320.) The splendid folio Bible, printed by Basket, at Oxford, in 1717-16, is commonly termed the Vinegar Bible, from an error in the running title at Luke xx, where we read the "parable of the vinegar," instead of the "parable of the VINEYARD." The following short table will convey an accurate idea of the progressive increase of references to parallel texts in various editions of the Bible.

neat.

5. The Collateral Bible; or, a Key to the Holy Scriptures; in which the corresponding texts are brought together in one view, and arranged in a familiar and easy manner. By William M'CORKLE, assisted by the Rev. Ezra Styles ELY, D.D. and the Rev. Gregory BEDELL, A.M. Philadelphia, 1826-1828. 3 vols. 4to. [Containing the Old Testament.]

In this work the best marginal references are printed at large and in connection with every passage; by which means every parallel or related phrase in the sacred volume is brought at once under the eye, so as to present the whole scope and subject of every text at a single view. On some passages the references are extremely copious. This work, which in England is extremely rare and dear, is very neatly printed and some useful Tables are prefixed to the first volume.

:

6. A new Self-Interpreting Testament, containing many thousands of Various Readings and Parallel Passages, collected from the most approved Translators and Biblical Critics, including all those of the authorized Version; and set under the Text in words at length. With Introductory Arguments, concerning the Origin, Occasion, and Character of each Book; a Reconciliation of seeming Contradictions; and the Meaning and Pronunciation of Scripture Proper Names. By the Rev. John PLATTS. London, 1827, royal 4to.; also in 4 vols. 8vo.

The plan of this work differs from that adopted in “Scientis Biblica." In the first place, the Greek text is omitted; and the parallel passages here given at length are much less numerous. The compiler professes to have proceeded on a principle of selec tion, and to have inserted apposite texts, while he has rejected all such as were not really parallel. Little that is new is confessedly to be found in this publication, in preparing which the editor honourably acknowledges his obligations to the previous labours of Mr. Fox (No. 3. in this page), and of Mr. Cruttwell, in his edition of the Bible with Bishop Wilson's Notes, and the various renderings of preceding translators. The introductions to each book are necessarily brief. Several genealogical tables are prefixed, and the work terminates with a reconciliation of thirty-eight seemingly discrepant passages of the New Testament, together with various

miscellaneous observations for understanding it: a collection of | Rev. James Hervey (though sometimes rather too candid and inthe principal prophecies of the Old Testament relating to the Mes- discriminate in his public recommendations of books), passed the siah and his Kingdom; the meaning and pronunciation of the New following very just encomium on Dr. Fulke's noble performance:Testament Proper Names; a Table of Scripture Weights, Mea-He styles it "a valuable piece of ancient controversy and criticism, sures, and Time; and an Index to the New Testament History, full of sound divinity, weighty arguments, and important observawhich is copied from that usually annexed to the quarto editions of tions;" adding,-" would the young student be taught to discover Our authorized Version. the very sinews of popery, and be enabled to give an effectual blow to that complication of errors, I scarce know a treatise better calculated for the purpose."

7. A Scriptural Commentary on the Book of Genesis and the Gospel according to St. Matthew, comprising the Sacred Text of these Books, with the most copious Marginal References annexed to each clause of each verse, in the words of Scripture. By the Rev. Charles Lambert COGHLAN, D.D. London, 1832. 2 vols. 8vo.

8. The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians: With Parallel Texts printed at length. By the Rev. H. A. SIMCOE. London, 1833, foolscap 4to.

These very copious parallel texts are selected from the labours of the Rev. Thomas Scott, from Mr. Platt's Self-interpreting New Testament, from Mr. Cruttwell's Concordance of Parallels, from the parallel references given in the English Version of the Polyglott Bible, published by Mr. Bagster in 1816, and from other sources.

Anglo-Romish Versions of the Bible.

(2.) A Confutation of the Rhemists' Translation, Glosses, and Annotations of the New Testament. By Thomas CART RIGHT. London, 1618, folio.

In 1749, a new edition of the Anglo-Romish Bible, with some alterations in the text, and many in the notes, was published from the copy of Dr. Chaloner, titular bishop of Debra, and one of the Vicars apostolic of the Romish Church in England. Various other editions have been printed at different times and in different sizes.

