CH which brought a heavy wo upon the inhabitants for their infidelity. (Matt. xi. 23.) In the vicinity of this town or city our Lord delivered his admirable sermon; and near it also was the custom-house, at which Matthew the publican was sitting when Jesus called him to the apostleship. (Matt. ix. 1. 9.) Here the Jews had a synagogue (Mark i. 23. Luke iv. 33.), as the Christians afterwards had a church. Mr. Buckingham in 1817 found various remains of some ancient settlement in its vicinity; but in 1823 scarcely a relique remained to attest its former existence. Recent travellers describe the appearance of the Lake of Gennesareth from Capernaum as singularly grand and impressive. This place is now called Tal-hhewn or Tal-hhewm, as it is differently pronounced. (Buckingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 469, 470. Jowett's Researches in Syria, p. 168.) CL sius, and empties itself into the Euphrates near Circesium. CHILDREN, birth and education of, 163, 164. Adoption of, 164, 165. CHINNERETH, sea of, 26. CHIOS (Acts xx. 15.) is an island of the Egean Sea, between Lesbos and Samos, celebrated in ancient and in modern times, for its wine, figs, marble, and white earth. CHISLEU, or CASLEU, the third month of the Jewish civil year; and the ninth month of the ecclesiastical year. For the feasts and fasts in this month, see p. 75. CAPHTOR (Jer. xlvii. 4. Amos ix. 7.) and CAPнTORIM (Gen. x. 14. Deut. ii. 23.), the name of a country and people whence CHITTIM. The land of Chittim, and the isles of Chittim, the Philistines are said to have originated. According to the denote, in general, the maritime countries and islands of the passages above referred to, the Caphtorim came originally from Mediterranean, Greece, Italy, Crete, Cyprus, Corsica, &c. Thus, Egypt and settled in Caphtor, which word most of the ancient Balaam foretold "that ships should come from the coast of versions have rendered Cappadocia; but some have supposed it Chittim, and should afflict Asshur (the Assyrians), and afflict to be Cyprus, or Crete; which last both Calmet and Gesenius Eber" (the Hebrews, or Jews); representing the Grecian and consider to be the place most probably intended. From Caphtor, Roman invasions. And Daniel foretold that "the ships of Chita colony migrated and settled in the southern part of Canaan. tim should come against the king of the north (Antiochus CAPITAL Punishments of the Jews, account of, 66-69. Epiphanes, king of Syria); and that he should therefore be CAPPADOCIA, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the east by Ar-grieved, and return" from the south, or Egypt, which he had menia, on the west by Paphlagonia and Galatia, on the north by invaded, when commanded to desist by the Roman ambassathe Euxine Sea, and on the south by that part of Mount Taurus dors. (Dan. xi. 30. Livy, xlv. 10-12.) Perseus, king of which looks towards Cilicia. It was famed for mules and horses, Macedon, is called "king of Chittim." (Í Macc. viii. 5.) of which it gave yearly to the Persians, horses 1500, mules CHIUN (AMOS v. 26.), the idol Saturn. 2000. The Cappadocians are said to have been a nation so servile, that when the Romans offered them their freedom to live by their own laws, they said they could not endure liberty. This country is mentioned in Acts ii. 9. and also by the apostle Peter, who addresses his first Epistle to the Hebrew Christians who were dispersed through Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Bithynia, and Asia Minor. CAPTAIN of the LORD'S HOST, authority of, and influence, 85. CAPTIVES, cruel treatment of. See pp. 90, 91. CAPTIVITY (Babylonish), state of the Hebrews during, 49, 50. CARAVANS, mode of travelling by, 122, note 7. 173. CARCHEMISH, a fortified city on the Euphrates belonging to the Assyrians, commanding the pass into the northern part of Mesopotamia, from Syria. Necho king of Egypt took it, and left a strong garrison in it; which was taken and cut in pieces, in the fourth year of Jehoiachin king of Judah, by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. (2 Chron. xxxv. 20. 2 Kings xxiii. 29.) Isaiah speaks of Carchemish, and seems to say, that Tiglath-pileser conquered it; perhaps from the Egyptians. Profane authors say nothing of this town, or of these wars: it is probable that Carchemish is the same as Cercusium, or Circesium, or Circeium, situated in the angle formed by the conjunction of the Chaboras (the modern Chebour) and the Euphrates. CARMEL, Mount, account of, 30. CARVING, art of, among the Jews, 183. CASIPHIA (Ezra viii. 17.), the name of a country; perhaps Caspia, the country on the Caspian Sea. CASLUHIM (Gen. x. 14. 1 Chron. i. 12.), a people, spoken of as a colony of the Egyptians; according to Bochart (Phaleg. iv. 31.), the Colchians, whom the Greek writers constantly represent as of Egyptian origin. CATTLE reared in Palestine, notice of, 37. 174-176. CENCHREA, a haven on the east of the isthmus of Corinth, to which city it was considered as a kind of subsidiary port. It is mentioned in Acts xviii. 18. CEPHAS, a name given by Christ to Simon: it means the same as Ts, that is, a stone. (John i. 43.) CHAINS of the Jewish women, 158. CHALDEA, a country of Asia, lying near the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, the capital of which was BABYLON, whence it was also denominated BABYLONIA. In ancient times it was known by the names Shinar, Shinaar, &c.