versions, and the readings of twelve Bodleian, four Dublin, and two Paris manuscripts. As Bishop Fell's edition sells at a low price, it may be substituted for the more expensive critical editions of the New Testament by those who cannot purchase them. The text is formed according to that of Robert Stephens and the Elzevirs; though Wetstein has accused it of retaining the errors of the former, as well as of some of Walton's Polyglott. Bishop Fell's edition was reprinted at Leipsic in 1697 and 1702, and at Oxford in 1703, in folio. This magnificent edition, which takes its name from the editor, Dr. Gregory, contains no accession of critical materials, and sells at a low price.

from Greek manuscripts. The textus receptus, therefore, or the text |berini readings, also Marshall's extracts from the Coptic and Gothic in common use, was copied, with a few exceptions, from the text of Beza. Beza himself closely followed Stephens; and Stephens (in his third and chief edition) copied solely from the fifth edition of Erasmus, except in the Revelation, where he followed sometimes Erasmus, sometimes the Complutensian edition. The text therefore in daily use, resolves itself at last into the Complutensian and Erasmian editions." (Bishop Marsh's Lectures, part i. p. 110.) The Elzevir edition of 1624 was reprinted at Leyden in 1633, and a third time in 1641, at Amsterdam in 1656, 1662, 1670, and 1678, and also at Sedan, in 1628, Gr.—Of these various impressions, the Leyden edition of 1633 is the best and in most request: it is the first that has the text divided into separate verses. The edition printed by Jannon, at Sedan, has long been regarded as a typographical curiosity. It is, however, greatly inferior in point of execution to the beautifully small and clear edition printed by Bleau at Amsterdam in 1633. (Brunet, Manuel, tom. iii. pp. 432, 433. Dibdin's Introd. to the Classics, vol. i. pp. 136, 137.) Good copies of these miniature editions are scarce and dear; but they are both surpassed in smallness of size and in typographical neatness by the London edition of 1827, published by Mr. Pickering. See No. 49. p. 17. infra.

10. Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. Νοvum Testamentum Græcum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS. Exemplarium, Versionum, Editionum, SS. Patrum et Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, et in easdem notis. Studio et labore Joannis MILLII, S.T.P. Oxonii, e Theatro Sheldoniano. 1707. folio.

The labour of thirty years was devoted to this edition by Dr. Mill, who finished it only fourteen days before his death. The text, which is that of Robert Stephens's edition of 1550, is beautifully printed; and the various readings and parallel passages are placed below. Dr. Mill has inserted all the previously existing collections of various readings; he collated several original edi tions, procured extracts from hitherto uncollated Greek MSS., and revised and augmented the extracts from the Gothic and Coptic versions which had appeared in Bishop Fell's edition; and added

All the editions of Curcellæus or Courcelles are in great repute for their beauty and accuracy: the text is formed on that of the Elze-numerous readings from other ancient versions, and from the quovirs. He has collected the greatest number of various readings to tations of the New Testament in the writings of the fathers. The be found in any edition of the New Testament prior to that in the prolegomena contain a treasure of sacred criticism. Michaelis sixth volume of Bishop Walton's Polyglott. These various lections observes that "notwithstanding those of Wetstein, they still retain are given from a collation of manuscripts and printed editions, and their original value, for they contain a great deal of matter which are partly at the foot of the page, and partly at the end of the Acts is not in Wetstein; and of the matter which is common to both, and St. Paul's Epistles. Curcellæus has also given a valuable colsome things are more clearly explained by Mill. This edition was lection of parallel passages. The edition of 1675 contains a pro- reprinted by Kuster at Rotterdamn, in 1710, in folio, with the readlogue or preface to St. Paul's Epistles, which Boecler had printedings of twelve additional MSS., some of which had been previa few years before from a manuscript brought from the East by ously but imperfectly collated. Whatever readings were given in Stephen Gerlachius, and differs from the first edition only in hav-Mill's appendix, as coming too late for insertion under the text, ing all the various readings placed at the foot of the page. The were in this second edition transferred to their proper places. In third and fourth editions were printed after the death of Curcel-point of accuracy, however, Kuster's edition is considered inferior læus, and differ from the second only in having the text printed in to that of Dr. Mill. There are copies of Kuster's edition with the columns. In 1695, John Gottlieb Moller, a divine of Rostock, pub- date of Amsterdam, 1723, in the title-page; but Masch says that it lished a dissertation against the Curcellæan editions, entitled Cur- probably is nothing more than the edition of 1710 with a new cellous in editione originalis N. T. textus variantium lectionum et titie-page. Some copies are also dated 1746. To render this ediparallelorum Scriptura Locorum additamentis vestita, socinizans. tion more easy of reference, the Rev. Joseph HALLETT, jun., a Rumpus (Com. Crit. ad Nov. Test. p. 280.) has charged Courcelles learned dissenting minister, in 1728, published an Index, containwith unnecessarily multiplying various readings, and making them ing an account of the MSS. consulted by Mill and Kuster; entitled from conjecture, in order to subserve the Socinian scheme. Michae- Index Librorum MSS. Græcorum et Versionum Antiquarum Nov lis admits that these charges are not wholly unfounded. The pas- Faderis, quos viri eruditissimi J. Millius et L. Kusterus cum tertia sages noticed by Rumpaus are 1 John v. 7.; John x. 30. and xvii. editione Stephanica contulerunt. This publication is in 8vo., and is 22.. concerning the doctrine of the Trinity; Rom. ix. 5. 1 John not of common occurrence. v. 20. and John xvii. 3., concerning the Son of God; and Rom. iii. The various readings of Dr. Mill, amounting to 30,000, were 25. Matt. xxvi. 39. 42., concerning the satisfaction made by Jesus attacked by Dr. Whitby, in 1710, in an elaborate work entitled Christ. All the editions of Curcellus are scarce and dear. Examen Variantium Lectionum Johannis Millii, with more zeal 8. Novum Testamentum, Gr. Lat. in the fifth volume of the than knowledge of sacred criticism. It was afterwards annexed London Polyglott, which is described in p. 20. infra. Dr. W.'s argu