3. The Holy Bible, translated from the Latin Vulgat: diligently compared with the Hebrew, Greek, and other Editions in divers languages; the Old Testament, first published by the English College at Doway, A. D. 1609; and the New Testament, first published by the English College at Rhemes, A. D. 1582: With Annotations, and an Historical and Chronological Index. Revised and corrected according to the Clementin Edition of the Scriptures, and approved of by the most reverend Doctor TROY, R.C.A.D. Dublin, 1816, 4to.

tion.

1. The Holie Bible faithfully translated into English ovt of the Avthentical Latin. Diligently conferred with the Hebrew, Greeke, and other Editions in diuers languages. With Argvments of the Bookes, and Chapters: Annotations: Tables: and Romish bookseller at Cork, and circulated in numbers, under the This edition of the Anglo-Romish Bible was commenced by a other helpes for better vnderstanding of the text: for discouerie authority of Dr. Troy, the Romish archbishop in Dublin, who deof corruptions in some late translations: and for clearing Contro-puted one of his clergy (the Rev. P. A. Walsh, of Denmark-street, versies in Religion. By the English College of Doway. Printed Chapel) to revise, correct, and approve the said Bible for publicaat Doway by Lavrence Kellam. 1609-10. 2 vols. 4to. On the publisher's bankruptcy, his assignee (a Protestant the work in order to cover his own losses. He affixed to the title bookseller) purchased the unfinished part, and resolved to perfect the name of a Romish bookseller in Dublin, who agreed to publish the work, on condition, that the same Romish clergyman continued to correct the unfinished part. In the mean time, copies of the New Testament found their way into England; where the murderous and implacable spirit of some of its notes, and also the characters of cardinal Allen and other traitors to their country, who were concerned in the original publication of the text and notes of the Rheimish Testament, were briefly but severely exposed in the British Critic for September, 1817 (pp. 297-308.); and much more fully in the Courier London Newspaper of Oct. 11, and 23, 1817. The reader will find a detailed account of this edition of the Anglo-Romish Bible, and of the subsequent unsatisfactory disclaimer of the notes by Dr. Troy on the New Testament, in the maintained by the Church of Rome" (London, 1818), pp. 65-118., Rev. Dr. Kenney's "Enquiry concerning some of the Doctrines from which the above particulars are abridged.

2. The New Testament of Iesvs Christ, translated faithfvlly into English out of the authentical Latin, according to the best corrected copies of the same, diligently conferred with the Greeke, and other editions in diuers languages: Vvith Argvments of bookes and chapters, Annotations, and other necessarie helpes, for the better vnderstanding of the text, and specially for the discouerie of the Corrvptions of diuers late translations, and for cleering the Controversies in religion, of these daies: In the English College of Rhemes. Printed at Rhemes by Iohn Fogny. 1582, 4to.

These are the first editions of the Old and New Testament: they are not often to be met with. Fine copies of them are in the Library of the British Museum.

In the year 1582, the Romanists, finding it impossible to withhold the Scriptures any longer from the common people, printed an English New Testament at Rheims : it was translated, not from the original Greek, but from the Latin Vulgate. The Old Testament was translated from the Vulgate at Douay (whence it is called the Douay Bible), in two volumes 4to., the first of which appeared in 1609, and the second in 1610. Annotations are subjoined, which are ascribed to one Thomas Worthington: the translators were William (afterwards Cardinal) Allen, Gregory Martin, and Richard Bristow. This translation, with the Rhemish version of the New Testament above noticed, forms the English Bible, which alone is used by the Romanists of this country. The translators retained the words azymes, tunike, holocaust, pasche, and a multitude of other Greek words untranslated, under the pretext of wanting proper and adequate English terms by which to render them; and thus contrived to render it unintelligible to common readers. Hence the historian Fuller took occasion to remark that it was "a translation which needed to be translated;" and that its editors "by all means laboured to suppress the light of truth, under one pretence or other." Our learned countryman, Thomas Cartwright, was solicited by Sir Francis Walsingham to refute this translation: but, after he had made considerable progress in the work, he was prohibited from proceeding further by Archbishop Whitgift; who, judging it improper that the defence of the doctrine of the Church of England should be committed to a puritan, appointed Dr. William Fulke in his place. By him the divines of Rheims were refuted with great spirit and ability. Fulke's work appeared in 1617; and in the following year, Cartwright's confutation was published under the auspices of Archbishop Abbot; both of them were accompanied with the Rhemish translation of the New Testament; the titles of their publications are subjoined.

