Z0

3. The son of Berechiah, and the last but one of the minor prophets. For an analysis of his predictions, see pp. 287, 288. 4. A priest of the class of Abia, the father of John the Bap tist. (Luke i.)

ZEDEKIAH, the name of the last king of Judah, to whom it was given by Nebuchadnezzar instead of his former name of Mattaniah. He revolted against the king of Babylon, who besieged and captured Jerusalem, caused the children of Zedekiah to be slain before his face, put out his eyes, and commanded him to be sent to Babylon. (2 Kings xxiv. 17. Jer. xxxii. 4. lii. 4—11.)

ZEMARITE (Gen. x. 18.), the name of a Syrian people, who, according to Calmet and others, dwelt in Simyra, a city of Phoenicia.

ZEPHANIAH, the son of Cushi, the ninth of the minor prophets, who lived in the time of Josiah king of Judah. For an analysis of his predictions, see p. 272.

ZERAH, king of Egypt, and contemporary with Asa king of Judah, is in Scripture termed an Ethiopian or Cushite; an ap

WHEAT, abundance of, in Palestine, 35.
WHIRLWINDS in Palestine, 38, 39.

WIDOWS, portion of, 164.

WILDERNESS, in Palestine, account of, 33, 34.
WINES of the Jews, 179.

WINTER, in Palestine, account of, 23, 24.
WITHERED HAND, what disease intended by, 197.
WITNESSES, examination of, 56. Punishment of false wit-
nesses, 64, 65.

WORSHIP of the Temple and in the Synagogue, 104-106. Allusions to the idolatrous worship of the heathens explained, 140-142.

WOUNDS, treatment of, 195.

he belonged. He invaded Judæa at the head of an immense army, which was met by Asa in the valley of Mareshah, in the tribe of Judah, and totally discomfited. Interpreters have long been perplexed to ascertain where the dominions of Zerah were situated; some supposing him to be a king of Cushite Arabia (though there is no evidence that that country then had powerful sovereigns), while others have imagined that he was king of Abyssinia or African Ethiopia, but without being able to explain how he could have traversed Egypt, in order to penetrate into Judæa. All these difficulties are now removed. The name of this king exists on ancient monuments; and the Zerah of Scripture is the Osorchon or Osoroth of the Egyptian lists and legends, the second king of the twenty-second dynasty, the son and successor of Shishak, who was contemporary with

XYLOPHORIA, or, feast of wood-offering, 128.

YEARS (Jewish), civil and ecclesiastical, account of, 74. Calendar of the Jewish year, 75, 76. Years of plants and beasts, 74. Sabbatical year, 128. Year of jubilee, 128, 129.

ZABULON, OF ZEBULON, the tenth son of Jacob, born of Leah, who gave his name to one of the twelve tribes of Israel; for the limits allotted to which, see p. 17.

ZACCHEUS, a chief collector or receiver-general of the customs or taxes; who entertained Jesus Christ at his house, and became his disciple. (Luke xix. 1-8.)

ZAPHNATH-PAANEAH, the name given by Pharaoh to Joseph (Gen. xli. 45.), which in the margin of our larger Bibles is rendered, a revealer of secrets, or the man to whom secrets are revealed; this is the interpretation given in the Chaldee paraphrase, the Syriac and Arabic versions, and by Kimchi. It has, however, been ascertained to be the Coptic or Egyptian word Joph-te-peneh, which, according to Louis Picques and Jablonski, signifies salus mundi, the salvation of the world, referring most probably to the preservation of Egypt from famine by the wise counsels of Joseph; and which in the Septuagint version is rendered by Ψοθομφανήχ and Ψονθομφανήχ. This interpretation of Picques and Jablonski is approved by M. Quatremère. (Jablonski, Opuscula, ed. a Te Water, tom. i. pp. 207-216. Quatremère, Recherches sur la Langue et Littérature de l'Egypte, p. 74.) ZAREPHATH. See SAREPTA, p. 449. ZEALOTS, a Jewish sect, notice of, 148. ZEBEDEE, the husband of Salome, and father of the apostles

James and John.

1. The son of the high-priest JEHOIADA (or Barachias), who was stoned to death by order of Joash king of Judah, for his fidelity in opposing the idolatry of the Jews. (2 Chron. xxiv. 20, 21.)

2. The fourteenth king of Israel, who succeeded his father Jeroboam II. He imitated the idolatries and iniquities of his predecessors; and, after a short reign of six months, he was assassinated by SHALLUM. (2 Kings xiv. 29. xv. 8-10.)

ZERUBBABEL or ZOROBABEL, the son of Salathiel, of the royal house of David, was appointed chief of those Jews who, by the permission of Cyrus, came from Babylon, at the commencement of that prince's reign. He laid the foundation of the temple, and restored the Mosaic worship. It is not known when this great man and pious ruler died.

ZIDON. See SIDON, p. 450. supra. ZIF, the eighth month of the civil year of the Jews, and the second of their ecclesiastical year. For a notice of the festivals, &c. in this month, see p. 267.

ZIKLAG, a city which Achish, king of Gath, gave to David while he took shelter in the land of the Philistines, and which afterwards remained as a domain to the kings of Judah. (1 Sam xxvii. 6.) It was taken and plundered by the Amalekites during David's absence: it was situated in the extreme parts of the tribe of Judah, southward.

