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GIDEON, the fifth judge of the Israelites, whom he delivered from the oppression of the Midianites. (Judg. vii. viii.) He was the son of Joash, of the tribe of Manasseh; and, having destroyed the worship of Baal, was surnamed JERUBBAAL. (Judg. vi. 25-32.) GIDEON, Ephod of, 137. GIHON.

1. One of the four rivers of Paradise; which Bishop Patrick and Dr. Wells suppose to be the easterly channel of the two, into which the Euphrates is divided after its junction with the Tigris. Others, however, (and among them, Gesenius,) suppose it to be the Oxus or Araxes. Josephus considers it to be the Nile, (Ant. Jud. lib. i. c. 1. § 3.), which now is said to be called Guyon by the Abyssinians.

2. A fountain or watercourse near Jerusalem, where Solomon was anointed King by Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet. (1 Kings i. 32-40.) It is supposed to be the same which was afterwards called SILOAM; for a notice of which, see p. 28.

Balm of, 36.

GILBOA, Mountains of, notice of, 30. GILEAD, Mountains of, notice of, 31. GILGAL, a celebrated place on the east of Jericho, and on this side Jordan, where the Israelites encamped for some time after their passage over that river. A city was afterwards built there, which became memorable for many events. It was a seat of justice (or, as we should now term it, an assize-town): Samuel, when travelling in circuit through the land, went yearly to Gilgal. (1 Sam. vii. 16.) Here Saul was crowned king of the Hebrews. In subsequent times it was the seat of idolatry. (Hos. iv. 15. Amos v. 5.)

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(Gen. xlvii. 11.), and "the fat of the land." (Gen. xlv. 18.) The land of Goshen lay along the most easterly branch of the Nile, and on the east side of it; for it is evident, that at the time of the Exodus, the Israelites did not cross the Nile. In ancient times, it was considerably more extensive, both in length and breadth, in consequence of the general failure of the eastern branches of the Nile; the main body of the river verging more and more to the west continually, and deepening the channels on that side. (Dr. Hales's Chronology, vol. i. p. 374. Madden's Travels in Turkey, &c. vol. ii. p. 182.)

GOVERNMENT of the Jews, under the patriarchs. See p. 40, 41. Under Moses and the judges, 41, 42. Under the kings, 42-48. During the Babylonian captivity, 49, 50. Under the Asmonæan and Herodian princes, 50-52. Under the Roman procurators, 52, 53.

GOZAN, a city or country in northern Mesopotamia. (2 Kings
xvii. 6. xviii. 11. xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 2.) By the geographer
Ptolemy it is called Gauzanitis, now Kausehan.
GRAIN, threshing of, 178.
GREAT PLAIN, account of, 33.
GREAT SEA, 28.

GREAVES (Military), use of, 88.

GREECE, in the Scriptures, often comprehends all the countries inhabited by the descendants of Javan, as well in Greece as in Ionia and Asia Minor. Since the time of Alexander the Great the name of Greeks is taken in a more uncertain and enlarged sense, because, the Greeks being masters of Egypt and Syria, of the countries beyond the Euphrates, &c. the Jews called all those Gentiles Greeks. In the Maccabees, the Gospels, and Paul's writings, a Greek commonly signifies-a Gentile. In the Old Testament Greece and Greeks are named Javan. Isaiah says (lxvi. 19.), that the Lord shall send his ambassadors to Javan, to the isles afar off. Ezekiel tells us (xxvii. 13. 19.) that Javan, Tubal, and Meshech came to the fairs at Tyre. Daniel (xi. 2.), speaking of Darius, says "that he shall stir up all against the realm of Javan." Alexander the Great is described by the name of King of Javan. (Dan. viii. 21. x. 20.) GRINDING of corn, 178.

GUARD, military, of the Temple, 101.
GUESTS, reception of, 169, 170.
GYMNASTIC exercises of the Jews, 190.

GOG and MAGOG, the accurate chronologer, Dr. Hales, thinks, are the general names of the northern nations of Europe and Asia, or the districts north of Caucasus, or Mount Taurus, colonized by Gog, or Magog, another of the sons of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), called, by the Arabian geographers, Jajuie and Majuje. (Rennel. Herod. p. 112.) Gog rather denotes the people, Magog the land. Thus Balaam foretold that Christ would be "a king higher than Agag," or rather "Gog," according to the more correct reading of the Samaritan Hebrew text, and of the Sep-sis of his predictions, see Vol. IV. p. 277. tuagint version of Num. xxiv. 7.: and Ezekiel, foretelling a future invasion of the land of Israel by these northern nations, Meshech, Tubal, and Togarmah, styles Gog their chief prince," and describes their host precisely as Scythian or Tartarian; "coming out of the north, all of them riding on horses;" "bows and arrows" their weapons; "covering the land, like a cloud, and coming like a storm," in the "latter days." (Ezek. xxxviii. 1—17.) He also describes their immense slaughter, in the valley of the passengers on the east of the sea, thence called the valley of Hamon Gog, "the multitude of Gog." (Ezek. xxxix. 1-22.) This prophecy seems also to be revived in the Apocalypse, where the hosts of Gog and Magog are represented as coming to invade "the beloved city," and perishing with immense slaughter likewise in Armageddon, "the Mount of Mageddo," or Megiddo. (Rev. xvi. 14-16. xx. 7-10.) Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 463. (first edition). GOLDEN CALF, worship of, 136. Golden calves of Jeroboam, ibid.