(1.) The Text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, translated out of the vulgar Latine, by the Papists of the traiterous seminary at Rheims, with arguments of Bookes, Chapters, and Annotations, pretending to discover the corruptions of divers translations, and to clear the controuersies of these dayes. With the authorized English Version, and a confutation of all such arguments, glosses, and annotations, as contain manifest impiety or heresy, treason and slander, against the Catholic Church of God, and the true teachers thereof, or the translations used in the Church of England. By W. FULKE, D.D. London, 1617; 1633, folio.

This elaborate work first appeared in 1586, and was again reprinted in 1601. That late elegant scholar and pious divine, the

4. The Holy Bible, translated from the Latin Vulgate, diligently compared with the Hebrew, Greek, and other editions, in divers languages: the Old Testament, first published at Doway, A. D. 1609; and the New Testament, first published by the With Annotations, English College at Rheims, A. D. 1582. References, and an Historical and Chronological Index. The whole revised and diligently compared with the Latin Vulgate. Dublin and London, 1825, 8vo.

This is the latest and most easily accessible edition of the AngloRomish version of the Bible. It has been altered for the better, and made conformable to OUR Protestant authorized version, in several instances, which had been stigmatized by Romanists as heretical! (See Mr. Hamilton's Observations on the present State of the Roman Catholic English Bible, pp. 19-21.) It is worthy of observation, that the translators of the Rheimish Testament have taken various liberties with the Sacred Text, which would have been denounced as heretical depravations, if they had been committed by Protestants, who, however, shudder at mutilating and perverting the word of God. As the liberties here referred to are equally taken with the New Testament, printed in 1825, under the sanction of the Romish archbishop in Dublin, Dr. Murray, it may be satisfactory to the reader to have a few of them put upon record, (1.) Words not extant in the original Greek, but FOISTED into THE TEXT IN THE ANGLO-ROMISH VERSION, In 2 Pet, i, 10. we have " by good works" inserted.-"Wherefore, brethren, labour more that by good works you may make sure your calling and election."

Those words, which were necessarily supplied from the idiom of the language, they have not put into Italies (as our venerable translators have done), but into the same character with the text itself, without any mark or note whatever; as "their" in Matt. iv. 20., "are" in Matt. v. 3, 4, 5. &c., "garments" in Matt. xi. 8.

(2.) Words OMITTED IN THE ANGLO-ROMISH VERSION, which are found in the original Greek Text.

In Matt. ii. 18. the words "and weeping," are omitted after "lamentation." So in Matt. xxvi. 59., "and elders" are omitted after "chief priests."

In Acts ii. 47. the words "to the church" are omitted. The sen tence runs thus: "And the Lord added daily TO THE CHURCH the saved," or, those who were saved. In the Anglo-Romish Version

This edition has no place or printer's name; but Dr. Geddes says that it was printed at Dublin. (Prospectus for a new transla-quent editions have been printed, particularly a very neat pocket tion, p. 110.) See a full account of it in Lewis's Hist. of English Translations, pp. 356–363. (8vo. edition.)

6. The New Testament, translated from the Latin Vulgate, with Annotations. By R. W.[ETHAM] D.[uacensis] P.[rofessor.]

Gaelic Version.

Leabraichean an T-seann Tiomnaidh, air an tarruing o'n cheud chanain chum Gaelic alban naich; agus air an cur a mache le h-ugdarras ardsheanaidh eaglais na h-alba. Duneidin [The Holy Bible in the Gaelic Language. Edinburgh], 1826, 4to. the honour of giving to the inhabitants of the Highlands the Holy The Society in Scotland for propagating Christian Knowledge has Scriptures in their vernacular dialect. The New Testament was translated by the late Rev. James Stuart, minister of Killin, and printed at their expense in 1765: it bears a high character for fidelity and accuracy. The several books of the Old Testament were translated and published in detached portions or volumes, at different times, as the Society's funds would permit, viz. The prophetical books, by the Rev. Dr. Smith, in 1783, and the remaining books by the Rev. Dr. John Stuart, minister of Luss (son of the translator of the New Testament), in three parts, which appeared successively in the years 1783, 1787, and 1801. In 1796 the first edition of the New Testament being exhausted, the Society published another, consisting of twenty thousand copies. And as some of the first printed volumes of the Old Testament were so much reduced in number, in 1802, as to be insufficient to supply the urgent demands of the Highlands in general, and of the Society's own schools in particular, a new edition of twenty thousand copies was printed. Three parts out of four, into which this portion of the Bible had been divided, were rendered from the Hebrew with great simplicity, and with as literal an adherence to the original text as the idiom of the respective languages would admit. As the style of the fourth part (containing the prophetical books) had receded from this simplicity, it was revised and corrected with the utmost care. From this corrected text (a copy of which was furnished by the Society in Scotland as soon as it was finished), the British and Foreign Bible Society executed their stereotype editions in 1807, which (as the Scottish Society was unable to supply the urgent and very numerous demands for the sacred writings) were purchased at reduced prices by the poor Highlanders, with the liveliest expressions of gratitude.! In 1816, this Gaelic version of the Bible received the approbation of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. The quarto edition, printed at Edinburgh, may be considered as the standard edition of the Gaelic Bible: it was revised by a committee of clergymen well skilled in the Gaelic language, who were appointed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland to superintend the work. This edition, with a revised Gaelic Metrical Version of the Psalms and Paraphrases on certain portions of Scripture subjoined to it, was completed in the year 1826. It was then submitted to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, who were pleased to approve of it, and to authorize its exclusive use in the churches and chapels within their bounds in which public worship is conducted in the Gaelic language.1