-For a sketch of the profane history of the Chaldæan or Babylonian empire, illustrative of the prophetic writings, see p. 412. of this Index. CHARIOTS, military, notice of, 85, 86. CHORAZIN, a small town situated on the western coast of the Sea of Galilee, at no great distance from Capernaum. It was one of those places where very many of our Saviour's miracles were performed, whose inhabitants he upbraided for their infidelity. (Matt. xi. 21. Luke x. 13.) CHRIST (XPOTS), a Greek word signifying anointed, and corresponding to the Hebrew word MESSIAH, which see. In the New Testament, this appellation is given to Jesus, the anointed one, that king of the race of David, promised by God, and long expected, the Messiah. CHRISTIANS, those who profess to believe and practise the religion of Jesus Christ. This appellation was first given by divine appointment to the believers at Antioch. (Acts xi. 26.) See Vol. I. p. 350. CHURCH (Jewish), account of, and of its various members, 108-111.; and of its ministers, 111-116. CHUSHAN-RISKATHAIM, a king of Mesopotamia, who oppressed the Israelites for eight years. This monarch must have subdued several of the surrounding nations within thirty or forty years after the death of Joshua, since his conquests extended westward as far as Canaan. The Israelites were delivered from his yoke by OTHNIEL. (Judg. iii. 8—10.) CHUZA, or CHUSA, the steward or agent of Herod-Antipas, whose wife was one of the pious women who ministered to Jesus Christ. (Luke viii. 3.) Some critics, however, suppose that he was the treasurer or overseer of Herod's revenue. CILICIA, a country of Asia Minor, between Pamphylia on the west, and Pieria on the east, Mount Taurus on the north, and the Cilician Sea on the south, celebrated on the account of Cicero, proconsul there, but more on the account of St. Paul's birth at* Tarsus, a city of Cilicia. (Acts xxii. 3.) CINNERETH, or CINNEROTH, a city in the canton of the tribe of Nephtali: it is supposed to be the same which was afterwards called TIBERIAS; as the Lake of Gennesareth, which in Hebrew is called the Sea of Cinnereth, is unquestionably the Lake or Sea of Tiberius: for an account of which see pp. 26, 27. CIRCUMCISION, how and when performed. See p. 110. CISLEU. See CHISLEU. CISTERNS in Palestine, notice of, 29. CITIES, Jewish, 155. How besieged, 90. Treatment of, when captured, ibid. Gates of, seats of justice, 54. CITIES OF REFUGE, 16. CHEBAR a river of Mesopotamia, which rises in Mount Ca- Cæsar of Rome. He was the son of Nero Drusus, and obtained CO the imperial dignity principally through the exertion of Herod Agrippa. (Josephus, Ant. Jud. 1. xix. c. 4. § 1. Bell. Jud. 1. ii. c. 11. §2.) In the fourth year of his reign occurred the famine predicted by Agabus. (Acts xi. 28. and Kuin el in loc). In the first part of his reign he was favourable to the Jews (Jos. Ant. Jud. 1. xx. c. 1. § 2.) ; but in his ninth year he banished, by edict, all those who had taken up their residence at Rome. (Acts xviii. 2. Suetonius in Claud. c. 25.) He died, a. D. 54, after a weak and inglorious reign of 14 years, of poison administered by his wife Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. (Robinson, voce Kaaudios.) 2. Claudius Lysias, a Roman tribune, who preserved Paul from a conspiracy of the Jews. (Acts xxiii. 23-35. xxiv. 1-9.) CLEOPAS, one of the two disciples who went to Emmaus. (Luke xxiv. 18, &c.) The name is of Greek extraction, being contracted from Cleopatros, like Antipas from Antipatros. He is sometimes confounded with CLOPAS, the husband of Mary, also called Alpheus. (John xix. 25.) By comparing this passage with Luke xxiv. 10., it appears that the wife of Clopas is the same as the mother of James the Less (compare Matt. xxvii. 56. with Mark xv. 40.); but in Matt. x. 3. and Mark iii. 18. James is said to be the son of Alpheus. CLIMATE of the Holy Land, 23. CY of sophists in particular was very great. The knowledge of these circumstances affords a key to St. Paul's exhortations against fornication, lasciviousness, and covetousness (1 Cor. vi. 9, 10.), and also his defence of the Christian doctrine against the sophists, to whom the fathers attribute all the strifes and contentions that sprang up in this church. In consequence of the war between the Greeks and Turks, Corinth has been reduced to a miserable heap of ruined hovels, affording very insufficient shelter to some wretched outcasts of the province of Roumelia. (Missionary Register, 1828, p. 388.) CORN, culture and harvesting of, 177. How threshed out, 178; and ground, ibid. CORNELIUS, a devout Roman centurion, who was converted to Christianity by the apostle Peter. CORPORAL injuries, how punished among the Jews, 63, 64. CORRUPTION (Mount of), 19. Of the Jews at the time of Christ's birth, 148-150. COUNCIL (Great) of the Jews. See p. 55. COUP-DE-SOLEIL in Palestine, effects of, 24, 25. COURTS OF JUDICATURE (Jewish), and proceedings before them, 54-57. (Roman), proceedings in, 57-59. COURTS of Kings, allusions to, 45, 46. Principal officers of, 46, 47. COURTS OF THE TEMPLE, 99, 100. COVENANTS, how made, 80, 81. Covenant of salt, 81. CRETE, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. A Christian CNIDUS (Acts xxvii. 