to Whitby's Commentary on the New Testament. This edition is deserving of particular notice, as being the first in his Discourse on Free-thinking; which was refuted by Dr. ments were applied by Anthony Collins against Divine Revelation, edition of the New Testament that is furnished with a complete Bentley under the assumed title of Phileleutherus Lipsiensis, critical apparatus. The text is that of Robert Stephens's folio edition of 1550, whose various readings Bishop Walton has incorporal foreign languages, and should be studied by every man who is whose reply," says Bishop Marsh, "has been translated into seve rated in his sixth volume; and in addition to them he has given a desirous of forming just notions of biblical criticism.' (Lectures, collection of extracts from sixteen Greek manuscripts, which were part ii. p. 13.) collated under the direction of Archbishop Usher. "They are described at the head of the collation in the sixth volume by Wal11. Dr. Edward WELLS published an edition of the Greek ton himself; and a further account of them is given in the Prole-Testament, at Oxford, in 4to. in detached portions, between the gomena to Mill's Greek Testament (§ 1372-1396.) and in Michae- years 1709 and 1719. It is noticed among the commentaries lis's Introduction to the New Testament (vol. ii. chap. viii.) But infra, in this Appendix; but "as it exhibits a corrected text of the extracts from the Greek manuscripts were neither the sole nor the Greek Testament, it claims also a place in the present list the chief materials which the Polyglott afforded for the emendation of editions, though subsequent improvements in sacred criticism of the Greek text. In addition to the Latin Vulgate, it contains the Syriac, the Arabic, and the Ethiopic versions of the New Testa- have in a great measure superseded the emendations of Dr. ment, with the Persian in the gospels. And these oriental ver- Wells." (Bishop Marsh.) Dr. Nares, in his Strictures on the sions are not only arranged in the most convenient manner, for the Unitarian Version of the New Testament, has made frequent purpose of comparing them with the Greek, but they are accom- and honourable mention of the critical labours of Wells. panied with literal Latin translations, that even they who are unacquainted with the oriental languages might still have recourse to them for various readings, though indeed with less security, as every translator is liable to make mistakes."-(Bishop Marsh's Lectures, part ii. p. 5.)

9. ΤΗΣ ΚΑΙΝΗΣ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗΣ ΑΠΑΝΤΑ. Novi Testamenti Libri Omnes. Accesserunt Parallela Scripturæ Loca, nec non variantes Lectiones ex plus 100 MSS. Codicibis et antiquis versionibus collectæ. Oxonii, e Theatro Sheldoniano. 1675. 8vo. This edition was superintended by the learned Dr. John FELL, Bishop of Oxford, whose design in giving it to the public was, to remove the apprehensions which had been raised in the minds of many persons ignorant of criticism, relative to the supposed uncertainty of the Greek text in the New Testament, by the great number of various lections contained in Bishop Walton's Polyglott. To show how little the integrity of the text was affected by them, Bishop Fell printed them under the text, that the reader might the more easily compare them. To the readings copied from the London Polyglott, he added those quoted by Curcellæus, and the Bar

Cum

12. Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. Novum Testamentum, post priores Steph. Curcellæi et D.D. Oxoniensium labores. prolegomenis G.D.T.M. et notis in find adjectis. Amstelodami, ex Officina Wetsteniana. 1711; 1735. small 8vo.

These are most beautiful editions, but the second is said to be the most accurate. The editor of the first was Gerard von Maestricht (Gerardus De Trajecto Mosa) a syndic of the republic of Bremen; Having been published by his relative Henry Wetstein, a bookthe second was revised by the celebrated critic J. J. Wetstein. seller of Amsterdam, these editions of the New Testament are sometimes improperly called Wetstein's; and from the name of Curcellæus being printed in the title, they are in most catalogues erroneously styled Nov. Test. Græc. Curcellai.

The text is formed on the second Elzevir edition of 1633, and Curcellæus's editions. It has the most judicious selection of parallel texts ever appended to any edition of the New Testament. These are placed immediately under the Greek text, and below them is a selection of various readings, taken from upwards of 100 manuscripts and versions. Prefixed are very useful prolego

GREEK TESTAMENTS.

mena, containing an account of manuscripts and collectors of
various readings, with 43 critical canons to enable the reader to
determine concerning the various lections exhibited in the work;
an abstract of Dr. Whitby's Examen above noticed; and the
prefaces of Henry Wetstein, Curcellus, and Bishop Fell. These
editions are ornamented with an engraved frontispiece, copied
from that of the splendid folio Paris edition of 1642, a plan of
Jerusalem, an ichnograph of the Temple, and two maps.
end there are 38 pages of critical notes, containing an examination
At the
of the most important various readings which occur in the course
of the work. Michaelis does not speak very highly of the edition
of 1711; but Dr. Dibdin says that, upon the whole, the edition of
1735 "may be considered as the very best critical duodecimo
(rather small octavo) edition of the Greek Testament, and the
biblical student will do well to procure so valuable and commo-
dious a publication." (On the Classics, vol. i. p. 97.) 1

13. Acta Apostolorum Græco-Latina, Literis Majusculis. E Codice Laudiano characteribus uncialibus exarato et in Bibliotheca Bodleiana adservato, descripsit ediditque Tho. HEARNIUS, A.M. Oxoniensis, qui et Symbolum Apostolorum ex eodem codice subjunxit. Oxonii. E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1715. 8vo. The Codex Laudianus, of which this edition is a transcript, is described in Part I. Chap. III. § 4. of the first volume: a facsimile of the MS. is prefixed. This is the scarcest of all Mr. Hearne's publications: the impression was limited to one hundred and twenty copies, at ten shillings each. A copy was sold at the sale of the Rev. Dr. Heath's library, in 1810, for the sum of thirteen pounds two shillings: it now adorns the very valuable library of the Writers to his Majesty's Signet at Edinburgh. There is another copy in the Library of the British Museum.