ZIMRI, the fifth king of Israel, commander of one half of the cavalry of Elath, assassinated his master, usurped his throne, and destroyed all the branches of the royal family. His reign lasted only a week: in consequence of his having neglected to secure the army, they chose Omri king of Israel, who besieged him in Tirzah; and Zimri, finding his capital taken, set the royal palace on fire, and perished in the flames. (1 Kings xvi. 9—20)

ZIN, a desert in the south of Palestine towards Idumæa. (Num. xiii. 21. xx. 1. xxxiv. 3, 4. Josh. xv. 1. 3.)

ZION, the more elevated southernmost mountain, and upper part of the city of Jerusalem. In the poetical and prophetical

books it is often used for Jerusalem itself.

ZIPH, a city of Judah (Josh. xv. 24.), near Hebron, eastward. Its modern name is Sephoury. It was a place of rendezvous for armies during the crusades; and at a short distance from it is a celebrated fountain. (Rae Wilson's Travels, vol. ii. p. 40.) ZIPH, wilderness of, 34.

ZOAN, an ancient city in Lower Egypt; according to the Septuagint and Targums, it is Tanis on the eastern mouth of the Nile. (Num. xiii. 22. Isa. xix. 11. 13. xxx. 4. Ezek. xxx. 14.)

ZoAR, a city on the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. (Gen. xiii. 10. xix. 22. 30. Isa. xv. 5. Jer. xlviii. 34.) Its more ancient name was Bela.

ZOBAн, a city in Mesopotamia, otherwise called Nesibin, Nisibis, Antiochia, Mygdonia. (1 Sam. xiv. 47. 2 Sam. viii. 3. xxiii. 36.) Its territory is denominated Aram of Zobah: it was the residence of a king who, in the time of David, carried on considerable wars with Israel.

ABOMINATIONS.

1. Sin in general.-Isa. lxvi. 3. Their soul delighteth in abominations.-Ezek. xvi. 50. They... committed abomination before me. See also ver. 51.

2. An Idol.-Isa. xliv. 19. Shall I make the residue thereof an abomination? See also 2 Kings xxiii. 13.

3. The rites and ceremonies of the idolatrous and corrupt church of Rome.-Rev. xvii. 4. Having a golden cup in her hand, full of

abominations.

1. Devoted to destruction. Josh. vi. 17.

2. Accursed from Christ. Excluded from intercourse, fellowship, and alliance with Christ.-Rom. ix. 3.

ADULTERESS, Or Harlot-An apostate church or city; particularly the daughter of Jerusalem or the Jewish church and people.-Isa. i. 21. How is the faithful city become a harlot? See Jer. i. 6. 8, 9. Ezek. xvi. 22. xxiii. 7. In Rev. xvii. 5. Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots, means the idolatrous Latin church. ADULTEROUS Generation (Matt. xii. 39. xvi. 4. Mark viii. 38.); a faithless and impious generation.

ADULTERY-Idolatry and apostacy from the worship of the true God. Jer. iii. 8, 9. When backsliding Israel committed adultery. with stones and with stocks. See also Ezek. xvi. 32. xxiii. 37. Rev. ii. 22.

AIR, Wind, Breath.-The Holy Spirit.-John iii. 8. The wind bloweth where it listeth; and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh and whither it goeth; so is every one that is born of the Spirit.-John xx. 22. He breathed on them, and saith unto them, "Receive ye the Holy Ghost."-Acts ii. 2. 4. Suddenly there came a sound from Heaven as of a rushing mighty wind.... And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost.-See PRINCE. ALPHA and OMEGA, an appellation which Jesus Christ appropriates to himself; to denote that, as he is the Creator, so he will be the final judge of all things.-Rev. i. 8. I am Alpha and Omega the beginning and the ending.

AMEN.

1. Truth and faithfulness; a title of Christ.-Rev. iii. 14. Thus saith the Amen; Truth, i.e. He who is true says, &c.

2. So be it: a form of wishing, approving, or praying at the end of a sentence. Rom. i. 25. Gal. i. 5. Eph. iii. 21. Phil. iv. 20. 1 Tim. i. 17. It was customary among the Jews, when the priests or other persons offered up prayers or praises to God in public, for the whole assembly to respond Amen. Numb. v. 22. This custom was adopted by Christians; and in allusion to it Amen occurs in 1 Cor. xiv. 16.

ANGELS.

1. Angel of the LORD.-Jesus Christ.-Zech. i. 12. The angel of the LORD answered and said. See Lowth's Commentary, in loc. 2. Those intellectual and immaterial Beings, whom the Almighty employs, as the ministers of his providence or of his judgments.-Rev. xv. 8. xvi. 1. Seven Angels.-xxii. 8. I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel, who showed me these things.

3. The presiding ministers or bishops of the church.-Rev. ii. 1. The angel of the church of Ephesus. See also ii. 8. 12. 18. iii. 1. 7. 14. 4. Fallen Spirits.-Matt. xxv. 41. Everlasting fire prepared for the Devil and his Angels.

1 Besides the authorities cited for particular words, this Index of the Prophetic or Symbolical Language of the Scriptures has been drawn up, after a careful perusal of the remarks on this subject by Sir Isaac Newton, Bishops Lowth and Hurd, the Commentary of William Lowth on the Prophets, the Rev. William Jones's Key to the Language of Prophecy, Dr. Lancaster's admirable Symbolical Alphabetical Dictionary prefixed to his Abridgment of Daubuz's Perpetual Cominentary on the Revelation of St. John, Robinson's Greek Lexicon to the New Testament, and Dr. Woodhouse's Notes to his Translation of the Apocalypse. Those symbols, and interpretations of symbols, which have been the subject of contro versy among some late writers on prophecy, are designedly omitted. VOL. I. 3 M

2. The power, strength, and miracles of Christ.-Isa. liii. 1. John xii. 38. To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?