7.) was a city and promontory of Caria, church was planted here, probably by St. Paul, who committed it memorable for the worship of Venus. COCK-CROWING, a division of time, 73. COLOSSE (or Colassa) was a city of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, situated near the conflux of the Lycus and the Meander. It was formerly a large and populous place, but in the time of Saint Paul had lost much of its ancient greatness, and stood nearly equidistant from Laodicea and Hierapolis. According to Eusebius, all these cities were destroyed by an earthquake in the tenth year of the emperor Nero, about a year after the writing of Saint Paul's Epistle to the Colossians. A few ruins identify its site, which is at present called Khóna or Khonas by the Turks of Asia Minor. (See a description of Colossæ and its vicinity, in Mr. Arundell's Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia, pp. 92-101.) COMMERCE of the Midianites, Phoenicians, and Egyptians, 187. Of the Hebrews, particularly under Solomon and his successors, 187, 188. Of Babylon, 411. COMPENSATION, in what cases allowed, 65. CONTRACTS for disposing of property, how made, 81. Contracts of marriage, 160. CONVERSATION of the Orientals, 169, 170. Coos, an island in the gean or Icarian Sea, near Myndos and Cnidus, which had a city of the same name, from which Hippocrates the celebrated physician, and Apelles the famous painter, were called Coi. Here was a large temple of Æsculapius, and another of Juno. It abounded in rich wines, and here were made those Coa vestes, which were transparent, and are so often noticed by the classic poets. It is mentioned in Acts xxi. 1. CORBAN, nature of, explained, 119. CORINTH, the metropolis of Achaia Proper, and the ornament of Greece, was situated on an isthmus between the Ægean and Ionian Seas. From the convenience of its situation for commerce, it abounded in riches, and was furnished with all the accommodations, elegances, and superfluities of life. In the Achran war, it was destroyed by the Romans under the consul Memmius, about 146 years before the Christian æra, and was rebuilt about one hundred years afterwards by Julius Cæsar, who planted a Roman colony here, and made this city the residence of the proconsul of Achaia. Favoured by its situation between two seas, the new city soon regained its ancient splendour: commerce produced an influx of riches, and the luxury and voluptuousness which followed in consequence corrupted the manners of its inhabitants, who became infamous to a proverb. In the vicinity of this city were celebrated the Isthmian games, to which Saint Paul alludes in different parts of his Epistles. Corinth also possessed numerous schools, in which philosophy and rhetoric were taught by able masters, and strangers resorted thither from all quarters to be instructed in the sciences. The number VOL. II. 3 G to the charge of Titus. (Acts xxvii. 7. 12, 13. 21. Tit. i. 5.) Its inhabitants were celebrated archers, but infamous for their falsehood, debaucheries, and piracies. The Cretans of the present day are precisely what they were in the days of St. Paul,— always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies. They are notoriously, whether Turks or Greeks, the worst characters in the Levant. (Hartley's Researches in Greece and the Levant, p. 108.) See the testimonies of profane writers to the immoral character of the Cretans, in Vol. I. p. 81. CRIMINAL LAW of the Jews, principles of the, 61-64. CRIMINALS, Jewish mode of treating, and punishing. See pp. 55-57. 59. The Roman mode of punishing them, 59, 60. CRISPUS, the chief of a synagogue at Corinth, who embraced the Christian faith, and was baptized by St. Paul. (Acts xviii. 8. 1 Cor. i. 14.) CROSS, form of, 69. Reproach of, explained, ibid. CRUCIFIXION, mode of, 69. Prevalence of, among ancient nations, ibid. Lingering nature of this punishment, ibid. The circumstances of our Saviour's crucifixion considered and illustrated, 70-72. Solution of supposed difficulties as to the hour when he was crucified. Vol. I. pp. 403, 404. CUP, Divination by, 142. CUTTING asunder, punishment of, 68. CUSH, or Ethiopia, usually rendered Ethiopia in our English Bible, has a very extensive signification. It comprehends all the southern and eastern borders of Egypt, In some parts of the prophecies of Ezekiel, it plainly denotes African Ethiopia, or Nubia and Abyssinia, and in many other passages. (Isa. xviii. 1. xx. 3. Ezek. xxx. 5, &c.) But in others it must signify Asiatic Ethiopia, or Arabia, as in the description of the garden of Eden. (Gen. ii. 13.) The wife of Moses was contemptuously styled a Cushite," or Ethiopian of Arabia. (Num. xii. 1.) And where "Persia, Ethiopia, and Libya," are recited in order, the second must denote Arabia. (Ezek. xxxviii. 5.) Herodotus, in his curious catalogue of the various nations composing the army of Xerxes, distinguishes the long-haired Eastern or Asiatic Ethiopians from the woolly-headed Western or African; both being descendants of Cush, a roving and enterprising race, who gradually extended their settlements from Chusistan, "the land of Cush," or Susiana, on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, through Arabia, to the Red Sea; and thence crossed over to Africa, and occupied its eastern coast, and gradually penetrated into the interior of Abyssinia. (Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 379.) CYPRUS, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, situated between Cilicia and Syria, and anciently celebrated for the profligacy of its inhabitants, whose principal deity was the impure goddess Venus. Here Paul and Barnabas landed, A. D. 44. and successfully preached the Gospel. (Acts xiii. 4. et seq. xxi. 3.) Cyprus proved to have been a proconsulate, Vol. I. P. 90. CYMBAL, a musical instrument, notice of, 184. CYRENE, the principal city of the province of Libya in Africa, which was thence sometimes denominated Cyrenaica, and which DA by the evangelist Luke is called Libya about Cyrene. (Acts ii. 10.) Simon, whom the Jews compelled to bear our Saviour's cross (Matt. xxvii. 