HABAKKUK, the eighth of the twelve minor prophets, who foretold the captivity and restoration of the Jews. For an analy

GOLGOTHA, notice of, 19.

GOLIATH, a Philistine giant, a native of Gath, well known for his combat with David. (1 Sam. xvii.)

GOMER, the son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2, 3. Ezek. xxxviii. 6.), whose posterity peopled Galatia, according to Josephus; Phrygia, according to Bochart; but, according to Calmet and Gesenius, they were the Cimmerians or Cimbri, a little known and barba

rous northern nation.

HADRACH (Land of). This land, which is mentioned in Zech. ix. 1., occurs in no other part of the Old Testament. But a Syrian king, who is called Rehob in 2 Sam. viii. 3., is by Josephus named Apaos or Apazos, which Dr. Blayney thinks was his proper and real name; that of Rehob, or the charioteer, having been added characteristically on account of the number of his chariots. (2 Sam. viii. 4.) This prince reigned over that part of Syria which was called Zobah; so that, if by the land of Hadrach or Arach be meant the kingdom of Zobah, the three capital kingdoms of Syria-Zobah, Damascus, and Hamath, will then be cited for the whole. (Blayney on Zechariah, p. 37.)

HAGAR, an Egyptian woman, handmaid of Sarah, and mother of Ishmael. (Gen. xvi. 1. xxv. 12.) In Gal. iv. 24, 25. St. Paul applies this name by allegorical interpretation to the inferior condition of the Jews under the law, as compared with that of Christians under the Gospel.

HAGARITES or HAGARENES, the descendants of Ishmael. (1 Chron. v. 10.) They constituted a tribe of Arabians, who are supposed to have settled in the vicinity of Mount Sinai.

HAGGAI, the tenth of the minor prophets: he exhorted the Jews to rebuild the temple. For an analysis of his predictions, see p. 287.

HAI. See AI, p. 404. of this Index.

HAIR, Jewish mode of dressing, 156, 157. Plucking off, a punishment, 66. Forbidden to be cut in certain forms, 142. HAM.

1. The youngest son of Noah, from whom, according to Gen. x. 6-20., most of the southern nations were descended. According to Gesenius the name literally denotes warm or southern.

GOMORRAH, one of the four cities in the vale of Siddim, which were sunk in the Dead Sea. (Gen. x. 19. xiii. 10.) GOSHEN (Land of), was the most fertile pasture ground in the whole of Lower Egypt: thence called Goshen, from Gush, in Arabic, signifying "a heart," or whatsoever is choice or 2. Land of Ham, a poetical name for Egypt, probably (says precious. There was also a Goshen in the territory of the tribe Gesenius) of Egyptian derivation, but to the Hebrew presenting of Judah, so called for the same reason. (Josh. x. 41.) Hence the same signification as above. (Psal. lxxviii. 51. cv. 23. 27. Joseph recommended it to his family as "the best of the land" | cvi. 22.)

HE

HAMAN, a Persian nobleman, celebrated as the persecutor of the Jews: he was an Amalekite by nation, and descended from the posterity of Agag. (Esth. iii.—ix.)

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HEBRON, anciently called ARBA, and KIRJATH-ARBA, a city of Judæa, was situated on an eminence, twenty miles southward of Jerusalem, and twenty miles north from Beersheba. Abraham, HAMATH, on the northern boundary of Canaan, a colony of Sarah, and Isaac, were buried near Hebron, in the cave of MachPhoenicians, and the residence of a king who was in friendship pelah. (Gen. xxiii. 7, 8, 9.) Near this place was the oak or with David. (Num. xiii. 21. Judg. iii. 3. 2 Sam. viii. 9.) In turpentine tree, under which Abraham received three angels. Amos vi. 2. it is called Hamath the Great, and in 2 Chron. viii. (Gen. xviii. 1.) Hebron was allotted to Judah. The Lord as3. Hamath-Zobah. In Gen. x. 8. the inhabitants are called Ha- signed it to Caleb for inheritance. (Josh. xiv. 13.) Joshua first mathites. took Hebron, and killed its king (Josh. x. 3. 23. 37.), but afterwards Caleb again conquered it, assisted by the troops of his tribe, and the valour of Othniel. It was appointed for a dwelling of the priests, and a city of refuge. David, after the death of Saul, settled the seat of his kingdom here. At Hebron, Absalom began his rebellion. During the captivity of Babylon, the Edomites, having invaded the south of Judah, took Hebron ; wherefore in Josephus it is sometimes made a part of Edom. Here Zachariah and Elisabeth resided, and John the Baptist was born. It is described, in 1823, as being a large town, with a Turkish mosque erected over the supposed burial-place of the patriarchs. (Carne's Letters, p. 280.)

HANANEEL, a prophet in the reign of Asa king of Judah, by whom he was imprisoned for his fidelity in reproving the monarch for forming an alliance with Benhadad king of Syria. (2 Chron. xvi. 7—10.)

HANDMILLS of the Jews, 154.

HANNAH, the wife of Elkanah, and the mother of the prophet Samuel, whom she consecrated to the service of God. (1 Sam. i. ii.)

HANUN, the son of Nahash, king of the Amorites. By the advice of evil-counsellors he maltreated, contrary to the law of nations, the ambassadors whom David had sent to congratulate him on his accession. (See p. 157.) This transaction led to a war, which terminated fatally for Hanun, whose army was utterly discomfited, his capital taken, and his subjects destroyed. (2 Sam. x. xi. 1. xii. 26-30.) Hanun is supposed to have perished during the war.