3. When Jehovah is said to make bare his holy arm, it means that he hath displayed his great power, which for a long time seemed to be hidden and unemployed.-Isa. lii. 10. The Lord hath made bare his holy arm. ARMOUR.-Such graces and spiritual weapons, as are for the defence of the soul, and by which we may be enabled to combat with our spiritual enemies.-Rom. xiii. 12. Let us put on the armour of light.-Eph. vi. 11. Put on the whole armour of God. ARROWS.

"It was

1. Calamities, or judgments of God.-Job vi. 4. The arrows of the Almighty are within me, the poison whereof drinketh up my spirit.— 2 Sam. xxii. 14, 15. compare Psal. xxxviii. 2, 3. and Ezek. v. 16. That calamities are represented among the eastern writers as the arrows of the Almighty, we have abundant proces: one single instance, from the fine sayings ascribed to Ali (or Aaly) the son-inlaw of the impostor of Arabia, will illustrate this remark. once demanded of the fourth Khalif (Ali), on whom be the mercy of the Creator, if the canopy of heaven were a bow; and if the earth were the cord thereof; and if calamities were arrows: if mankind were the mark for those arrows; and if Almighty God, the tremendous and the glorious, were the unerring archer, to whom could the sons of Adam flee for protection? The Khalif answered saying, The sons of Adam must flee unto the Lord.' This fine image Job keeps in view, (vi. 8, 9.) wishing that the unerring marksman may let fly these arrows, let loose his hand, to destroy and cut him off." Dr. A. Clarke on Job vi. 4.

2.

Abusive or slanderous words.-Psal. lxiv. 3. Who bend their bows to shoot their arrows, even bitter words.

3. Children.-Psal. cxxvii. 4, 5. As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth. Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them. "The orientals are accustomed to call brave and valiant sons the arrows and darts of their parents, because they are able to defend them. To sharpen arrows, to make sharp arrows, is, among them, to get brave and valiant sons." [Burder's Oriental Literature, vol. ii. p. 53.]

ASHES. See DUST and ASHES.

BABES.

1. Foolish and inexperienced princes.-Isa. iii. 4. I will give children to be their princes, and babes (or infants) shall rule over them. This minatory prediction was fully accomplished in the succession of weak and wicked princes who reigned over the kingdom of Judah from the death of Josiah to the destruction of the city and temple, and the taking of Zedekiah, the last of them, captive by Nebuchad

nezzar.

2. Those who are weak in the Christian faith and knowledge, being ignorant and inconstant, like infants.-1 Cor. iii. 1. And 1, brethren, could not speak unto you. but as... unto babes in Christ.Heb. v. 13. For he is a babe.

BABYLON-Papal Rome with all her idolatrous rites.-Rev. xiv. 8. Babylon is fallen. See also Rev. xvii. xviii.

BALAAM, Doctrine, error, or way of-A defection from true religion united with immoral and lascivious practices.-Rev. ii. 14. Thou hast them that hold the doctrine of Balaam.-Jude 11. They have .... run greedily after the error of Balaam.-2 Pet. ii. 15. Following the way of Balaam. BALANCE.

1. The known symbol of a strict observation of justice and fair dealing. Prov. xi. 1. A false balance is abomination unto the Lord.Prov. xvi. 11. A just weight and balance are the Lord's. See also Job xxxi. 6.

2. Joined with symbols, denoting the sale of corn and fruits by weight, it becomes the symbol of scarcity.-Lev. xxvi. 26. When I have broken the staff of your bread; ten women shall bake your bread in one oven; and they shall deliver you bread again by weight, and 457

ye shall eat and not be satisfied.-Ezek. iv. 16. They shall eat bread by weight and with care.

BALDNESS.-Destruction.-Jer. xlvii. 5. Baldness is come upon Gaza.
BASHAN. See KINE, OAKS.
BEAST.

1. A heathen kingdom or power of the earth.-Dan. vii. 17. These great beasts, which are four, are four kings. See pp. 208–210. of this volume.

2. The Papal antichrist.-Rev. xiii. 2. 12.

BED. Great tribulation and anguish.—Rev. ii. 22. I will cast her into

a bed. To be tormented in bed, where men seek rest, is peculiarly

grievous. See Psal. vi. 6. xli. 3. Isa. xxviii. 20.

BIRD of Prey.-A hostile army coming to prey upon a country.-Isa. xlvi. 11. Calling a ravenous bird from the east; Cyrus and his army. Compare Jer. xii. 9. Ezek. xxxii. 4. and xxxix. 17. BITTER-BITTERNESS.-Affliction, misery, and servitude.-Exod. i. 14. They made their lives bitter with hard bondage. See Jer. ix 15.-Gall of bitterness. (Acts viii. 23.) A state offensive to God.

BLACK-BLACKNESS.-Affliction, disasters, and anguish.-Jer. xiv. 2. Judah mourneth, and the gates thereof languish; they are black unto the ground.-Joel ii. 6. All faces shall gather blackness.-Rev. vi. 5. Behold a black horse. The black colour of the horse in this place indicates that the publication of the Gospel, at the time alluded to, will, by way of punishment upon the heathens, for refusing to hear it, be attended with great affliction. [Daubuz and Woodhouse, in loc.]