32. Luke xxiii. 26.), was a native of this place. At Cyrene resided many Jews, who had a synagogue at Jerusalem. Among the Christians who were scattered abroad. in consequence of the persecution that arose about Stephen, Luke enumerates those of Cyrene. (Acts xi. 20.) CYRENIUS, in Latin Quirinus. (Luke ii. 2.) Publius Sulpicius Quirinus was sent from Rome as governor of Syria, with which province Judæa was connected after the banishment of Archelaus to Vienne in Gaul, in order to take a census of the whole province. For the various opinions of commentators concerning that census, see Vol. I. pp. 419, 420. CYRUS, king of Persia, the son of Cambyses a Persian satrap or grandee, and Mandane, was the liberator of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. The prophet Isaiah (xliv. 28.) mentioned him by name two hundred years before he was born. See PERSIA, infra. DAGON, a Phoenician idol, notice of, 138. DALMANUTHA. See MAGDALA. DALMATIA, a province of Europe on the east of the Adriatic Sea, and forming part of the ancient Illyricum. In this province, Titus preached the Gospel. (2 Tim. iv. 10.) DAMASCUS, a most ancient city, where Eliezer the servant of Abraham dwelt, was built, according to Josephus (Antiq. l. i. c. 7. § 15.), by Uz, the son of Aram, mentioned in Gen. x. 23., and situated in the valley between Libanus and Antilibanus, watered by the rivers Abana and Pharpar. (2 Kings v. 12.) It was made tributary to David (2 Sam. viii. 6.); afterwards it was the capital city of the kings of Syria. (Isa. vii. 8.) It is celebrated for its antiquity, and for being still one of the richest and most magnificent cities of the Levant, but most of all for being the place of the miraculous conversion of St. Paul. It is situated in a beautiful plain. The street, still called Straight, where St. Paul dwelt, is entered from the road by Jerusalem; it is as straight as an arrow, a mile in length, broad and well paved. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 281, 282. Carne's Letters, p. 375.) The region around this city is in the Old Testament called Syria of Damascus. DAN. 1. The son of Jacob and Bilhah, gave his name to one of the tribes of Israel. For the limits of the district assigned to this tribe, see p. 17. 2. The name of a city in the northern extremity of Judæa, in the tribe of Nephtali; it was situated at the foot of Mount Libanus, not far from the source of the river Jordan. Here Jeroboam I. set up one of the golden calves. In Rev. vii. 6. the name of the tribe of Dan is omitted, either through the mistake of the transcribers, who mistook AAN for MAN, and so wrote Manasseh; or because the tribe had become extinct; or, by its early apostasy, had become the common receptacle of idols and corrupter of the rest. (See Judg. xviii.) Dr. Robinson thinks that the first opinion is the most probable, because the tribe of Joseph is afterwards mentioned, which included Manasseh and Ephraim. There appears to have been an ancient tradition in the church, that, when Antichrist should come, he should be a Jew, and of the tribe of Dan. (Woodhouse on Rev. vii. 6.) DANCING of the Jews, 184. DANIEL, a distinguished Jewish prophet, who lived and wrote at Babylon during the captivity. For a further account of Daniel and his predictions, see pp. 277-282. DARIUS, the common name of several Persian kings, three of whom are mentioned in the Old Testament; viz. 1. Darius the Mede, or Cyaxares. (Dan. vi. 1.) 2. Darius the son of Hystaspes, whom Archbishop Usher supposes to be the Ahasuerus that married Esther. 3. Darius Codomannus, who is mentioned in Neh. xii. 22. See PERSIA, infra. DARTS, fiery, explained, 93, note 1. DATHAN, one of those who, with Korah, Abiram, and On, conspired against Moses; and, with his accomplices, was swallowed up in the earth. (Num. xvi.) DAUGHTERS, education of, 164. Portions of, ibid. DAVID, the second king of Israel, was the son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah, and the town of Bethlehem. He was the founder of the Jewish dynasty; and from him, in the fulness of the time appointed by God, descended the Messiah, of whom he is considered as an illustrious type. In what sense David was the 66 DI man after God's own heart," see Vol. I. pp. 411, 412.; and for the DAY, how reckoned by the Jews and Romans, 72. DEAD, law of Moses concerning, 198. Preparation of, for interment, 198, 199. Funeral rites of, 199-202. Duration of mourning for the dead, 202. DEAD SEA, description of, 27, 28. 1. The name of Sarah's nurse, who attended her into Canaan, and continued to reside in the family of Isaac, until her death in the vicinity of Bethel, where she was interred with much lamentation, under an oak, from that circumstance termed Allon Bachuth, or the Oak of Weeping. (Gen. xxiv. 57. xxxv. 8.) 