HAPHTOROTH, or sections of the prophets read in the synagogues, 104. Table of them, 105.

HARAN.

1. The eldest son of Terah, and brother of Abraham and Nahor, the father of Lot, Milcah, and Iscah. He is said by Moses to have died before his father (Gen. xi. 28.), a circumstance which to us may appear too minute to be recorded; but in those days, when life was longer, and subject to fewer diseases than at present, the death of a son before his father was an event of sufficient importance to be distinctly noticed. With the exception of Abel, Haran is the first man mentioned in the sacred history, whose father beheld him depart this life.

2. HARAN OF CHARAN, a city in the northern part of Mesopotamia, where Abraham sojourned for a time in his passage to the land of Canaan. It was probably the same city, which the Greeks afterwards called Kappa and the Romans Carræ, and which became celebrated for the defeat and death of Crassus. HAREM (Royal), notice of, 47. HARETH, Forest of, 36.

HAROSHETH of the Gentiles, a city near Lake Merom, which probably derived its name from the number of Gentiles who resided in its vicinity. Here Sisera dwelt, whose troops were discomfited and pursued by the Israelites to its very gates. HARP, form of, 184.

HARVESTS of Palestine, account of, 23. 177, 178.
HAVILAH.

1. Two districts in Yemen, the one inhabited by the descendants of Havilah, the son of Cush, and grandson of Ham (Gen. x. 7.), the other by descendants of Shem. (ver. 29.)

2. A gold country (Gen. ii. 11.), perhaps a general name for Arabia (and India), which accords best with the opinion of those who imagine the Pison to be the Ganges.

HAURAN, a district in the north-eastern part of Canaan, which derived its name from the town or city of Hauran. (Ezek. xlvi. 18.) It is the same with the Auranitis of Josephus and the ITUREA of St. Luke. (iii. 1.)—For its limits, &c. see p. 18.

HAZAEL, a general officer of Benhadad king of Syria, whom he treacherously murdered and usurped his kingdom. During a reign of more than forty years he was the vigilant and successful enemy of the Hebrew princes, whose territories he laid waste, and at length he laid siege to Jerusalem, whence he consented to withdraw, only on condition of the treasures of the temple and of the palace being delivered up to him. HEAD, covering for, 156.

HEADS of tribes or families, 41, 42.

HEATHEN NATIONS, account of their deities worshipped by, 139. Allusion to their idolatrous rites explained, 139-142. HEBER.

1. The son of Salah (Gen. xi. 14.), from whom some critics and commentators have supposed that his descendants the Hebrews derived their name.

2. A descendant of Hobab, the brother-in-law of Moses, and husband of Jael, who killed Sisera.

HEBREWS OF THE HEBREWS, who they were, 108.

HELIOPOLITAN Temple, notice of, 101.
HELLENISTIC Jews, who they were, 110.
HELMET of the Jews, 87.

HERMOGENES, the name of a man who at first was St. Paul's companion, but afterwards deserted him. (2 Tim. i. 15.) HERMON, Mount. See p. 30.

Massacre of the infants

HEROD the Great, account of, 50, 51.
at Bethlehem by his order, 51.; I. 419.
HEROD Agrippa, I. and II., account of, 52.
HEROD Antipas, account of, 52. Why he was at war with
Aretas king of Arabia, I. 50.

HERODIAN FAMILY, genealogy of, 51.
HERODIANS, sect of, account of, 148.

HERODIAS, the grand-daughter of Herod the Great, and sister of Herod Agrippa I. She was first married to her uncle Philip (Herod); but afterwards abandoned him, and connected herself with his brother Herod Antipas, whom she persuaded to put John the Baptist to death, because he had boldly denounced their incestuous union. (Matt. xiv. 3. 6. Mark vi. 17. 19. 22. Luke iii. 19.)

HESHBON, the capital city of the kingdom of Sihon, situated about 20 miles eastward of the river Jordan: it was given to the tribe of Reuben. It is supposed to be the same place which is now called Hhubhzan. Numerous ruins attest its ancient splendour. This town is situated on so commanding a position, that the view from it extends at least 30 miles in every direction; and, to the southward, where the prospect is most extensive, the eye ranges, probably, a distance of 60 miles in a direct line. (Buckingham's Travels among the Arab Tribes, p. 106.)

HEZEKIAH, the son and successor of Ahaz king of Judah: he was a wise and pious prince, who extirpated idolatry, and restored the worship of the true God throughout his dominions. For a notice of the disease with which he was afflicted, see p. 196.

HIDDEKEL, one of the four rivers which watered Paradise. (Gen. ii. 14.) It is generally supposed to be the same as the Tigris.

HIEL, of Bethel, rebuilt Jericho, notwithstanding the malediction denounced in Josh. vi. 26.; the effects of which he felt in his own family; his eldest son dying when the foundations of the walls were laid, and his youngest son when the gates were set up. (1 Kings xvi. 34.)

HIERAPOLIS, a city of Phrygia, in the vicinity of Colossæ and Laodicea (Col. iv. 13.), celebrated for its mineral waters, which now flow disregarded by the Turcomans. "Once there existed on the self-same spot a life-giving stream: but Epaphras and his successors, who said to the then countless multitudes of Hierapolis, Whosoever will, may come and take of the water of life freely,' have ages ago been silent in the grave." (Arundell's Seven Churches of Asia, p. 83.) The ruins of Hierapolis are still considerable: they are described by Mr. A. (Ibid. pp. 79-82.) This place is now called Pambouk Kalesi.