1. Slaughter and mortality.-Isa. xxxiv. 3. The mountains shall be melted with blood. See Ezek. xxxii. 6.

2. Our natural descent from one common family.-And hath made of one blood all nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth. (Acts xvii. 26.) Flesh and blood is an expression, which signifies the present natural state of man, unaided by divine grace. When Paul was converted, he did not consult with flesh and blood. (Gal. i. 16.) When Peter declared his belief, that his Master was Christ, the Son of the living God, Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jona; for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. (Matt. xvi. 17.) We are assured that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. (1 Cor. xv. 50.)

3. Death-To resist unto blood, is to contend unto death. (Heb. xii. 4) When I passed by thee, and saw thee polluted in thine own blood, I said unto thee, when thou wast in thy blood, Live. (Ezek. xvi. 6.) To shed blood is to murder; hence a cruel murderer is called a bloody man. To give the wicked blood to drink, is to put into their hand the cup of death. The metaphorical term is sometimes employed in personification. What hast thou done? said God to Cain. The voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground. (Gen. iv. 10.) Ye are come to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel. (Heb. xii. 24.)

4. The sufferings and death of Christ, considered as an atonement for the souls of sinners Being justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath, through him. (Rom. v. 9.) The following expressions in the New Testament are allusions to the typical blood, which was so plentifully shed under the Old. Christians are taught to reason; that if the blood of bulls, and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh; how much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your consciences from dead works to serve the living God? (Heb. ix 13, 14.) God hath set forth Jesus Christ to be a propitiation, that we may have faith in his blood; that is, that we may believe in the efficacy of his atonement, We have redemption through his blood; even the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace. (Eph. i. 7.) We were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold, but with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish, and without spol. (1 Peter i. 18, 19.) In the Scriptures, the blood of Christ is sometimes represented as the procuring cause of our justification. Much more being justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him. (Rom. v. 9.) The term blood, when used in this sense, means the merits of Christ's atonement. But in other passages, our sanctification is imputed to the blood of Christ. How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works, to serve the living God? (Heb. ix. 14.) The saints are represented as walking in white; because they had washed their robes in the blood of the Lamb. (Rev, vii. 14.) The term blood, when used in this figurative sense, evidently signified the doctrines of the cross; which are the great mean of purifying the believer's heart. ye are clean, said Christ to his disciples, through the word, which I have spoken unto you. (John xv. 3.)

Now

5. Blood of the covenant.—(Matt. xxvi. 28.) The blood of Christ, who died in consequence of a covenant to redeem sinners. BODY.-A society; the church, with its different members.-1 Cor. xii. 20-27.

Book of Life.-Rev. iii. 5. I will not blot out his name out of the Book of Life. "As, in states and cities, those who obtained freedom and fellowship, were enrolled in the public register, which enrolment was their title to the privileges of citizens, so the King of heaven, of the New Jerusalem, engages to preserve in his register and en

rolment, in the book of life, the names of those, who, like the good Sardians, in a corrupted and supine society, shall preserve allegiance and a faithful discharge of their Christian duties. He will own them as his fellow-citizens, before men and angels, Matt. ix. 32. Luke xii. 8. See also Psal. Ixix. 28. Ezek. xiii. 9. Exod. xxxi 33. Dan. xii. 1. Mal. iii. 16. Luke x. 20." [Dean Woodhouse on Rev. iii. 5.] BOTTLES.-The inhabitants of Jerusalem, with the wine of terror.-Jer. xiii. 12. with wine.

Bow.

whom God threatened to fill Every bottle shall be filled

1. Strength-Job xxix. 20. My bow was renewed in my hand. 2. Victory.-Rev. vi. 2. He that sat on him had a bow; where it sig nifies the progress of the Gospel, which was assisted by sudden and unexpected and miraculous aid and deliverance.

BOWELS.-Pity, compassion.-Luke i. 7, 8. Through the tender mercy BRANCH. See TREES, 3. (literally bowels of mercy) of our God.

BRASS.-Strength.-Psal. cvii. 16. He hath broken the gates of brass; that is, the strong gates. See Isa. xlv. 2. In Jer. i. 18. and xv. 20 brazen walls signify a strong and lasting adversary and opposer. BREAD OF FOOD.

1. The word of God.-Deut. viii. 3. Matt. iv. 4. Man doth not (or shall not) live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.

2. One bread. (1 Cor. x. 17.) The union of real Christians. BREATH. See AIR. BRETHREN.-Christians united by their profession.-Rom. xii. 1. I beseech you, brethren. See Acts xxi. 7. 1 Cor. xv. 6. BRIARS.-Mischievous and hurtful persons.--Isa. lv. 13. Instead of the briar shall come up the myrtle-tree. See THORNS, 2. BRIDE-The heavenly Jerusalem.-Rev. xxi. 9. The bride, the Lamb's wife. BRIDEGROOM.-Christ, as the spouse of the church.-Rev. xxi. 9. See also VOICE, 1. BRIMSTONE.

1. Perpetual torment and destruction.--Job xviii. 15. Brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation; that is, his home or family shall be destroyed for ever by an inextinguishable fire. Compare Isa. xxxiv. 9, 10. Rev. xiv. 10, &c.

2. Corrupt, infernal, and destructive doctrines. Rev. ix. 17. Out of their mouth issued fire and brimstone. See verse 18. BULLS.-Wicked, violent men.-Psal. xxii. 12. Many bulls have compassed me; strong [bulls] of Bashan have beset me round: that is, mine enemies, who are as furious and formidable as the bulls fed in the rich pastures of Bashan, beset me on every side. BURNING. See FIRE, 2. BUY. To attain in preference to earthly riches.-See Isa. lv. 1. Prov

xxiii. 13. Rev. iii. 18.

CALL-CALLED CALLING.