2. A prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, and the fourth judge of Israel. She was the only woman who ever filled that high office. (Judg. iv. v.) DEBTORS, laws concerning, 63. DECAPOLIS, district of, 18. DEDICATION, Feast of, 128. Vow of Dedication, 141. DEGREES, Academical, conferred in Jewish seminaries, 185, note 3. DEMAS, for some time, was a companion of St. Paul, in propagating the Gospel; but he afterwards deserted him when a prisoner at Rome, and returned to Thessalonica, which was at that time a very flourishing commercial city. (Col. iv. 14. Philem. 24. 2 Tim. iv. 10.) DEMETRIUS. 1. A silversmith at Ephesus, whose chief business consisted in making little models of the temple in that city, with the image of Diana included in them. He excited a tumult against St. Paul. (Acts xix.) 2. A Christian, and it should seem a Christian teacher, who is mentioned with much commendation in 3 John, 12. DEMONIACAL possessions, reality of, 197. DERBE, a city of Lycaonia, near Isauria, not far from the Cilician range of Mount Taurus. It was the country of Timothy, and is mentioned in Acts xiv. 6. Various ruins of this place are said still to exist, but they have not been described by any modern traveller. (Col. Leake's Tour in Asia Minor, pp. 100, 101.) DESERTS in Palestine, account of, 33, 34. Horrors of the Great Arabian Desert described, 34, 35. "DEVOUT MEN," who they were, 110. DEWS, heavy, in Palestine, 25. DIANA (Apreμis), a heathen goddess, the fabled daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the twin sister of Apollo. She presided over forests and hunting, and also over child-birth; and was especially worshipped at EPHESUS, where a temple was erected in her honour, which, for its extent and magnificence, was anciently reputed to be one of the wonders of the world. (Acts xix. 24. 27, 28. 34, 35.) DICHOTOMY, a Jewish punishment, 68. DINAH was the daughter of Jacob and Leah, at the time the patriarch dwelt not far from the country occupied by the Hivites. Prompted by curiosity, she went out to see the daughters of the land, most probably to a festival, when she was ravished by Shechem, a prince of the Hivites. It is not known what became of her, after the extermination of the Shechemites (Gen. xxxiv.); but it appears from Gen. xlvi. 15. that she was living in the patriarch's family, and accompanied him into Egypt. DIONYSIUS, a member of the tribunal of the Areopagus at Athens, who was induced by the preaching of St. Paul to embrace the Christian religion. (Acts xvii. 34.) DIOSCURI, or the Twins (Axcupe), Castor and Pollux, the fabled sons of Jupiter and Leda, were supposed to have some peculiar power over storms: hence they became the patron deities of seamen. (Acts xxviii. 11.) DIOTREPHES, a professing Christian, who (it appears) did not receive with hospitality those whom the apostle John sent to him, or permit others to do so. (3 John 9.) DISEASES mentioned in the Scriptures, and their treatment, see pp. 195–197. DIVINATION, by the cup, 142. By inspecting the liver of victims, 143. By arrows, ibid. By the staff, ibid. How pu nished among the Jews, 62. EG DIVORCES, Jewish account of, 162, 163. DODANIM, the youngest son of Javan. (Gen. x. 4.) The country peopled by his descendants cannot be exactly ascertained. The Samaritan text and Septuagint version of Gen. x. 4. read Rhodanim, which some interpret of the island of Rhodes; but Bochart refers it to the river Rhodanus, or Rhone. DoɛG, an Idumæan proselyte who was Saul's chief herdsman: he put to death the priests at Nob, whom Saul imagined to be in conspiracy with David, and to supply him with provisions. (1 Sam. xxii. 9—19.) DOR, or DORA, the capital of Nephet-Dora, a district in Canaan which was conquered by Joshua, (Judg. xii. 23.) It is supposed to have been situated on the coast, not far from Mount Carmel. DORCAS, a charitable and pious Christian widow of Joppa, whom Peter restored to life. (Acts ix. 36-41.) Like the Syriac name Tabitha, it signifies, a gazelle. DRESS, of the Priests, 113. Of the High-priest, 113, 114. Of the Jews, description of, 155–159. Allusions to theatrical dresses, 159. DRINK, medicated, given to Christ, nature of, 71. DURA, a plain in the Babylonian empire, mentioned in Dan. iii. According to the historian Polybius, with whom Professor Gesenius agrees, it was situated in Mesopotamia, at the mouth of the river Chaboras. DWELLINGS of the Jews, account of, 150-155. EAR-RINGS of the Jewish women, 158. EBAL, the northern peak of Mount Ephraim, a naked, unfruitful rock near Shechem, and over against Mount GERIZIM. These two mountains are separated by a narrow valley. From Ebal the curses were pronounced. (Deut. xi. 29. Josh. viii. 30.) ECEATANA, the Achmetha of Ezra (vi. 2.), was the principal city of Media, on the site of which stands the modern Hamadan. It was remarkable for the coolness of its temperature: on which account it was chosen to be the summer residence of Cyrus and the succeeding kings of Persia. It was built and fortified by Dioces, king of the Medes.. The tombs of Esther and Mordecai are said to be still preserved here; and a colony of Jews, who have been resident at Hamadan from time immemorial, protect their remains. (Alcock's [unpublished] Travels in Russia, Persia, and Greece, in 1828-29, p. 80. London, 1831. 8vo.) EDEN. EG 14-16. Deut. ii. 23. Jer. xlvii. 