HIEROGLYPHIC STONES, forbidden to be worshipped by the Israelites, 139.

HIGH PLACES, account of, 101-103. 140.

HIGH-PRIESTS, functions, dress, and privileges of, 113, 114. Their succession, 115.

HINNOM, a person who is known only from the circumstance of his having given his name to a VALLEY, situated at a very short distance from Jerusalem; for a notice of which, see p. 32.

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HO HIRAM I. king of Tyre, the ally or tributary of David, to whom he sent ambassadors to congratulate him on his accession to the throne. The dominions of Hiram are supposed to have extended over the western part of the chain of Mount Lebanon. When David was building a palace, Hiram sent him cedar timber and able artificers. (2 Sam. v. 11. 1 Chron. xiv. 1.)

HIRAM II., the son and successor of the preceding, who congratulated Solomon on succeeding his father on the throne of Israel. He also furnished Solomon with timber, stone, and artificers for his magnificent buildings, especially the temple at Jerusalem. He is known under the same name by profane histo

rians.

HIRAM OF HURAM, a celebrated artificer, was the son of a widow, belonging to the tribe of Dan, and a Tyrian. He was sent by Hiram II. to Solomon, for whom he executed the principal work in the interior of the temple, as well as several of the sacred utensils. (1 Kings vii. 1. 3. 2 Chron. ii. 14. iv. 11.) HISTORICAL Geography of the Holy Land, 13-22. HISTORICAL WRITING, cultivated by the Jews, 185, 186. HITTITES, the descendants of Heth, the second son of Canaan. They dwelt in the south part of the promised land, near Hebron. HIVITES, a tribe of the Canaanites. They seem to have been the same with the Avim, whom the Philistines expelled. Driven from the south-west of Canaan, part of them appear to have settled about Avim, Gibeon, and Shechem, whose inhabitants are called Hivites in Josh. ix. 11. 19. xvii. 23. Gen. xxxiv. 2.; and another part seem to have settled near Mount Hermon. (Josh. xi. 3.)

HOBAB, the son of Jethro, and the brother-in-law of Moses, at whose earnest request he accompanied the Israelites as a guide through the wilderness. His family dwelt among them during the time of the first judges.

HOLOCAUSTS, account of, 118.

HOLY LAND, the country of the Jews, why so called, 13.
Sketch of its historical geography, 13—22. Physical geography
and productions, 23-37. Testimonies of ancient and modern
geographers to its fertility, 37, 38. Calamities, 38-40. Its
present degraded state accounted for, 38. Its government in the
patriarchal times, 40. Under Moses, 41-42. Under Joshua
and the Judges, 42. Under the Kings, 42-47. Reason why
the kingdom of Judah subsisted longer than that of Israel, 42.
Its condition under the Asmonæan princes and sovereigns of the
Herodian family, and under the Roman procurators, 50-53.
HOLY OF HOLIES, account of, 96. 100.
HOMICIDE, proceedings in case of, 63.
HONEY of Palestine, 36.

HOPHRAH. See PHARAOH-HOPHRAH.
HOR.

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HORTICULTURE of the Jews, account of, 179, 180.
HOSEA.

1. The earlier name of JOSHUA, the servant and successor of Moses. (Num. xiii. 8. 16.)

2. The last king of Israel, who, having conspired against Pekah, slew him and usurped his throne. In his reign Shalmaneser king of Assyria invaded Israel, took Samaria, which he reduced to a heap of ruins, and removed the Israelites beyond the river Euphrates.

3. The first of the minor prophets. For an analysis of whose predictions, see pp. 260-262.

HOSPITALITY of the Jews, 173. Notice of Tessera Hospitales, 173, 174.

HOT SEASON in Palestine, 24, 25.

HOURS of the Jews and Romans, 72, 73.

HOUSES of the Jews and their furniture, 151-154. Leprosy of houses, 134.

HULDAH, a prophetess, the wife of Shallum, who was consulted by Josiah concerning the book of the law, which was found in the treasury of the temple. (2 Kings xxii. 14.)

HUR, whom some have supposed to be the husband of Miriam, and the brother-in-law of Moses, appears to have been one of the most intimate friends of the latter. During the battle between the Hebrews and the Amalekites, he upheld the weary arms of Moses, and when he was absent he shared with Aaron the authority over the Israelites. (Exod. xvii. 10. xxiv. 14.) HUSBANDRY of the Jews, account of, 174-178.

HUSHAI, the friend of David; who, during the rebellion of Absalom, remained with that prince, and was of eminent service to David by infatuating the counsels of Absalom. (2 Sam. xvi.)

HYMEN EUS is supposed to have been a citizen of Ephesus; who being converted by St. Paul, afterwards fell into the heresy of those who denied the resurrection of the body, or, rather, who maintained that the term was to be understood figuratively in reference to conversion, as being a resurrection from their former death in trespasses and sins; and that no other resurrection was to be expected. (Valpy on 2 Tim. ii. 17.) HYssor, notice of, 35. note 7.

IBZAN, the eighth judge of Israel, governed seven years. His prosperity is indicated by the circumstance of his having thirty sons, and as many daughters; and his riches, by all of them being married. (Judg. xii. 8.)