14. The New Testament in Greek and English, containing the Original Text, corrected from the authority of the most authentic Manuscripts, and a new Version, formed agreeably to the Illustrations of the most learned Commentators and Critics. With Notes and various Readings, [By W. MACE.] London,

1729. 2 vols. 8vo.

This is a beautifully printed book; whose editor has altered various passages in conformity with the Arian hypothesis. His arbitrary alterations and bold criticisms were exposed by Dr. Leonard Twells in A Critical Examination of the late New Text and Version of the Greek Testament. London, 1732, 8vo. Michaelis has also very severely and justly censured the very great liberties taken by Mace. Introd. to N.T. vol. ii. pp. 463, 464. 15. 'H KAINH AIAOHKн. Novum Testamentum Græcum. Edente Jo. Alberto BENGELIO. Tubinge, 1734. 4to. 1763. 4to. This is an excellent edition, formed with an extraordinary degree of conscientiousness, sound judgment, and good taste. John Albert Bengel, or Bengelius, as he is generally called in this country, abbot of Alpirspach in the duchy (present kingdom) of Wirtemburg, was led to direct his attention to sacred criticism, in consequence of serious and anxious doubts arising from the deviations exhibited in preceding editions; and the result of his laborious researches was, the edition now under consideration. The text is preceded by an Introductio in Crisin Novi Testamenti, and is followed by an Epilogus and Appendix.

The text is not formed on any particular edition, but is corrected and improved according to the editor's judgment; and so scrupulous was Bengel, that he studiously avoided inserting any reading which did not exist in some printed edition, except in the Apocalypse; in which book alone he inserted readings that had never been printed, because had been printed from so few manuscripts, and in one passage had been printed by Erasmus from no manuscript whatever. Beneath the text he placed some select readings, reserving the evidence in their favour for his Apparatus Criticus. His opinion of these marginal readings he expressed by the Greek letters 2, 6, 7, 8, and and some few other marks. Thus, a denotes that he held the reading to be genuine; 5, that its genuineness was not absolutely certain, but that the reading was still preferable to that in the text; y, that the reading in the margin was of equal value with that in the text, so that he could not determine which was preferable;, that the reading in the margin was of less value; and 1, that it was absolutely spurious, though defended by some critics. Bengel's edition was printed, after his death, by Burke, at Tubingen, in 1763, 4to. with important corrections and additions. Several small impressions of Bengel's Greek Testament have been printed in Germany, without the Critical Apparatus; viz. at Stutgard, 1734, 1739, 1753, 8vo.; at Tubingen, 1762, 1776, 1790, 8vo. and at Leipsic, 1737, 8vo.

16. Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. Novum Testamentum Græcum editionis receptæ, cum Lectionibus Variantibus Codicum MSS., Editionum aliarum, Versionum et Patrum, necnon Commentario

;

In 1720, the celebrated critic, Dr. Richard Bentley, circulated proposals for a new edition of the Greek Testament, with various lections, which was never executed. Biographia Britannica, (article Bentley, note K.); and the illustrative The proposals themselves are printed in the specimen, Rev. xxii. is given in Pritius's Introd. ad Lect. Nov. Test. pp. 415-419. A detailed account of Bentley's proposed work is given in Bishop Monk's Life of Dr. B. whose critical materials for his intended edition of the Greek Testament, amounting to 19 volumes, are preserved in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge; but Bentley left nothing in a state of preparation for the press. (Bishop Burgess's Anniversary Discourse, delivered to the Royal Society of Literature, in 1830. Appendix, p. 62.)

pleniore ex Scriptoribus veteribus, Hebræis, Græcis, et Latinis, [PART I. CHAP. I historiam et vim verborum illustrante. Opera et studio Joannis Jacobi WETSTENII. Amsteladami, 1751, 1752, 2 vols. folio. Editio altera, aucta et emendata, curante J. A. LOTZE. Vol. I. Quatuor Evangelia complectens. Roterdami, 1831. Royal 4to. Of all the editions of the New Testament, this is pronounced by who are engaged in sacred criticism. Wetstein's Prolegomena, Michaelis to be the most important, and the most necessary to those which contain a treasure of sacred criticism, were first published in 1730. The text is copied from the Elzevir editions; the verses their authorities (containing a million of quotations), are placed were numbered in the margin; and the various readings, with beneath the text. each of which is accompanied with Prolegomena, describing the Wetstein's edition is divided into four parts, Gospels; the second, the Epistles of St. Paul; the third, the Acts Greek manuscripts quoted in it. The first part contains the four of the Apostles, and the Catholic Epistles; and the fourth, the Apocalypse. To the last part are annexed two Epistles in Syriac, by Clement of Rome. But Dr. Lardner has shown that they are with a Latin version; which, according to Wetstein, were written not genuine. (Works, 8vo. vol. xi. pp. 197-226. 4to. vol. v. pp. 432-446.) The critical observations on various readings, and on the interpretation of the New Testament, "must be studied," says Bishop Marsh, "by every man who would fully appreciate the work in question." Michaelis has criticised the labours of Wetstein with great severity; but the latter has been vindicated by Bishop Marsh, both in his notes on Michaelis (pp. 865-877.), and in his Divinity Lectures (part ii. pp. 21–23.).