1. That invitation which God holds out to men to come and enjoy the blessings which flow from a sincere reception of the Christian religion. Eph. i. 18. That ye may know what is the hope of his calling: that is, what is the nature of that hope, which those, who have been invited into the divine kingdom, may properly indulge. To call to any duty; that is, to appoint, constitute, or choose. Gal. i. 15. Who called me, chose me, by his grace, viz. to be an apostle. CANDLESTICK. See LAMP. CEDARS.

2.

non.

1. Great men.-Zech. xi. 2. The cedar is fallen. 2. Cedars of Lebanon.-Kings, princes, and nobles of Judah.-Isa. ii. 13. The day of the Lord shall be upon all the cedars of Leba 3. Top of the young twigs of cedars.-The prime nobility and able soldiery-Ezek. xvii. 4. He cropped off the top of the young twigs. CHAFF.-Unprofitable and worthless men.-Psal. i. 4. The ungodly are like the chaff, which the wind driveth away.-Matt. ii. 14." He will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. CHAIN-Bondage or affliction.-Lam. iii. 7. heavy.

CHILD, CHILDREN.

He hath made my

chain

1. Those who have received their religous knowledge, character, education, &c. from any one: i. e. a beloved disciple. 2 Tim. i. 2. Timothy, my dearly beloved child.

2.

3.

Children joined with the names of cities denote their inhabitants or citizens. Matt. xxiii. 37. O Jerusalem..... how often, would! have gathered thy children. See also Luke xiii. 34. xix. 44. Gal.

iv. 25.

Children of God; those whom he regards with parental affection, and on whom he bestows peculiar favour. John i. 12. As many as received him, to them he gave the privilege to become the children of God.

4. Children of God and children of the devil, in 1 John iii. 10., are those who resemble God, and those who resemble Satan. CIRCUMCISION.-An engagement like that of baptism, to renounce the flesh and circumcise the heart.-Deut. x. 16. Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart.-Deut. xxx. 6. The Lord thy God shall circumcise thine heart.-Rom. ii. 29. Circumcision is that of the heart.

CLAY in the hands of the potter.-Man in the hands of his Creator.— Isa. xliv. 8. Now, O LORD, thou art our Father; we are the clay; and thou our potter, and we are all the work of thy hand. See also

Rom. ix. 21.

CLOUDS.-Multitudes and armies.-Jer. iv. 13. He shall come up as
clouds.-Isa. lx. 8. Who are those, that fly as a cloud?-Heb. xii. 1.
A cloud of witnesses.

COLD. Inconstant in affections, purpose, and conduct; destitute of
fervent piety and holy zeal. Rev. iii. 15, 16.
COLUMN. See PILLAR.

CORNER-STONE. Jesus Christ, who is compared to a corner-stone in
three points of view; viz.

1. As this stone lies at the foundation, and serves to give support and
strength to the building, so Christ, or the doctrine of a Saviour, is
called the chief corner-stone in Eph. ii. 20.; because this doctrine is
the most important feature of the Christian religion, and is the
fundamental object of all the precepts given by the apostles and
other Christian teachers.

2. As the corner-stone occupies an important and conspicuous place,
Jesus is compared to it in 1 Pet. ii. 6., because God has made him
highly esteemed (or precious,) and has advanced him to a dignity
and conspicuousness above all others.

3. Since men often stumble against a projecting corner-stone, Christ
is therefore so called (Psal. cxviii. 22. Matt. xxi. 42. and parallel
passages,) because his Gospel will be the cause of aggravated con-
demnation to those who wilfully reject it. (Robinson's Lexicon,
p. 21.
CROSS.

1. The doctrine of the cross, that is, of Christ crucified. The cross of
Christ, the preaching of the cross, occur in this sense in 1 Cor. i. 17,
18. See also Gal. v. 11. vi. 12. 14. Phil. iii. 18.

2. To take up or bear one's cross, that is, to be ready to undergo the
severest trials, or to expose one's self to the most imminent dangers.
Matt. x. 38. xvi. 24. Mark viii. 34. x. 21. Luke ix. 23. xiv. 27.
CROWN of Life, a triumphant immortality.-Rev. ii. 10. Be thou
faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
CUP.

1. The blessings and favours of God.-Psal. xxiii. 5. My cup runneth
over. The cup of salvation, in Psal. cxvi. 13., is a cup of thanks-
giving, or blessing the Lord for all his mercies.

2. The Cup of blessing.-The paschal cup was called by the Jews the
Cup of blessing, because they sanctified it by giving thanks to God
for it. To this Saint Paul alludes in 1. Cor. x. 16. when he terms the
sacr mental cup the cup of blessing.

8. Afflictions or sufferings, the effects of the wrath of God.-Isa. li. 17.
Stand up, O Jerusalem, which hast drunk at the hand of the LORD
the cup of his fury. Thou hast drunken the dregs of the cup of
trembling. See WINE, 2.

DARKNESS.

1. Sin and ignorance.-Rom. xiii. 12. Let us cast off the works of
darkness.

2. Affliction, misery, and adversity-Jer. xiii. 16. Give glory to the
LORD your God, before he cause darkness. See Ezek. xxx. 18.
xxxiv. 12.

3. Darkness of the sun, moon, and stars. General darkness and de-
ficiency in the government.-Isa. xiii. 10. The stars of heaven, and
the constellations thereof, shall not give their light; the sun shall be
darkened in his going forth, and the moon shall not cause her light
to shine. See Ezek. xxxii. 7. and Joel ii. 10. 31. iii. 15.
DAY.