ICONIUM, a city of Lycaonia, the chief of the fourteen belonging to that tetrarchy. Here was a synagogue of Jews and proselytes, to whom Paul and Barnabas preaching, and confirming their doctrine by miracles, converted many to the Christian faith (Acts xiv. 1, 2, 3.); and here the unbelieving Jews and Gentiles made an assault upon them, to use them despitefully, and to stone them. (ver. 5.) It is now called Konieh.

IDOLATRY, origin and progress of, 135. History of it among the Israelites, 135, 136. Different kinds of, and its punishment, 61. Idols worshipped by them, 136-139. Idols of Greeks and Romans mentioned in the New Testament, 139. Allusions in Scripture to the idolatrous rites of the heathen explained, 139, 140. IDUMEA, Or EDOM, country of, 18.

1. A mountain on the confines of Edom where Aaron died (Num. xx. 22-28.), whose pretended tomb is still shown to travellers; but, from its appearance, it should seem to have been rebuilt at no very distant period. The view from this mountain is extensive. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 433-438.) 2. A mountain in Lebanon. (Num. xxxiv. 7, 8.) HOREE, a mountain in Arabia Petræa, so near Mount Sinai that Horeb and Sinai seem to be two hills of the same mountain. Sinai lies east, Horeb west: so that when the sun rises, the latter is covered with the shadow of Sinai. There are springs and fruit-trees on Horeb, but only rain-water on Sinai. At Horeb God appeared to Moses in the burning bush. (Exod. iii. 1, 2, 3.) At the foot of this mountain Moses struck the rock, and drew ILLYRICUM, a province lying to the north and north-west of water from it. (Exod. xvii. 6.) Elijah retired here to avoid the Macedonia, along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea or Gulf persecution of Jezebel (1 Kings xix. 8.); and the cave or grotto, of Venice. It was divided into two parts, Liburnia to the north in which the prophet found shelter, is yet pointed out by tradition, (now called Croatia), which is not mentioned in the New Testathe truth of which is confirmed by the appearance of the sur-ment; and Dalmatia to the south, which region still retains the rounding scenery. This cave "is as desolate a place of refuge as the fancy can conceive:-no brook or pool is nigh, to quench the burning thirst; not a shrub grows on the soil, but sad and useless precipices are on every side. Every part of the way was strewed with broken fragments of rocks." (Carne's Recollections of the East, p. 345.) It is frequently said in the Old Testament, that God gave the law at Horeb, though other places expressly name Sinai; because Horeb and Sinai in some sort form but one mountain. From its lofty summit nothing is to be seen on every side, as far as the eye can reach, but ranges of naked mountains succeeding each other, like waves of the sea. This mountain is now called St. Catherine's. (Carne's Letters from the East, pp. 197, 198.)

HORITES, a people who dwelt in Mount Seir (Gen. xiv. 6.),

same name. Hither, St. Paul informs Timothy, Titus went
(2 Tim. iv. 10.); and in Rom. xv. 19. he says that he preached
the Gospel from Jerusalem round about unto Illyricum.
IMPRISONMENT, Jewish modes of, 65, 66.
Iparia, or Upper Garments, described, 156.
IMPURITIES, legal, purifications of, 134.

INAUGURATION of the kings of Israel and Judah, ceremonial of, 44.

INCENSE, offering of, 119.

INJURIES (Corporal), punishment of, 63, 64.
INTERCALARY Month, notice of, 74.
INTERMENT, rites of, 198-200.

IRRIGATION practised by the Jews, 176, 177.

ISAAC, the son of Abraham by Sarah, and one of the patri

JA archs of the Israelitish nation. He married Rebekah, and was the father of ESAU and JACOB, by whom he was honourably interred in the cave of Machpelah, about ten years before Jacob went into Egypt.

ISAIAH, a celebrated Hebrew prophet, distinguished for the strength and sublimity of his conceptions and language. For a further account of Isaiah, and an analysis of his predictions, see pp. 262-269. In Acts viii. 28. 30. Esaias or Isaiah is metonymically put for the book or prophecy of Isaiah.

ISH BOSHETH, OF ISHBAAL, the son and successor of Saul. He reigned only two years; his whole party being thrown into confusion on the death of Abner, and himself being assassinated by two captains of his own troops. (2 Sam. ii. 1 Chron. viii. 33. ix. 39.)

ISCARIOT. See Junas, p. 432, infra.

ISHMAEL, the son of Abraham and Hagar. On the birth of Isaac, Hagar and her son were expelled from the house of Abraham, at the desire of Sarah, and dwelt in the wilderness of Paran, to the south of Palestine. Of Egyptian origin by his mother, Ishmael married an Egyptian woman, by whom he had two daughters, one of whom Esau married, and twelve sons, who gave their names to as many tribes of Arabians, conformably to the predictions concerning Ishmael. (Gen. xvii. 20. xxv. 9. xxviii. 9. xxxvi. 5.) For a notice of these predictions and their fulfilment, see Vol. I. p. 122. Ishmael died, aged 137 years.

ISLES OF THE GENTILES (Gen. x. 5,), probably mean many of the maritime countries washed by the Mediterranean Sea. The Hebrews also used the word isles to signify all those countries which were divided from them by the sea. (Isa. xi. 10, 11. xl. 15. Jer. ii. 10.)