In consequence of the great rarity, and very high price of Wetcorrection of errors, and the more accurate exhibition of various stein's edition, Dr. Lotze was induced to undertake a new impres sion of it; which would have been greatly improved by the readings from MSS. and particularly from those derived from ancient versions, in which Wetstein is acknowledged to have been defective. But the decease of the learned editor (whose valuable critical and theological library was dispersed by auction in the summer of 1833) has caused this projected edition to be abandoned. The Prolegomena of Wetstein, therefore (forming a royal quarto volume of 279 pages), are all that has been published by Dr. Lotze, who has edited them with great care and with considerable improvements. Dr. L. has scrupulously retained Wetstein's text, with the exception of those passages in which the latter had thrown out unjust observations upon other critics, espe cially the pious and erudite Bengel, and also with the omission of the second volume of the folío edition Wetstein's critical observahis literary quarrels with Frey and Iselius: and he has added from tions upon various readings, and his rules for judging of their value, together with most of the notes of Dr. John Solomon Semler, who republished the Prolegomena at Halle in 1764. Dr. Lotze has further subjoined, in an Appendix, Dr. Glocester Ridley's learned Dissertation on the Syriac Versions of the New Testament, in which the errors of Wetstein are corrected, and his deficiencies are supplied. This edition of Wetstein's Prolegomena is very neatly executed.

mentum Græcum cum Variantibus Lectionibus, que demon17. 'H KAINH AIA¬HKH, sive Novum D. N. J. C. Testaextantibus Authenticam. Accedit Index Epistolarum et Evanstrant Vulgatam Latinam ipsis è Græcis Codicibus hodienum geliorum, Spicilegium Apologeticum, et Lexidion Græco-Latinum. Cura et Opera P. Hermanni GoLDHAGEN. Editio Catholica et Novissima. Moguntiæ, 1753. 8vo.

from what edition Goldhagen took his text: he has given fifty-two Michaelis states that he has never been able to discover readings from the Codex Molshemiensis, a manuscript containing the Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, and which formerly belonged to the college of Jesuits at Molsheim in Alsace. (Introd. to New Test. vol. ii. part i. pp. 283. 490.) The book is not common: a copy is in the British Museum.

In Sectiones divisit, Interpunctiones accuratè posuit, et Dispo-
18. Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. Novum Testamentum Græcum.
sitionem Logicam adjecit Christianus SCHOETTGENIUS. Lipsie,
1744; 1749, 8vo. Wratislaviæ, 1765, 8vo.

be judiciously executed. The ordinary divisions of chapters and
The divisions into sections and the punctuation are reputed to
alterations is given in the appendix.
verses are retained in the margin. An account of the principal

19. Novum Testamentum Græcum ad fidem Græcorum solum
MSS. nunc primum expressum, adstipulante Jo. Jac. Wetstenio,
juxta Sectiones Alberti Bengelii divisum; et novâ interpunctione
sæpius illustratum. Accessere in altero volumine emendationes
cura, typis et sumptibus G.[ulielmi] B.[oWYER.] 1763. 2 vols.
conjecturales virorum doctorum undecunque collectæ.
12mo.
Londini,

1772, but not with the same accuracy as the first edition. The A very valuable edition, and now scarce; it was reprinted in conjectures were published in a separate form in 1772, and again Greek Testament, which was published by Mr. Nichols in 1783, in 4to. in 1782, to accompany a handsome quarto edition of the with the assistance of the Rev. Dr. Owen. It is now extremely rare and dear. The conjectures were reprinted in 1812 with

numerous corrections and additions. In his edition of the New | rejected a variety of readings, according as they favour or oppose Testament, Mr. Boyer adopted the emendations proposed by Wet-the Socinian doctrine. stein.1

23. Novum Testamentum Græcum, è Codice MS. Alexandrino, qui Londini in Bibliotheca Musei Britannici asservatur, descriptum à Carolo Godofredo WOLDE. Londini, ex prelo Joannis Nichols, typis Jacksonianis, 1786. folio.

20. Novum Testamentum, Græce et Latine, Textum denuo recensuit, Varias Lectiones numquam antea vulgatas collegit Scholia Græca addidit-Animadversiones Criticas adjecit, et edidit Christ. Frid. MATTHÆI. Rigæ, 1782-1788. 12vols. 8vo. Of Professor Matthæi's recension of manuscripts some account has already been given in Part I. p. 206. of the first volume. The scurrility which the professor mingled in his opposition to Griesbach's system of classification, tended greatly to injure the work at the time of its appearance, and to lower the author in the esteem of the candid and moderate; but now that the heat of controversy has cooled down, the value of his labours begins to be more highly appreciated, and more impartially appealed to, on the subject of the various readings of the Greek text." (Dr. Hen-account of what his predecessors Junius (i. e. Patrick Young), derson's Biblical Researches, p. 53.) The late Bishop Middleton considered it as by far the best edition of the Greek Testament extant; and though Michaelis has criticised it with considerable severity, he nevertheless pronounces it to be absolutely necessary for every man who is engaged in the criticism of the Greek Testament. As, however, Matthæi undertook a revision of the Greek text on the authority of one set of manuscripts of the Byzantine family, Bishop Marsh regrets that he made so partial an application of his critical materials. "And since no impartial judge can admit that the genuine text of the Greek Testament may be established as well, by applying only a part of our materials, as by a judicious employment of the whole, the edition of Matthæi is only so far of importance, as it furnishes new materials for future uses; materials, indeed, which are accompanied with much useful information and many learned remarks." (Bishop Marsh's Lectures, part ii. p. 31.)