4.) This country seems to have attained an earlier and a higher degree of civilization and refinement than any other in the world. Even in Abraham's days we find it the seat of a royal government, and a princely court, abounding with provisions, while the neighbouring countries, and even the fertile regions of Palestine, were exposed to frequent famines. (Gen. xii. 10.) In his grandson Jacob's time there was a settled caravan trade carried on through Palestine from Arabia and the East, for spicery, balm, and myrrh, and pro bably also for slaves. (Gen. xxxvii. 25.) Its superior fertility, indeed, was occasioned by the annual inundation of the Nile, the rising of which has furnished the prophet Jeremiah (xlvi. 7, 8.) with a fine image, and by the irrigation of their lands (Deut. xi. 10.); and wherever this is still practised the land now literally brings forth by handfuls, as it did in the time of the patriarch Joseph. (Gen. xli. 47.) In every age of the world Egypt has been celebrated for those stupendous monuments of ancient art-the pyramids; several of which have been successfully explored by the enterprising traveller, M. Belzoni. The countless multitude of date trees, which form even forests about some of the villages, furnish a great source of subsistence to the people. To cut these down (as it is said the French were proceeding to do, and would have done, but that the people surrendered at the prospect of this utter ruin) would be to cut off the support of the present and the hopes of a future generation. Nothing could be more terrible than this denunciation of Jeremiah (xlvi. 22, 23.) against Egypt:-They shall march with an army, and come against her with axes as hewers of wood: they shall cut down her forest, saith the Lord, though it cannot be searched; because they are more than the grasshoppers, and are innumerable. (Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, pp. 167. 170.) On the prophecies concerning Egypt, and their fulfilment, see Vol. I. p. 125. The Egyptians boasted of being the most ancient people in the world; the inventors of arts and sciences: they communicated to the Greeks the names of the gods, and their theology: they exceeded in superstition and idolatry, worshipping stars, men, animals, and even plants. Moses informs us that the Hebrews sacrificed beasts whose slaughter was considered by the Egyptians as an abomination (Exod. viii. 26.), likewise that they would not eat with the Hebrews, because they abhorred all shepherds. Concerning the motives of this aversion opinions are divided. Some believe it to be founded on the invasion of Egypt by the shepherd kings from Arabia, who reigned here a long time, according to Manetho. Others think that the Egyp tians, after their king Sesostris, being accustomed to a soft and idle life, detested shepherds, whose profession was more active and laborious. Others, that the Egyptians were so averse to shepherds because of their killing and eating sheep, kids, and goats, which were objects of their worship. The antiquity of the Egyptian empire is indisputable, though its origin is involved in impenetrable obscurity. The common name of the Egyptian kings was Pharaoh, which signified sove 1. The name of the country in which the Garden of our first parents was placed. (Gen. ii. 8. 15. iii. 23, 24. iv. 16.) It has been variously supposed to have been situated in Syria, in Babylonia, near the mouth of the Euphrates, and in Armenia, whence issue the heads of the Euphrates and Tigris, two of the paradi-reign power, though each had another name peculiar to himself. saical rivers well ascertained; and two others, whose springs are in the neighbourhood, agree in many respects with the third and fourth rivers mentioned by Moses. The last opinion has been chiefly adopted. 2. A pleasant valley near Damascus. (Amos i. 5.) 3. A country of Mesopotamia or Assyria, under the power of the Assyrians. (2 Kings xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 12.) In Ezek. xxvii. 23, it is joined with Asshur. Prof. Gesenius conjectures that it may be Maedon in Diarbekir, towards the Tigris. EDOMITES, Country of. See p. 15., and Idumæa, p. 18. EDUCATION of children among the Jews, 163, 164. EGLON, a king of the Moabites, who oppressed the Israelites for eighteen years. (Judg. iii. 12.) At length Ehud, a Benjamite, was raised up to deliver them from their oppression, who slew him in the manner related in Judg. iii. 15—26. History has preserved the names of several kings of Egypt, and a succession of their dynasties: but the inclination of these historians to magnify the great antiquity of their nation has injured their credibility. It is certain that the Egyptian dynasties were not all successive, but many of them were collateral and the greatest part of the kings, who are placed one after the other, 1 At Molubis, on the banks of the Nile, Mr. Jowett observed a cattlefair. Several buffaloes were swimming from the opposite side across the water. Their unwieldy body sinks deep into the water, so that only a part of the neck is level with the surface: while their uplifted head just raises the snorting nostrils above the water. Often a little Arab boy takes his passage across the Nile upon the back of this animal; setting his feet on the shoulders, holding fast by the horns, and thus keeping his balance. As the buffaloes rose out of the water on the bank I was struck with their large bony