ISRAEL, (that is, a prince of God, or a mighty prince,) the name given by the angel to the patriarch Jacob at Peniel. (Gen. xxxii. 24.) By Israel, in the Scriptures, is sometimes meant the person of Jacob, and sometimes his whole progeny, including both the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel, or the ten tribes as distinct from Judah.

ISRAEL, Land of, 13. Kingdom of, 17. 48. Mountains of, 31. ISRAELITES, the descendants of Israel. At first they were called Hebrews, from the patriarch Abraham, surnamed the Hebrew, from his having passed over the Euphrates into the land of Canaan. After the exodus from Egypt, they were generally called Israelites; and on their return from the Babylonish captivity, they were denominated Jews, from the tribe of Judah, the most considerable of the twelve tribes. Their political state from the time of Moses to the subversion of their kingdom by the Assyrians, 40-50. Idols worshipped by them, 136-139. Court of the Israelites, 99.

ISSACHAR, the fifth son of Jacob and Leah, and the head of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. For the limits of the canton allotted to which, see p. 17.

ITALY, an extensive and fertile region of Europe, bounded on the north by the Alps, on the east by the Adriatic Sea or the Gulf of Venice, and on the west and south by the Ligustine and Tyrrhene Seas, which names were formerly applied to parts of the Mediterranean Sea. ROME was its capital, and the seat of almost universal empire in the time of the writers of the New Testament. (Acts xviii. 2. xxvii. 1. 6. Heb. xiii. 24.) ITUREA, region of, 18.

JABBOK, Brook, notice of, 26.

JABESH, a city in the half-tribe of Manasseh beyond Jordan, generally called Jabesh-Gilead, because it lay in Gilead, at the foot of the mountains so named. According to Eusebius it was six miles from Pella towards Gerasa; consequently it must have been east of the sea of Tiberias. Jabesh-Gilead was sacked by the Israelites, because its inhabitants refused to join in the war against the tribe of Benjamin. (Judg. xxi. 8.) Nahash, king of the Ammonites, laying siege to Jabesh, proposed hard conditions to the inhabitants, from which Saul delivered them, A. M. 2909, B. c. 1094. They ever after showed great gratitude to Saul and his family: they carried off his and his sons' bodies, which the Philistines had hung upon the walls of Bethshan, and buried them honourably in a wood near their city. (1 Sam. xxxi. 11-13.)

JABIN I. king of Hazor, one of the most powerful Canaanitish chieftains, ruled over the northern part of the land of promise. After the ruin of the confederation formed against the Israelites by Adonizedek, Jabin assembled his tributaries near the waters of Merom, and summoned all their forces to arms. This coalition

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was destroyed, as well as the preceding; and Jabin himself perished at the destruction of his capital, Hazor. (Josh. xi 1-12.)

JABIN II. king of Hazor, was probably descended from the preceding sovereign. During one or other of the servitudes of Israel under Cushan or Eglon, the kingdom of Hazor, which Joshua had destroyed, appears to have been re-established; and Jabin must have possessed a powerful dominion, since he is said to have brought into the field 900 chariots armed with scythes. This Jabin oppressed the Israelites for twenty years. After the death of his general Sisera, who had been conquered by Barak, the war was prolonged for some time, but it was finally terminated by the ruin of Jabin. (Judg. iv.)

JACOB, the second son of Isaac and Rebekah, and the father of the twelve tribes of Israel. Having surreptitiously obtained his father's blessing (Gen. xxvii.), to avoid his brother's resentment, Rebekah sent him away alone into Mesopotamia, to Laban her brother, whose daughters, Leah and Rachel, he married. After serving Laban many years, he returned into the land of Canaan; having during his journey had an amicable interview with his brother Esau. He afterwards dwelt at Shechem, in a field which he had purchased of the Hivites; but being apprehensive of the resentment of the people, for the slaughter of the Shechemites by Simeon and Levi on account of the violation of their sister Dinah by Shechem, Jacob removed to Bethel, where he offered sacrifice, and God renewed his promises. Many years after this he went down to Egypt to his son Joseph, where he resided seventeen years, and died in a good old age, after giving his prophetic blessing to his sons. Jacob is, in Scripture, frequently put metonymically for his posterity, that is, for the Israelitish nation. JACOB'S WELL, notice of, 28.

JAEL, the wife of Heber the Kenite. She killed Sisera, general of the Canaanitish army, whom she had received into her tent, by driving a nail into his temples: concerning this transaction, see Vol. I. p. 411.

JAIR, a Gileadite, who judged the Israelites for twenty-two years. He had thirty sons who governed thirty towns, which also bore the name of the towns of Jair.

JAIRUS, a ruler or presiding officer of a synagogue, whose daughter Jesus Christ restored to life by a miracle: the circumstances of which are considered in Vol. I. p. 105. JAMES.

1. JAMES, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of the apostle John: he was put to death by Herod Agrippa, about a. D. 44. (Matt. iv. 21. x. 2. Mark iii. 17. Luke vi. 14. Acts i. 13. xii. 2.)

2. JAMES, surnamed the Less. (Mark xv. 40.) He was the son of ALPHEUS, and wrote the epistle which bears his name. For an analysis of which, and a further account of James, see pp. 359, 360.

JANNES and JAMBRES, two of the principal Egyptian magicians; who withstood Moses and Aaron by attempting to imitate the miracles which they actually performed. (Exod. vii. 11, 12. viii. 7. 18, 19.) As these names are not found in the Old Testament, the apostle probably derived them from tradition (2 Tim. iii. 8.), as they are often mentioned in the rabbinical books.