This is an elegant fac-simile edition of the Alexandrian Manuscript which is preserved in the British Museum, and is described in Part I. pp. 222-224. of Vol. I. Twelve copies were printed on vellum. The fac-simile itself fills two hundred and sixty pages: and the preface, comprising twenty-two pages, contains an accurate description of the Manuscript, illustrated by an engraving representing the style of writing in various manuscripts. To this is subjoined an exact list of all its various readings, in eighty-nine pages; each reading is accompanied with a remark, giving an Bishop Walton, Drs. Mill and Grabe, and Wetstein, had performed or neglected. The preface of Woide, and his collection of various readings, were reprinted, with notes, by Professor Spohn, at Leipsic, in 1790, in 8vo. To complete this publication, there should be added the following: Appendix ad Editionem Novi Testamenti Græci è Codice Alexandrino descripti à C. G. Woide. Oxonii: è Typographeo Clarendoniano. 1799. folio. This splendid work was edited by the Rev. Dr. Ford, who added many useful notes. Long before Dr. Woide executed his fac-simile edition of the New Testament from the Alexandrian Manuscript, it had been suggested to King Charles I. to cause a fac-simile of the entire MS. to be engraved. But the importance and value of such an undertaking do not appear to have been understood-at least they were not duly appreciatedby that monarch: he therefore refused to have it done. The circumstance is thus related by the industrious antiquary Aubrey, in his inedited "Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme," preserved 21. Novum Testamentum Græce. Ad Codices Mosquenses among the Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, No. 231. folio utriusque Bibliothecæ S.S. Synodi et Tabularii, Imperialis, item 169. Writing on the disputed clause in 1 John v. 7. Aubrey says:— The last clause of this verse is not found in the antient MSS. Augustanos, Dresdenses, Goettingenses, Gothanos, Guelpherby- copies, e. g. that in the Vatican Library, and ye Tecla MS. in St. tanos, Langeri, Monachienses, Lipsienses, Nicephori et Zittavi- James's Library and others: as it is not in an old MS. in Magdalen ensem, adhibitis Patrum Græcorum Lectionibus, Editionibus N. Coll: Library in Oxford. That at St. James's was sent as a Presen Testamenti principibus et Doctorum Virorum Libellis criticis, to King Charles the First, from Cyrillus Patriark of Constantinople: iterum recensuit, Sectiones majores et minores Eusebii, Euthalii, as a jewel of that antiquity not fitt to be kept amongst Infidels. Mr. et Andreæ Cæsariensis notavit, primum quoque nunc Lectiones .... Rosse (translator of Statius) was Tutor to ye D. of Mongott him the place [of] Ecclesiasticas, ex usu Græcæ Ecclesiæ designavit, ac Synaxaria mouth who made him Library Keeper at St. James's: he desired Evangeliarii et Praxapostoli addidit, et Criticis interpositis Ani-K. Cha. I. to be at ye chardge to have it engraven in copper plates : madversionibus edidit Christianus Fridericus MATTHÆI. Vol. and told him it would cost but £200, but his Maty would not yield I. Wittebergæ, 1803; Vol. II. Curia Variscorum, 1806; Vol. to it. Mr. Ross sayd that it would appeare glorious in History, after his Matys death.' 'Pish,' sayd he, I care not what they III. Ronneburgi, 1807. 8vo. say of me in History when I am dead.' H. Grotius, J. G. Vossius, Heinsius, &c. have made Journeys into England, purposely to correct their Greeke Testaments by this Copy in St. James. Sr. Chr. Wren sayd that he would rather have it engraved by an Engraver that could not understand or read Greek, than by one that did." In the reign of Charles II. the design of printing this manuscript was resumed; and the editing of the fac-simile was to have been confided to the Rev. Dr. Smith, to whom the king promised a canonry of Windsor, or of Westminster, for his labour. But, from some circumstance or other which cannot now be ascertained, this design was abandoned. (Wood's Athens Oxoniensis, vol. ii col. 1020.)

This second edition of Matthæi's Greek Testament is seldom to be met with. A copy of the first volume is in the library of the British Museum. The critical annotations of the editor are placed at the end of the volume; the various readings are at the foot of each page. Matthæi is very severe on the editorial labours of Dr. Griesbach.

The value of such an undertaking has been better understood in our times: and the British Parliament nobly guaranteed the expense of the Fac-simile Edition, which was executed under the editorship of the Rev. H. H. Baber. See an account of it in No. 17. p. 24. infra.

24. Novum Testamentum Græcum, ad Codicem Vindobonensem Græcè expressum: Varietatem Lectionis addidit Franciscus Carolus ALTER. 1786, 1787. 2 vols. 8vo.

22. Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. The New Testament collated with the most approved manuscripts; with select notes in English, critical and explanatory, and references to those authors who have best illustrated the sacred writings. By Edward HARwoon, D.D. London, 1776, 2 vols. 12mo.; 1784, 2 vols. 12mo. "This edition," says the learned annotator of Michaelis, "is certainly entitled to a place among the critical editions of the Greek Testament, though it is not accompanied with various readings; for, though Dr. Harwood has adopted the common text as the basis of his own, he has made critical corrections wherever the received reading appeared to him to be erroneous. The manuscripts which he has generally followed when he departs from the common text, are the Cantabrigiensis in the Gospels and Acts, and the Claromontanus in the Epistles of St. Paul." These Dr. Harwood considered This edition differs entirely from those of Mill, Wetstein, and as approaching the nearest of any manuscripts now known in the world to the original text of the sacred records. "It is not impro- Griesbach. "The text of this edition is neither the common text nor bable that this edition contains more of the ancient and genuine a revision of it, but a mere copy from a single manuscript, and that text of the Greek Testament than those which are in common use: not a very ancient one (the Codex Lambecii I.), in the imperial but as no single manuscript, however ancient and venerable, is library at Vienna. The various readings, which are not arranged entitled to such a preference as to exclude the rest, and no critic as in other editions, but printed in separate parcels as made by the of the present age can adopt a new reading, unless the general collator, are likewise described from Greek manuscripts in the evidence be produced, and the preponderancy in its favour dis- imperial library: and the whole collection was augmented by tinctly shown, the learned and ingenious editor has in some meaextracts from the Coptic, Sclavonian, and Latin versions, which sure defeated his own object, and rendered his labours less applica- are also printed in the same indigested manner as the Greek readble to the purposes of sacred criticism." (Bishop Marsh's Michae-ings. Alter's edition therefore contains mere materials for future lis, vol. ii. part ii. pp. 884, 885.) At the end of the second volume uses." (Bp. Marsh's Lectures, part ii. p. 32.) Where the editor has there is a catalogue of the principal editions of the Greek Testa- discovered manifest errata in the Vienna manuscript, he has ment, and a list of the most esteemed commentators and critics. recourse to the text of Stephens's edition of 1546.-See a more The work is very neatly printed; and under the Greek text are copious account of this edition in Michaelis, vol. ii. pp. 880-882, short critical notes in English, chiefly relating to classical illustra- where it is said that Alter's edition is a work with which no one tions of Scripture. In the list of commentators and critics, those are engaged in sacred criticism can dispense. most commended by Dr. Harwood who favour the Socinian scheme, to which he was strongly attached, and he therefore admitted or

1 Dr. Griesbach's first edition of the New Testament should, in strictness, be noticed here; but as it is superseded by his second and greatly improved edition, described in the next two pages, it is here designedly omitted. The edition of Koppe, being accompanied with a commentary, is noticed infra, ainong the commentators on the New Testament.

25. Quatuor Evangelia, Græcè, cum Variantibus a textu Lectionibus Codd. Manuscriptorum Bibliothecæ Vaticana; Barberinæ, Laurentianæ, Vindobonensis, Escurialensis, Havniensis, Regiæ; quibus accedunt Lectiones Versionum Syrarum Veteris, Philoxenianæ, et Hierosolymitanæ, jussu et sumptibus regiis edidit Andreas BIRCH. Havniæ, 1788. folio et 4to.

Notwithstanding the different opinions entertained by some learned men relative to the correctness of Dr. Griesbach's system of recensions or editions of manuscripts, all parties have united in commendation of the learning, diligence, and labour which he bestowed upon his arduous undertaking.

This splendid and valuable work, containing only the four Gos- | D. Jo. Jac. GRIESBACH. pels, is the result of the united labours of Professors Birch, Adler, 1806. 2 vols, large 8vo. and Moldenhawer, who for several years travelled into Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, at the expense of the king of Denmark, in order to examine and collate the precious remains of sacred antiquity. Birch collated all the Greek manuscripts quoted, except those in the library of the Escurial, which were collated by Moldenhawer. The Syriac collations were made by Adler. A detailed account of these manuscripts is given in the Prolegomena; from which we learn that the manuscripts which passed under his inspection were very numerous. In the Vatican, forty were collated; in the Barberini library, ten; in other Roman libraries, seventeen; in the libraries at Florence, and in other parts of Italy, thirtyeight; in the imperial library at Vienna, twelve; and in the royal library at Copenhagen, three. The text is from Robert Stephens's edition of 1550; but the great value of this splendid work, and in which it surpasses all former editions, consists, first, in the very complete extracts which are given from the celebrated Codex Vaticanus, described in pp. 224–226. of the first volume; and, secondly, in the extracts from the Versio Syra Hyerosolymitana, which is remarkable for its agreement with the Codex Beza, where it is wholly unsupported by any other authority; a circumstance which shows the value and antiquity, not so much of the manuscripts themselves, as of the text which they contain.

Dr. Griesbach commenced his critical labours, first, by publishing at Halle, in 1774, the historical books of the New Testament, under the following title: Libri Historici Novi Testamenti, Grace, Pars i. sistens Synopsin Evangeliorum Matthæi, Marci, et Luce. Textum ad fidem Codd. Versionum et Patrum emendavit et lectionis varietatem adjeci Jo. Jac. Griesbach. _(2d edit. Halæ, 1797, 3d edit. Hale, 1809,) 8vo. pars ii. sistens Evangelium Johannis et Acta Apostolorum, Hala, 1775, 8vo. This edition was published as a manual or text-book for a course of lectures which Professor Griesbach was at that time delivering at Jena, and in which he explained the first three evangelists synoptically, that is to say, by uniting together the three narrations of the same event. The received text, which is adopted, is divided into one hundred and thirty-four sections, and is printed in three columns; and Griesbach indicated by various marks the alterations which he judged necessary to be made. The various readings, taken from the edition of Mill, Bengel, and Wetstein, were not chosen until they had undergone a very severe revision; but this edition also contained other in the British Museum at London, and also in the Royal Library at Paris. In 1775, Dr. Griesbach published the Apostolical Epistles and the Apocalypse, in a similar manner; but as many persons had expressed themselves dissatisfied with his synoptical arrangement of the historical books, he printed another edition of them in 1777, in the usual order. This volume forms the first part of his first edition, of which the Epistles and Revelation, printed in 1775, are considered as the second part. A few copies were struck off in 4to., which are both scarce and dear. This edition is of a very convenient and portable size, and was that principally used in the Universities of Germany. Dr. Hales prefers it to the second edition, because he thinks that Griesbach was at that time more scrupulous of innovating upon the text than he afterwards was.