size, compared with the little that had appeared of them while in the water. Their emerging brought to mind the passage, Gen. xli. 1, 2. Behold he stood by the river and behold, there came up out of the river was the very scene, and the very country. (Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, p. 166.) Mr. J., speaking of the boat in which he crossed the river Nile, says that it "was ballasted with earth taken from the river-banks-very stiff and rich soil, without stones. mud the sides of the boat were plastered, at those parts in the fore-half of the vessel where moveable planks were placed in order to raise the gunnel higher: the mud filled up the crevices, and prevented the water from gushing in, as would otherwise be the case. This mud was so rich and slimy, and when dry so firm and impervious, that, together with the strong reed that grows on the banks, it is easy to conceive how the mother of Moses constructed a little ark which would float: she then placed it anong the flags, in order that the stream might not carry it down, Exod. iii. 3." (Ibid. p. 167.) With this same EGYPT (in Hebrew called Mizraim, after Mizraim the son of Ham), a country of Africa, the length of which was very dispro-seven well-favoured kine and fat fleshed; and they fed in a meadow. It portionate to its breadth its extent from the mouths of the Nile to Syene, the border of Nubia, under the tropic of Cancer, was about 500 miles; but it was little wider than the valley through which the Nile ran in Upper Egypt, until it reached the Lower Egypt, at some distance above the head or vertex of the Delta, where the valley expanded itself. The Upper Egypt or Thebaid seems to be called Pathros in Scripture, as distinguished from the Lower, properly called Caphtor, or Egypt. (Compare Isa. xi. 11. with Ezek. xxix. 14.; and Jer. xliv. 1. with Ezek. xxx. were contemporary, one reigning in one part of Egypt, another kingdom of Egypt, and made it a province of the Persian empire, A. M. 3654, B. c. 350. (Calmet, Hist. Profane de l'Orient, § V. Dissert. tom. ii. pp. 341-343.) in another. Sketch of the History of the Egyptian Empire, as connected with that of the Israelites. No intercourse subsisted between the Israelites and Egyptians from the departure of the former out of Egypt until the reign of Solomon, who having married a daughter of Pharaoh (1 Kings iii. 1. vii. 8.), and established a considerable trade between Egypt and Palestine, the two kingdoms became intimately connected. By way of dowry to his daughter, the king of Egypt gave Solomon several cities which he had taken from the Philistines. (1 Kings ix. 16.) Afterwards, however, this intimacy declined, as Pharaoh afforded shelter, even during the life of Solomon, to Jeroboam the son of Nebat (1 Kings xi. 26. 40.), and to Hadad the son of the king of Edom or Idumæa. (Ibid. 18, 19.) The connection was totally broken off in the reign of Rehoboam, the son and successor of Solomon: Shishak king of Egypt invaded the kingdom of Judah, and despoiled the temple of its treasures. (xiv. 25, 26.) Towards the end of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah the sovereigns of those countries, finding themselves too weak to resist the Assyrian and Babylonian monarchs who pressed them closely, had frequent recourse to the kings of Egypt for succour. But these applications were always fatal to them. The vain confidence of the people of God in these heathen princes is a frequent subject of reproof in the writings of the prophets. (Isa. xxx. 2. xxxvi. 6. Ezek. xxix. 6,7. Hosea, passim, particularly chapters vii. viii. and ix.) Hezekiah derived no advantage from his alliance with the king of Egypt (2 Kings xviii. 21.); neither | was Hoshea king of Israel benefited by his alliance with So, king of the same country. (Hosea vii. 11. viii. 13. ix. 3. xii. 9. Jer. ii. 18. 2 Kings xvii. 4.) Josiah king of Judah was slain in the vain attempt to oppose the passage of Pharaoh-Necho through his territories, when marching against the Assyrians. (2 Kings xxiii. 29.) Pharaoh pushed on beyond the Euphrates, and took Carchemish, which place he garrisoned; and on his return through Judæa he deposed Jehoahaz, whom the people had raised to the throne, and placed Eliakim or Jehoiakim in his stead, on whom he imposed a tribute. The governor of Syria and Phoenicia, who held these provinces in behalf of the king of Babylon, having put them under the dominion of the king of Egypt, Nabopolassar, king of Assyria, sent his son Nebuchadnezzar against him; who first retook Carchemish, and afterwards reduced the whole of the country between the Euphrates and the Nile to his father's sceptre. (Jer. xlvi. Josephus, Ant. Jud. lib. x. c. 6.) A. M. 3334, B. C. 670. Psammetichus succeeded his father Pharaoh-Necho, king of Egypt, and reigned six years. (Herodotus, lib. ii. c. 159-161.) After his death Apries (the Pharaoh-Hophra of the Scriptures) ascended the throne. He made an alliance with Zedekiah king of Judah, and with the king of Ethiopia, against Nebuchadnezzar. The latter marched against them, and besieged Jerusalem. The king of Egypt came to the assistance of Zedekiah, but was repulsed, and obliged to retire into his own country, whither he was pursued by Nebuchadnezzar, who, after taking the cities of Jerusalem and Tyre, conquered and ravaged Egypt, whence he carried away great numbers of captives, agreeably to the predictions of Jeremiah (xliii. xliv. xlvi.) and Ezekiel. (xxix.