1. A year, in prophetical language.-Ezek. iv. 6.

Thou shalt bare
the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days; I have appointed thee
each day for a year. See also Isa. xx. 3. (Bp. Lowth's version and
notes.)-Rev. ií. 10. Ye shall have tribulation ten days.

2. An appointed time or season.-Isa. xxxiv. 8. It is the day of the
LORD'S vengeance. See also Isa. Ixiii. 4.

3. A state of truth, hope, and knowledge.-1. Thess. v. 5. Ye are all
children of the light, and children of the day.
DEATH.

1 The separation of the soul from the body.-Gen. xxv. 11. After
the death of Abraham, &c. This is temporal or the first death,
which is the common lot of man by the divine sentence. (Gen. iii.
19.) The

2. Second death (beyond the grave) is the eternal separation of the
whole man from the presence and glory of God; not only an ex-
tinction of all our pleasurable feelings, and of all our hopes of hap-
piness, but an ever-during sense of this extinction, "where the
worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched."-Rev. ii. 11. He
that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death.

3. The state of a soul insensible of sin and corruption, and destitute of
the spirit of life.-Jude 12. Twice dead.-Rev. iii. 1. Thou....
art dead.

4. A state of mortification, death unto sin, and crucifixion with Christ.-
Rom. vi. 8. He that is dead, is freed from sin.-1 Pet. ii. 24. Who
his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we being
dead to sin, should live to righteousness.
DESERT.

Desert of the Sea.-Babylon.-Isa. xxi. 1. The burden of the desert
of the sea. Babylon and the adjacent country is so called, because
it was shortly to become desert, and a marsh full of pools of water,
as if converted into a lake or inland sea. The country about
Babylon, and especially below it towards the sea, was a great flat
morass, often overflowed by the Euphrates and Tigris. (Bp. Lowth
and Dr. Scott, in loc.)

DEW upon Herbs.-The blessing of Heaven, and the power of the
resurrection.-Hos. xiv. 5. I will be as the dew unto Israel.-Isa.
xxvi. 19. Thy dead men shall live; together with my dead body shall

1. The Gentiles.-The bad properties of dogs are obstinate barking,
biting, insatiable gluttony, filthiness in lust, vomiting, and returning
to their vomit. (Compare Prov. xxi. 11. 2 Pet. ii. 22.) Hence the
Gentiles, on account of the impurity of their lives, and their being
without the covenant, were called dogs by the Jews.-Matt. xv. 26
It is not meet to take the children's bread and cast it to dogs.-Psal.
xxii. 16. Dogs have compassed me, the assembly of the wicked have
inclosed me.

2. A watchman, for his vigilance to give notice of approaching
danger.-Isa. lvi. 10. His watchmen are blind, they are all ignorant
they are all dumb dogs, they cannot bark.

3. Impudent, shameless persons, and false teachers.-Rev. xxii. 15
Without are dogs.-Phil. iii. 2. Beware of dogs.
DOMINION.

1. Power.-Neh. ix. 28. They had dominion over them.
2. Persons over whom another has power.-Psal. cxiv. 2. Israel u
his dominion.

3. Angels. Col. i. 16. By him were created...... dominions.
4. The universal government of Almighty God.-Dan. vii. 14. His
dominion is an everlasting dominion.
DOOR.

1. Door opened in heaven. The beginning of a new kind of govern-
ment. Rev. iv. 1. I looked, and, behold, a door [was] opened in
heaven.

2. An open door.-The free exercise and propagation of the Gospel.-
1 Cor. xvi. 9. A great door and effectual is opened unto me.
See
also 2 Cor. ii. 12. Col. iv. 3. Acts xiv. 27.

DRAGON.

1. A symbol of a king that is an enemy.-In Ezek. xxix. 3. it means the
king of Egypt, so also in Psal. lxxiv. 13.

2. Satan acting and ruling by his visible ministers.-Rev. xii. 9. Be-
hold, a great red dragon, &c.

3. Any hurtful thing.-Psal. xci. 13. The young lion and the dragon
shalt thou trample under foot.
DRUNK-DRUNKENNESS.

1. The symbol of the folly and madness of sinners, who, making no
use of their reason, plunge themselves in all manner of crimes.-
Isa. xxviii. 1. 3. Woe to the drunkards of Ephraim................ The
drunkards of Ephraim shall be trodden under feet.

2.

That stupidity, which arises from God's judgments; when the sin-
ner is under the consternation of his misery, as one astonished, stag-
gering, and not knowing what to do.-Isa. xxix. 9. They are drunken,
but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink.-Isa. li. 21.
Thou afflicted and drunken, but not with wine. See also Jer. xiii
13, 14. and Lam. iii. 15.

DUST and ASHES.-Mortal man, under death and condemnation.-
Gen. xviii. 27. I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD, which
am but dust and ashes.-Gen. iii. 19. Dust thou art, and to dust shalt
thou return. See Job xlii. 6.

EAGLE.

1. A king or kingdom.-Ezek. xvii. A great eagle, with great wings
long winged, full of feathers, which had divers colours, came to Leba
non: that is, Nebuchadnezzar. The divers colours refer to the
various nations that composed the Babylonian empire.

2. The Roman army, whose ensigns or standards were eagles.-Matt.
xxiv. 28. Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered
together. See WINGS.

3. Eagles' Wings.-To be borne on eagles' wings signifies divine,
miraculous deliverance. Who can pursue the eagle through the
air, and take from him what is committed to his charge? Exod.
xix. 4. Psal. xci. 4. Isa. xl. 31. Rev. xii. 14.