[ii.] VERSIONS IN THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN ON THE

NENT OF EUROPE.

1. German Versions.
LUTHER'S VERSION,

And the Versions derived from it.

vised was first published in 1530, and again in 1534, 1541, and 1545.3 Greek, and not one of his numerous enemies ever durst charge him Luther made his version directly from the original Hebrew and with ignorance of those languages. His translation is represented as being uncommonly clear and accurate, and its style in a high degree pure and elegant. Having originally been published in demost incredible effects, and contributed, more than any other cause, tached portions, as these were gradually and successively circulated among the people, Luther's version produced sudden and alto extirpate the erroneous principles and superstitious practices of the church of Rome from the minds of a prodigious number of persons. Since that time it has been printed times without number; and as the reformation spread, it served as the basis of several other translations, viz.

(1.) The Lower Saxon Translation was printed at Lubeck, in 1533-4. Its authors are not known. This version was undertaken at the suggestion of Luther himself, and under the direction of John Bugenhagen (or Bugenhagius), who wrote a preface, and supplied short notes, and also arguments to the different books.

(2.) The Pomeranian Version was printed in 1588, in quarto, by the command of Bogislaus XIII. duke of Pomerania; it was made from the Wirtemberg edition of Luther's Bible, printed in 1545. (3.) The Danish Version was undertaken by command of Christian III., king of Denmark, and at the suggestion of Bugenhagen: it was printed at Copenhagen in 1550, and is of extreme rarity. Previously to the publication of this version, the New Testament had been translated from the Vulgate, as well as the Psalms, and the five books of Moses. The Danish version was subsequently revised and corrected in the reigns of Frederic II. and Christian IV. kings of Denmark; the revision, made by command of the lastmentioned monarch, is, we believe, the standard of the succeeding editions of the Danish Scriptures, which, however, are said to vary considerably from Luther's German version.-In 1823, the Gospel of Matthew was printed at Copenhagen, in the dialect of the Danish language spoken by the inhabitants of the Faroe Islands: the Danish and Faroese texts are printed in parallel columns.

(4.) The Icelandic Translation of the entire Bible was printed at Holum, in Iceland, in 1584, under the patronage of Frederic II. The New Testament had been translated by Oddur Gottshalkson (whose father filled the episcopal see of Holum), and printed in Denmark, in 1539, at the expense of Christian III. This was followed by an Icelandic version of the Epistles and Gospels for all the Sundays in the year, published in 1562, by Olaf Hialteson, the first Lutheran bishop of Holum; which may be considered as a second edition of certain portions of Oddur's New Testament, the compiler having availed himself chiefly of that version, in writing out the lessons of which the work consists. In 1580, the Proverbs of Solomon were translated by Gissur Eincerson, the first Lutheran bishop of Skalholt, who also translated the book of Sirach, printed in the same year at Holum. At length, in 1584, as above noticed, the whole of the Old and New Testaments was printed in IceCONTI-landic, through the unremitting zeal and pious liberality of Gudbrand Thorlakson, bishop of Holum, who not only contributed largely to the undertaking himself, but also obtained a munificent donation from Frederic II., with authority to raise a rix-dollar in aid of the work from every church in Iceland. It is not known what share this eminent prelate had in the translation, which is considered as the production of different hands. Gottshalkson's version of the New Testament, as well as some parts of the Old Testament, was adopted, after having been revised by Gudbrand. This edition has always been very highly esteemed, on account of the purity of its diction; and, even at this day, it is preferred before more modern translations. A second edition of the Icelandic Bible appeared at Holum in 1644, under the editorial care of Thor lak Skuleson, bishop of that see; by whom it was carefully revised and corrected. This is the standard text from which the two most recent impressions of the Icelandic Version have been printed.7