In 1798, Professor Birch published, at Copenhagen, a collection of various readings to the Acts and Epistles, drawn from the same sources; intituled Varia Lectiones ad textum Actorum Apostolorum,lections, which the learned editor found in manuscripts preserved Epistolarum Catholicarum et Pauli, e Codd. Græcis MSS. Bibliotheca Vaticana, Barberinæ, Augustinianorum Eremitarum Roma, Borgiana Velitris, Neapolitana Regia, Laurentiniane, S. Marci Venetorum Vindobonensis Cæsarea, et Hafniensis Regia, collecte et edita ab Andrea Birch, Theol. D. et Prof.; in 1800, he published Varia Lectiones ad Apocalypsin: and in 1801, Varie Lectionis ad Textum IV. Evangeliorum e Codd. MSS. iterum recognita et quamplurimis accessionibus aucta: all in 8vo. to the four gospels. The completion of the magnificent edition of the Greek Testament, begun in 1788, was prevented by a calamitous fire at Copenhagen, which consumed the royal printing office, together with the beautiful types and paper, which had been procured from Italy, for that purpose.

printed from a transcript obtained by Mr. R. Taylor from the by Dr. Woide, the Cambridge Manuscript edited by Dr. Kipling, keeper of the Vatican library. The reading of the clause in ques- and the Latin Manuscript edited by Sabatier and Blanchini; to tion, in the Codex Vaticanus is thus determined to be conformable which he added a collation of the celebrated Codex Vaticanus from to the lection of the Textus Receptus, viz. Tv Exxxoizy Toulou, the papers of Dr. Bentley, printed at Oxford in 1799, in the Appendix the Church of God. And, lastly, as Griesbach, in his Leipsic edi- to Dr. Woide's edition of the Alexandrian MS., which was untion of 1805, preferred some readings different from those adopted known to Griesbach, and which in many instances differs from in that of Halle, 1796-1806, a Synoptical Table is given indicating Dr. Birch's readings collated from the same manuscripts. such differences. Bishop Marsh has given a high character of the 2. Dr. Barrett's splendid fac-simile of the Codex Rescriptus of labours of Dr. Griesbach, in his Divinity Lectures, part ii. pp. 44, part of Saint Matthew's Gospel published at Dublin in 1801, and 45. See some strictures on them in Dr. Hales's Treatise on Faith here noted by the letter Z. in the Holy Trinity, vol. ii. pp. 61-64. In 1830, Mr. J. G. Palfrey, 3. The entire collation of the Codex Cyprius, made and described published in 12mo. at Boston, in the state of Massachusetts, "The by Dr. Augustine Scholz, and printed in pp. 80-90 of his Cura New Testament, in the common version, conformed to Griesbach's Critice in Historiam Textus IV. Evangeliorum, but very inaccustandard Greek Text." This is a successful endeavour to exhibit rately, in consequence of Dr. S.'s absence on his biblico-critical to the mere English reader the results of Griesbach's critical travels, so that he could not personally edit his collation of the labours on the Greek Text of the New Testament. The text of Codex Cyprius. (Scholzii Nov. Test. vol. i. p. xl.) The possessor our authorized English version is reprinted without note or com- of Dr. Schulz's edition of the Greek Testament must therefore ment; and the words are in no case altered, except where a change place no dependence upon the readings of the Codex Cyprius, as in the original Greek required it, that is, in conformity to the exhibited by him. Further, he has selected from Dr. Scholz's emendations of the Greek text made by Dr. Griesbach. In the Biblische-Kritische Reise (Biblico-critical Travels) the various readtranslations which the editor has introduced, to correspond withings contained in certain MSS. preserved in the Royal Library at the amended Greek, he states that, "it has been his careful endea- Paris, which he has noted by the numbers 240, 241, 242, 243, and vour to imitate the style of the received version, and no one has 244. To these are added the principal various readings from been admitted without study and consideration." [Preface. p. viii.] 4. The Codex Rehdigeranus, containing a Latin Ante-HieronyFrom an examination of different parts of Mr. Palfrey's volume, mian Version of the four Gospels, written in the seventh or eighth the writer of these pages is enabled to state that he has not observed century, which the editor had himself transcribed in the year 1813. any departure from the principles by which Mr. P. professes to 5. The Codex Messanensis I. of the fourteenth or fifteenth cenhave been guided. tury, in quarto, inspected by Munter; of which an account is given in Dr. Birch's prolegomena ad Varr. Lectt. Evv. p. xciii. et seq. This MS. is numbered 237. by Dr. Schulz.

To complete Griesbach's edition of the New Testament there should be added the following publications:

1. Cure in Historiam Textus Græci Epistolarum Paulinarum. Jenæ; 1774, 4to.

2. Symbole Criticæ, ad supplendas et corrigendas variarum N. T. Lectionum Collectiones. Accedit multorum N. T. Codicum Græcorum Descriptio et Examen. Hala, 1785, 1793, 2 vols. small 8vo.

3. Commentarius Criticus in Textum Græcum Novi Testamenti. Particula prima, Jena, 1798. Particula secunda, Jenæ, 1811.

29. Novum Testamentum, Græcè. Ex Recensione Jo. Jac. GRIESBACHII, cum selecta Lectionis Varietate. Lipsia, 1803 1807. 4 vols. imperial 4to. or folio.

This is a most sumptuous edition; the text is formed chiefly on that of Griesbach's second edition, and on that of Knapp, noticed below. The type is large and clear; the paper beautiful and glossy; at the foot of the page are some select various readings and each volume is decorated with an exquisitely engraved frontispiece.