EARTHEN Vessel.-The body of man.-2. Cor. iv. 7. We have this
treasure in earthen vessels.

EARTHQUAKES.-Great revolutions or changes in the political world.-
Joel ii. 10. The earth shall quake before them. See also Haggai ii.
21. Heb. xii. 26.

EGYPT.-A mystical name of wickedness.-Rev. xi. 8. Their dead
bodies [shall lie] in the street of the great city, which spiritually is
called Sodom and Egypt.

ELDERS (the twenty-four.) Probably such of the Patriarchs and Pro-
phets of the old church, as saw by faith the day of redemption and
rejoiced; and who are expressly termed Elders (perbutepo) in
Heb. xi. 2.-Rev. iv. 10. The four and twenty elders fall down be-
fore him that liveth for ever. [See Dean Woodhouse on Rev. iv.
10.]

EYES admit of various interpretations, according to circumstances.
I. As applied to the Almighty, they denote,
1. His knowledge and prescience.-Prov. xv. 3.
His eye is in every
place to behold good and evil. See Psal. xi. 4.

2. His watchful providence.-Psal. xxxiv. 15. The eyes of the LORD
are upon the righteous.

II. As applied to Jesus Christ they signify his omnipresence.-Rev. v.
6. In the midst of the elders stood a lamb, having....seven eyes. [See
Dean Woodhouse, in loc.]

III. As applied to Men, the eyes denote,

1. The understanding, which is as it were the eye of the soul.—Psal.
cxix. 18. Open thou mine eyes.

2. A guide or counseller.-Job xxix. 15. I was eyes to the blind.
3. The whole man.-Rev. i. 7. Every eye shall see him; that is, all

men.

4. Good or evil desires and designs.-Deut. xxviii. 54. His eye shall be evil towards his brother-ver. 56. Her eye shall be evil towards the husband of her bosom, and towards her son, and towards her daughter. That is, they shall form cruel and evil designs against them to kill, and even to eat them. History confirms the predic

tion.

FACE.

FIELD. The World.-Matt. xiii. 38.
FIRE.

1. With such adjuncts as denote that it is not put for light, it signifies destruction or torment, great sickness, war, and its dismal effects.Isa. xlii. 25. It hath set him on fire.-Isa. lxvi. 15. The LORD will come with fire. See Ezek. xxii. 20-22.

2. Burning fire.-The wrath of God.-Ezek. xxii. 31. I have consumed them with the fire of my wrath.

3. Afflictions, or persecution.-Isa. xxiv. 15. Glorify ye the LORD God in the fires.

2. As applied to man.

FACES harder than a rock (Jer. v. 3.) denote unblushing, shameless

persons.

FAITH (ILOTS.) In consequence of not attending to the ambiguity of the word is, which in our authorised version is usually translated faith, it has been applied by many divines, wherever it occurs, exclusively to faith in the Messiah, when the context often manifestly requires it to be taken in a different sense. Faith or believing then denotes,

1. Our assenting to any truth, even to such truths as are known by the evidences of our senses: thus in John xx. 29. Thomas, whom the evidence of his senses had convinced of the reality of Christ's resurrection, is said to have believed.

2. A general disposition of the mind to embrace all that we know concerning God, whether by reason or revelation: as in Heb. xi. 6. Without faith it is impossible to please God; which expression is subsequently applied to the existence of God, his goodness and bounty towards his sincere worshippers.

3. A peculiar assent to a certain revelation; for instance, in Rom. iv. throughout, and in other passages that treat of Abraham's faith, it is manifest that this faith must be referred to the peculiar promises made to Abraham that a son should be born unto him, though he himself was then about a hundred years old, and Sarah, who was ninety, was barren.

4. An assent given to the revelation made to Moses; as when the children of Israel are said to have believed the Lord and his servant Moses. (Exod. xiv. 31. compared with John v. 45, 46. and ix. 28) 5. An assent given to the relation made to the prophets: as when King Jehoshaphat says to the Jews (2 Chron. xx. 20.,) “Believe in the Lord your God, so shall ye be established; believe his prophets, so shall ye prosper." Compare also Isa. vii. 9.

6. A cordial assent to the Christian revelation or to some of its leading and fundamental points; as in those passages where we are com manded to believe in Christ, or that he is the Son of God, or that he rose from the dead.

7. An assent to future and invisible things revealed by God, as in Heb. xi. 1. where it is defined to be the substance of things hoped for, and the evidence of things not seen, that is, the giving of a present subsistence to things future, which are fully expected, and the proving and demonstrating of things which are not seen.

8. The Gospel, as in Gal. iii. 2. where Saint Paul demands of the Galatians, whether they received the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith in which passage it is evident that the hearing of faith denotes the hearing of the preached Gospel; and in this sense the word faith appears to be used in all those parts of the Epistle to the Romans, where it is opposed to the works of the law. 9. A persuasion that what we do is well pleasing to God: thus the meaning of Rom. xiv. 23, Whatsoever is not of faith is sin, is, that it is sinful in us to do any thing, which we are not fully persuaded is well pleasing to God, or at least permitted by him. 10. Faith in miracles, that is, a firm confidence in Christ, to which, at the first propagation of the Gospel, was annexed the performance of miracles: such was the faith which Jesus Christ frequently required of his disciples and others, that he might work certain miracles by them (compare Matt. xvii. 20. Mark xi. 22. xvi. 17. and Luke xvii. 6.;) and to which Saint Paul refers in 1 Cor. xiii. 2. Lastly, faith sometimes signifies,

11. Fidelity, or faithfulness in the discharge of duties or promises, and so the Greek word is properly rendered in Tit. ii. 10.; as it also should have been in 1 Tim. v. 12., the faith, there said to have been cast off by the younger widows, being their fidelity to Christ. FALLING down, or prostrate, before another.-Submission and homage.-Isa. xlv. 14. They shall fall down unto thee, and make supplication unto thee. See also Gen. xxvii. 29. xxxvii. 7, 8. FAMILY.-The Church of God.--Eph. iii. 15. Of whom the whole family in heaven and earth is named. FAT.