JAPHET, the eldest son of Noah, was a witness of the deluge, and one of those who were saved in the ark. His descendants first settled in the isles of the Mediterranean Sea, and on the coasts of Asia Minor and of Europe, whence they spread into the north and west.

JARHAH, the Egyptian slave of an Israelite named Sheshan, who gave him his daughter in marriage, and consequently gave him his liberty. It is not improbable that Jarhah was a proselyte to the religion of Israel. (1 Chron. ii. 34.)

JAVELINS of the Hebrews, notice of, 88.

JAZER, a city beyond the Jordan, given to the tribe of Gad: it afterwards became one of the Levitical cities. (Josh. xxi. 30. xiii. 25.) The SEA OF JAZER, (mentioned in Jer. xlviii. 32.), Dr. Blaney is of opinion is the Dead Sea, Jazer being in the north border of Moab.

JEBUS, the son of Canaan, and father of the JEBUSITES (Gen. ii. 16.), who dwelt in and around Jerusalem in the mountains, where they continued until the time of David, when Joab took the place. (2 Sam. v. xxiv.)

JEDUTHUN, a Levite, one of David's choristers. (1 Chron. ix. 16. xvi. 38. 41, 42. xxv. 1.) His sons were employed as musicians. (2 Chron. xxxv. 15. Neh. xi. 17.) JEHOAHAZ.

1. JEHOAHAZ, or Shallum, the second son of Josiah king of Judah, whom he succeeded on the throne. He reigned only

JE three months, being taken captive and carried into Egypt by Pharaoh-Necho. (2 Kings xxiii.)

2. JEHOAHAZ, the son and successor of Jehu king of Israel. He followed the evil example of Jeroboam I. during a reign of 17 years. His dominions were ravaged first by Hazael, and afterwards by Ben-hadad, kings of Syria: but, Jehoahaz humbling himself before God, he and his people were delivered by his son Joash.

JEHOASH. See JOASH.

JEHOIAKIM or Eliakim, son and successor of Jehoahaz, king of Judah. After a wicked and inglorious reign of 11 years, Jerusalem was taken, and Jehoiakim carried as a prisoner to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. (2 Kings xxiii. 34–37. 1 Chron. iii. 15.) He was succeeded by his son,

JEHOIACHIN, who was also called Coniah and Jechoniah. (1 Chron. iii. 16. Jer. xxii. 24. xxiv. 1.) After a reign of three months he was carried to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, together with a multitude of his people, and all the spoils of the city and temple. (2 Kings xxiv. 8. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 9.) Through the kindness of Evil-merodach, the son and successor of Nebuchadnezzar, he was restored to his personal liberty, and was supported at Babylon by the king's bounty. (2 Kings xxv. 27. Jer. lii. 31.) JEHOIDA, the successor of Azariah in the pontificate; who with his wife JEHOSHEBA, preserved his nephew Joash from the massacre of the royal family by Athaliah, and placed him on the throne of Judah. He reached the advanced age of 130 years, and was honoured with a burial among the kings, in consideration of his piety and disinterested patriotism. (2 Kings xi. 4, &c. xii. 1,2. 2 Chron. xxii. 10-12. xxiii. xxiv. 1—3. 15, 16.)

JEHOIARIB, the head of the first of the twenty-four classes of priests established by David (1 Chron. xxiv. 7.), from whom the family of the Maccabees were descended. (2 Mac. ii. 1.) JEHORAM.

1. JEHORAM, the son of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, with whom for a short time he was associated on the throne, and then succeeded him as sole monarch, B. c. 889. He married Athaliah the daughter of Ahab, who seduced him into idolatry. He began his reign by murdering his brothers, and was succeeded by Ahaziah, after a wicked reign of eight years. (2 Chron. xxi.) On the nature of his disease, see p. 196.

2. JEHORAM Or JORAM, king of Israel, the son and successor of Ahab, whose impieties he followed. He was slain in the twelfth year of his reign by Jehu, B. c. 884.

JEHOSHAPHAT, the son and successor of Asa king of Judah: he was a pious prince; and in the third year of his reign he sent some of the chief officers of his court, together with certain Levites and priests, throughout his dominions, to instruct the people in the book of the law and their consequent duties. After a reign of twenty-five years, he died in peace, B. c. 889. (2 Chron. xvii.-xx. 1-34.)

JEHOSHAPHAT, Valley of, account of, 32.

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account of Jeremiah, and an analysis of his Prophecies and Lamentations, see pp. 272-276.