As Germany has the honour of being the country where the art of printing was first discovered, so it was distinguished in the annals of sacred literature, by being the first in which the Holy Scriptures were issued from the press in the vernacular language of its inhabitants. So early, indeed, as the year 1466, a German translation from the Latin Vulgate was printed, the author of which is unknown.2 Scarcely, however, had the Reformation commenced, when Luther meditated a new version of the Scriptures for the general use of his countrymen. His first publication comprised the seven penitential Psalms, from the Latin of John Reuchlin. These appeared in 1517; and were followed by the New Testament, in 1522; by the Pentateuch, in 1523; by the book of Joshua, and the remaining historical books, in 1524; in which year also appeared the books of Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs. In 1526, were published the prophecies of Jonah and Habakkuk; in 1528, those of Zachariah and Isaiah; in 1529, the apocryphal book of Wisdom; in 1530, the book of Daniel, together with the remaining apocryphal books; in 1531, the entire book of Psalms; and 1531 and 1532, the rest of the prophetical books. All these portions of Luther's translations are of extreme rarity: in the revision of it he received very important assistance from the learned and candid Philip Melancthon, who also corresponded with eminent men on various topics of biblical criticism, in order to render the translation as correct as possible. Further to ensure its accuracy, a select party of learned men assembled daily with Luther at Wittemberg, to revise every sentence which he had made directly from the Hebrew and Greek. Melancthon collated the Greek original, Cruciger the Chaldee, and other professors the Rabbinical writings. Justus Jonas, John Bugenhagen, and Matthew Aurogallus, also contributed their aid. The whole Bible thus re-in Address of the Society in Scotland for propagating Christian Knowledge, 1803. Owen's History of the Bible Society, vol. i. pp. 205, 206. 314-316. In 1820, a Gaelic translation of the Book of Common Prayer was completed and printed at the expense of the London Society for promoting Christian Knowledge.

A copy of this very rare work is in the splendid collection of Earl SpenSee a description of it in Mr. Dibdin's Bibliotheca Spenceriana, vol. i. pp. 42-47.

cer.

For further particulars relative to Luther's German Version of the Scriptures, the reader is referred to the life of Philip Melancthon, by Francis Cox, M.A., pp. 206-213. (2d edit.), and also to Dr. Townley's Illustrations of Bib lical Literature, vol. ii. pp. 271-300. Of the editions of Luther's versions above noticed, the venerable Reformer bestowed the greatest care in revising and correcting that of 1541. It was beautifully printed in two folio volumes, and ornamented with wood-cuts. A Unique Copy of this edition, which had been Luther's own copy, and constantly used by him until his decease, was in the possession of the late Mr. Edwards (formerly an eminent bookseller), of Manor House, near Harrow-on-the-Hill. On the sale of his choice library by auction, in 1813, these precious volumes were purchased by Geo. Hibbert, Esq. for the sum of 891. 58. 6d. (See a description of them copied from the sale catalogue (No. 812.) in Mr. Dibdin's Bibliographical Decameron, vol. iii. pp. 123, 124., or in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. lxxxv. part i. p. 254.) At the sale of Mr. Hibbert's library, in 1829, this copy of Luther's Bible was purchased for the British Museum, for the sum of 2551. Fac-similes of the handwritings of the venerable reformers, Luther, Bugenhagen, Melancthon, and Major (into whose possession this copy' succes sively passed), are given in the sale catalogue of Mr. Hibbert's library, p. 481. Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, vol. iv. p. 60.

Another Lower Saxon Version from the Vulgate was printed at Lubeck 1494, in two folio volumes. The reader will find a bibliographical notice of it in the Bibliotheca Spenceriana, vol. i. pp. 55-58. An interesting account of this version is given by Dr. Henderson in his "Dissertation on Hans Mikkelsen's (or the first Danish) translation of the New Testament," Copenhagen, 1813, 4to.

The above particulars are abridged from the Rev. Dr. Henderson's "Historical View of the Translation and different Editions of the Icelandic Scriptures," in the second volume (pp. 249-306.) of his very interesting Journal of a Residence in Iceland, during the years 1814 and 1815. Svo. Edinburgh, 1818.