1. The most excellent of every thing.-Psal. lxxxi. 16. He should have fed them with the finest (Heb. fat) of the wheat.-Psal. cxlvii. 14. He filleth thee with the finest (Heb. fat) of the wheat.

2. Riches.-Psal. xxii, 29. All the fat upon earth.-Jer. v. 28.
are waxen fat.
FATHER.

They

1. God, whose children we all are by creation and redemption.-Mal. i. 6. If I be a father, where is mine honour ?-Mal. ii. 10. Have we not all one Father? Hath not one God created us? See Jer. xxxi.

9.

2. Father of any thing; that is, the author, cause, or source of it.John viii. 44. When he (Satan) speaketh a lie... he is the father of it. James i. 17. The Father of lights; the source of spiritual and coporeal light.

3. Example, pattern, or prototype.-John viii. 44.

Ye are of your father, the devil; ye follow the example of Satan, so that he may be properly called your father, and ye his children.

countenance, denote his anger.-Psal. xviii. 8. 12, 13. FIRMAMENT. See HEAVENS. FLESH (or MEAT.)

1. The riches, goods, or possessions of any person conquered, oppres sed, or slain, as the case may be.-Psal. lxxiv. 14. Thou breakest the heads of leviathan in pieces (didst destroy the power of Pharaoh and his princes,) [and] gavest him [to be] meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness: that is, didst enrich the Israelites with their spoils.-Isa. xvii. 4. The fatness of his flesh shall be made lean. See also Mic. iii. 2, 3. and Zech. xi. 9. 16.; in all which places the TarTo devour much flesh, is to conquer and spoil many enemies of their gum explains flesh by riches and substance. lands and possessions. In Dan. vii. 5. this expression is used to denote the cruelty of the Medes and Persians, many of whose sove reigns were more like ferocious bears than men. Instances of their cruelty abound in almost all the historians who have written of their affairs.

2.

3.

Weak, mortal man.-Isa. xl. 6. All flesh is grass.

4. The exterior of man; viz.

(1.) External actions, as circumcision, the choice of food, &e. in which the body is the part chiefly affected.-Rom. iv. 1. What shall we say then, that Abraham our father hath found, as pertaining to the flesh i. e. so far as regards external actions.-1 Cor. x. 18. Behold Israel after the flesh; i. e. as it respects the external performance of their religious rites.-Gal. iii. 3.... Are ye now made perfect by the flesh will ye turn again to mere external ceremonies? (2.) External appearance, condition, circumstances, character &c.— John vi. 63. The flesh profileth nothing.-2. Cor. v. 16. We know no man after the flesh. FLOOD-Extreme danger.-Psal. Ixix. 15. Let not the water-flood overflow me. See RIVER.

FOUR. See NUMBERS.

FOREST of the South-field. See SOUTH-FIELD.
FORNICATION. All those carnal impurities, which were common
among the heathens, and even formed a part of their sacred rites,
Rev. ii. 20. Thou sufferest that woman Jezebel....to seduce my ser-
vants to commit fornification.
FORTRESS-See TOWERS.
Fox.-A cunning, deceitful person.-Luke xiii. 32 Go, tell that fox-
Ezek. xiii. 4. Thy prophets are like the foxes in the deserts.
FRUIT.

1. The consequences of an action. Prov. i. 31. They shall eat the fruit
af their own ways.
2. Good works--Psal. i. 3, He (the pious man) .....bringeth forth
his fruit in his season.-Matt. iii. 8. Bring forth fruits meet for re-
pentance.

FURNACE

1. A place of great affliction.-Deut. iv. 20. The LORD hath... brought you forth out of the iron furnace, out of Egypt.

2. Such afflictions as God sends for the amendment and correction of men. Jer. ix. 7. I will melt them, and try them, that is, in the furnace of affliction.

GARMENTS.

1. White garments were not only the emblem of purity and being in the favour of God (Psal. li. 7. Isa. i. 18.,) but also, as being worn on festival days, were tokens of joy and pleasure. (Isa. lii. 1. xi. 10.) Kings and princes likewise were arrayed in white garments of fine linen. (Gen. xli. 42. 1 Chron. xv. 27. Luke xvi. 19.) Hence, to walk or be clothed in white, signifies to be prosperous, successful, and victorious, to be holy, happy, honoured, and rewarded.-Rev. iii. 4, 5. They shall walk in white...... The same shall be clothed in white raiment.

2. Souls.-Rev. iii. 4. Thou hast a few names in Sardis which have not defiled their garments.-The Hebrews considered holiness as the garb of the soul, and evil actions as stains or spots upon this garb. GATES.

1. Gates of the daughter of Sion. The ordinances of Jehovah, by which the soul is helped forward in the way of salvation.-Psal. ix. 14. That I may show forth all thy praise in the gates of the daughter of Sion.

2. Gates of Death.

Imminent danger of death.-Psal. ix. 13. Have mercy upon me, O LORD..... thou that deliverest me from the gates of death. The Hebrew poets supposed the lower world, or region of death, to have gates. Thus it is said in Job xxxviii. 17. Have the gates of death