JERICHO, a celebrated city in the tribe of Benjamin, of which frequent mention is made in the New Testament. It was the first city taken from the Canaanites by Joshua, who razed it to the ground, and denounced a severe curse on the person who should rebuild it. (Josh. vi. 20. 26. Heb. xi. 30.) This curse was literally fulfilled, in the days of Ahab, upon Hiel the Bethelite, by whom the city was rebuilt. (1 Kings xvi. 34.) After this event it was ennobled by the schools of the prophets, which were established there (2 Kings ii. 5.): and near it was a large but unwholesome spring, the waters of which rendered the soil unfruitful, until they were cured by the prophet Elisha (2 Kings ii. 21.); and from that time they have become exceedingly whole some and fertilizing. In the time of our Saviour, Jericho yielded only to Jerusalem for its size and the magnificence of its buildings: it was situated in a bottom, in that vast plain which was named the great plain (which marks the propriety of the ex pression going down from Jerusalem, Luke x. 30.); and is 150 furlongs, about nineteen miles distant from the capital of Judæa. The country around Jericho was the most fertile part of Palestine, abounding in roses and palm trees (whence in Deut. xxxiv. 3. it is called the city of palm trees), and yielding also great quantities of the opobalsamum or balm of Gilead, so highly esteemed in oriental courts even to the present day; and which being an article of commerce accounts for the mention of publicans and of a chief publican in that region. (Luke xix. 2.) Jericho was one of the cities appropriated for the residence of the priests and Levites, 12,000 of whom dwelt there; and as the way thither from Jerusalem was rocky and desert, it was, as it still is, greatly infested with thieves. A country more favourable for the attacks of banditti, and caves better adapted for concealment, than those presented on this road, can scarcely be imagined. This circumstance marks the admirable propriety with which our Lord made it the scene of his beautiful parable of the good Samaritan. (Luke x. 30-37.) Jericho is, at present, a wretched village, consisting of about thirty miserable huts, (compared with which the worst Irish cabin is a palace), so low, that at night, one might almost ride over them, without being aware of the fact. The once celebrated "City of Palms" cannot now boast of one of those beautiful trees in its vicinity. The plain that surrounded it (through which the Jordan flows) is watered by a beautiful fountain it has ever been venerated as the same which the prophet Elisha healed (2 Kings ii. 19—22.), the water of which was naught (or bitter) and the ground barren. (Carne's Letters, pp. 322, 323. Three Weeks in Palestine, p. 83.)

JEROBOAM I., son of Nebat, and the first king of Israel. He was a wicked prince, who from political motives established idola

JEHOVAH, the incommunicable name of the self-existent Being, for which the Jews substituted Adonai, in conformity with an ancient superstition. In our authorized translation, this word is the LORD," in order to distinguish it from Lord, signifying a governor. Concerning the pronunciation of Jehovah, see Gesenius's Hebrew Lexicon, voce -Land of Jeho-band of about twenty persons on foot, all armed with matchlocks, and prevah, 13.

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1. A prophet, the son of Hanani, who was sent to denounce the divine judgments against Baasha king of Israel. (1 Kings xvi. 7.)

2. The son of Jehoshaphat, and grandson of Nimshi, who conspired against Jehoram, king of Israel, B. c. 884, and reigned 28 years.

JEMIMA, KEZIA, and KEREN-HAPPUCH, the three daughters of Job, born after his restoration to prosperity. They obtained a portion of their father's inheritance, a privilege which in those days could be conferred only by very rich parents.

JEPHTHAH, the ninth judge of Israel, succeeded Jair in the government of the people, whom he delivered from the Ammonites. Concerning his vow, see Vol. I. p. 411. His administration lasted six years.

JEREMIAH, the second of the four greater prophets, was the son of Hilkiah, of the sacerdotal race, and a native of Anathoth. He was distinguished for an ardent love of his country, for the pathetic tenderness with which he deplored her fate, and for the ungrateful treatment which he received from his countrymen. The time and manner of his death are unknown. For a further

"The whole of this road," says Mr. Buckingham, "from Jerusalem to the Jordan, is held to be the most dangerous about Palestine, and, indeed, in this portion of it, the very aspect of the scenery is sufficient, on the one hand, to tempt to robbery and murder, and, on the other, to occasion a dread of it in those who pass that way. It was partly to prevent any accident happening to us in this early stage of our journey, and partly, perhaps, to calm our fears on that score, that a messenger had been despatched by our guides to an encampment of their tribe near, desiring them to send an escort to meet us at this place. We were met here accordingly, by a senting the most ferocious and robber-like appearance that could be imagined. The effect of this was heightened by the shouts which they sent forth from hill to hill, and which were re-echoed through all the val leys, while the bold projecting crags of rock, the dark shadows in which every thing lay buried below, the towering height of the cliffs above, and the forbidding desolation which every where reigned around, presented a picture that was quite in harmony throughout all its parts. It made us feel most forcibly the propriety of its being chosen as the scene of the delightful tale of compassion which we had before so often admired for its doctrine, independently of its local beauty. (See Luke x. 30-34.) One must be amid these wild and gloomy solitudes, surrounded by an armed band, and feel the impatience of the traveller who rushes on to catch a new view at every pass and turn; one must be alarmed at the very tramp of the horses' hoofs rebounding through the caverned rocks, and at the savage shouts of the footmen, scarcely less loud than the echoing thunder produced by the discharge of their pieces in the valleys; one must witness all this upon the spot, before the full force and beauty of the admirable story of the Good Samaritan can be perceived. Here, pillage, wounds, and death would be accompanied with double terror, from the frightful aspect of every thing around. Here, the unfeeling act of passing by a fellowcreature in distress, as the Priest and Levite are said to have done, strikes one with horror, as an act almost more than inhuman. And here, too, the compassion of the Good Samaritan is doubly virtuous, from the purity of the motive which must have led to it, in a spot where no eyes were fixed on him to draw forth the performance of any duty, and from the bravery which was necessary to admit of a man's exposing himself, by such delay, to the risk of a similar fate to that from which he was endeavouring to rescue his fellow-creature."-(Buckingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 292 banditti who infest it, in Sir F. Henniker's Notes during a Visit to Egypt, 293. See a good illustration of the nature of the road to Jericho, and of the Nubia, &c. pp. 289-291. London, 1823, 8vo.)

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