30. Novum Testamentum, Græcè. Ex Recensione Jo. Jac. GRIESBACHII, cum selecta Lectionum Varietate. Lipsiæ, 1805, 1825, 2 vols. 8vo.; Cambridge (New England), 1809, 2 vols. 8vo.; Glasguæ, 1817, 18mo.; Philadelphia, 1822, 12mo.; Londini, 1829, 18mo.

This edition contains the text, together with a selection of the principal various readings, and an extract from the Prolegomena of the second edition. It is very neatly printed, and forms a valuable manual for constant reference. This is the edition now chiefly used in the universities of Germany. The Anglo-American edition printed at Cambridge is handsomely executed; and the typography of the large paper copies is very beautiful. The reprints at Glasgow, Philadelphia, and London, are also neatly executed.

31. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Textum ad Fidem Codicum Versionum et Patrum recensuit, et Lectionis Varietatem adjecit D. Jo. Jac. Griesbach. Volumen I., Quatuor Evangelia complectens. Editionem tertiam emendatam et auctam curavit D. David SCHULZ. Berolini, 1827, 8vo.

A new edition of Dr. Griesbach's revision of the Greek text of the New Testament having become necessary, the task of editing it, with such additional various readings as have been discovered since the date of that distinguished critic's last labours, was confided to Dr. Schulz, who has executed it in the following manner: In the first place he procured and collated the various printed books of which Griesbach had made use in preparing his edition, as well as the various critical materials which the researches of learned men had discovered within the last thirty years; that is, from the date of the first volume of his second edition, in 1796. Dr. Schulz then proceeded to correct all the typographical errors he had detected; and he expunged a great number of stops, especially commas, which (he says) had been unnecessarily introduced by modern editors, and which in many instances only tended to obscure the sacred text. He has also deviated in very many places from the received mode of placing certain accents, and has made various improvements in the spelling of certain words.

These preliminary steps having been taken, Dr. Schulz collated anew the principal authorities cited by Griesbach, to which he could procure access, and noticed in what respects they differed from the notation of former editors. He then inserted readings from some new manuscripts and versions, which had hitherto been either little known or altogether neglected. More particularly, he collated anew,

1. The Alexandrian Manuscript of the New Testament edited
VOL. II.-App.
3 S

6. The Codex Syracusanus in the Landolini Library, which was also inspected by Dr. Munter, and which is described by Birch, p. xcvi. et seq. This is numbered 238.

7. The Berlin Manuscript of the four Gospels, of the eleventh century, of which a description was published by Pappelbaum in 1823. It is numbered 239.

8. The Codex Gronovianus 131., a manuscript of the four Gospels collated by Dermout in his Collectanea Critica in Novum Testamentum, part i. (Lugd. Bat. 1825): this is numbered 245.

9. The Codex Meermannianus, containing the four Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles of James, Peter, 1 John, and a fragment of the epistle to the Romans, also collated by Dermout: this is numbered 246.

10. The readings of the Gothic Version, from Zahn's correct edition published in 1805, and the new readings contained in the fragments of this version first published by Mai in 1819, together with the fragments of the Sahidic Version published in the Appendix to Woide's fac-simile of the Codex Alexandrinus, and the fragments of the Basmurico-Coptic Version edited by Engelbreth in 1811. relative to the Syriac, Arabic, Persian, and Ethiopic versions, writDr. Schulz has also enriched his edition with many valuable notes ten by C. Benedict Michaelis, in his own copy of Kuster's edition of the New Testament, which is now deposited in the Library of the Orphan House at Halle. Further, Dr. S. had constantly open before him the more valuable critical editions of the New Testament, as well as other works which might afford him any assistance, (two editions), and Knappe, and also Griesbach's edition printed at including the editions of Stephens, Mill, Wetstein, Birch, Matthæi Leipsic in 1809, which differs from his own second edition in very many respects; but which exhibits that form and condition of the Dr. Griesbach deemed to be true and correct. The readings sacred text which in his latter years and maturest judgment peculiar to these later editions have been diligently noted.

The Symbole Critice and other works of Griesbach mentioned in the preceding column, together with the critical publications of Gersdorf, Bode, Bowyer, Valckenaer, and Wassenberg, were in like manner constantly at hand; and in doubtful or more important cases, the best editions of the most valuable of the Fathers

were consulted.

The typographical execution of this edition is much more commodious than that of Griesbach's second edition. There, the text was printed in two columns, and the notes were printed in a mass in long lines, with the notation of chapters and verses in the margin, which rendered it perplexing to the eye to compare the various readings therein contained. In Dr. Schulz's third edition the text is printed in long lines, and the notes are very distinctly exhibited in two columns, each note forming a distinct paragraph. The convenience thus afforded in consulting the work is very great. Besides the editor's preface, and the corrected preface of Griesbach (which is enlarged in the catalogue of MSS.), the volume now published contains the four Gospels: at the end there are eighteen closely-printed pages of addenda, which ought to be carefully transcribed and inserted in their proper places before the book can be advantageously consulted: these addenda have principally been caused by the acquisition of many hundreds of various readings, obtained from M. Dermout's Collectanea Critica in Novum Testatamentum (of which an account will be found in a subsequent page), and which did not come into Dr. Schulz's possession until after the present volume was finished. Such additions are unavoidable in a work embracing so many thousand minute references and figures; and every candid scholar will readily extend to such a laborious undertaking as the present, the liberal apology offered by Bishop Marsh for Wetstein:-"That mistakes and oversights are discoverable in the work, detracts not from its general merits No work is without them; and least of all can consummate accuracy