-xxxi.) Apries was put to death, and Amasis, his enemy and rival for the Egyptian sceptre, was elevated to the throne, A. M. 3435, B. c. 569. EHUD, the second judge of the Israelites, whom he delivered from the oppression of EGLON, king of Moab. (Judg. iii. 15— 26.) EKRON, a city and government of the Philistines, allotted to Judah by Joshua (xv. 45.); but afterwards given to Dan. (Josh. xix. 43.) It was near the Mediterranean, between Ashdod and Jamnia. Ekron was a powerful city; and it does not appear that the Jews ever peaceably possessed it: the Ekronites were the first who proposed to send back the ark, to be delivered from those calamities which it brought on their country. (1 Sam. v. 10.) Beelzebub was adored at Ekron. (2 Kings i. 2.) ELA, the fourth king of Israel, succeeded his father Baasha, and reigned two years at Tirza, where he was assassinated by Zimri, at an entertainment given to him by one of his officers. (1 Kings xvi. 6—10.) ELAH, Valley of, notice of. 32. ELAM, the eldest son of Shem, who settled in a country in the south of Media, called after him Elam. Strictly, Elam denotes ELYMAIS, a district of Persia, near the bottom of the Persian Gulf between Media and Babylonia, and forming part of the region of Susiana: but in a wider sense it is used generally for Media itself, as in Dan. viii. 2. Gen. x. 22. xiv. 1. Isa. xi. 11. xxii. 6. Jer. xlix. 34-39. Ezek. xxxii. 34. In most of these passages, Elam is represented as a contentious people, causing disturbance to the neighbouring nations. Strabo says as much concerning the inhabitants of Elymais. In Jer. xxv. 25. and Acts ii. 9. the inhabitants of this country are mentioned in conjunction with the Medes. ELATH, ELOTH, or АILATH, a town and port of Idumæa, situated on the Red Sea. On the conquest of Edom by David, he took possession of this place, and there established a trade to all parts of the then known world. Solomon built ships here, and sent them to Ophir. (2 Sam. viii. 14. 2 Chron. viii. 17, 18.) Elath continued in possession of the Israelites about 150 years, until, in the reign of Joram, it was recovered by the Edomites (2 Kings viii. 20.), from whom it was retaken by Azariah. (2 Kings xiv. 22.) Under his grandson Ahaz it was recaptured by the Edomites (xvi. 6.); from whom, after many changes under the Ptolemies, it finally passed into the possession of the Romans. It was anciently a great emporium for the Tyrians. EL-BETHEL (Gen. xxxv. 7.), and EL-ELOHE-ISRAEL (Gen. xxxiii. 20.), the name of two altars erected by Jacob after his return to Canaan. The first signifies, that God was still the God of Bethel to him in performing the promises there made: the second implies, that the mighty God was still the object of worship to him and his offspring. ELDAD and MEDAD were two of the seventy elders appointed by Moses; who received the temporary gift of prophesying, or of forming divine hymns, and singing them to God. (Num. xi. 26.) ELDERS of the Israelites. See p. 42. Elders of the gate, p. 54. ELEAZAR. 1. The third son of Aaron, whom he succeeded in the pontificate. Having been born in the desert, he entered the land of Canaan, in the division of which he assisted Joshua. After executing the office of high-priest about 23 years, he died and was buried in the mountains of Ephraim. 2. The son of Abinadab: he was sanctified or set apart to Egypt continued subject to Nebuchadnezzar and his succes-keep the ark of God, which was deposited in his father's house, sors until the time of Cyrus the Great. This power rebelled after it had been sent back to the Israelites, by the Philistines. towards the close of his reign. Cambyses, his son and successor, (1 Sam. viii. 1.) conducted an immense army into Egypt. That country was again subdued, and suffered every excess which the cruel victor could possibly inflict upon it, A. M. 3479, B. c. 525. In the reign of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, the Egyptians once more shook off the Persian yoke, but were reduced to a more oppressive bondage than before by his son and successor Xerxes. In those-19.) two invasions the predictions of Isaiah (xxix.) and Jeremiah (xliii. 11—13.) were most signally fulfilled. A. M. 3544, B.C. 460. During the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus, the Egyptians once more took up arms, and with the assistance of the Greeks, their allies, protracted the war for six years. Again reduced to the Persian yoke, they continued dependent on the Persian monarchs, though governed by their kings, until the reign of Artaxerxes surnamed Ochus, who, in order to punish them for a fourth revolt, totally destroyed the 3. The son of Dodo, the second of David's mighty men, who distinguished himself by his brave achievements. He was one of the three warriors who forced their way through the Philis tine forces, to procure water for David from the well of Bethle hem, at the imminent hazard of their lives. (1 Chron. xi. 17 ELECT LADY, more correctly, the Lady Electa, a pious Chris tian matron, commended by St. John in his second Epistle. Com pare p. 376. ELEPHANTIASIS, the disease of Job, 196. 1. Another son of Dodo, and one of David's warriors. (1 Chron. xi.26.) 2. The son of Jair, or Jaare-oregim, another warrior, who slew the giant Lahmi, the brother of Goliath. (2 Sam. xxi. 19.) |