Sternum and Ribs .. Humerus Figure 1.-This plate shows the bones of the human body, which, exclusive of the 32 teeth, number 206. The skeleton consists of a central column, or spine; of three great cavities, the skull, thorax, and pelvis ; and the superior and inferior extremities. Cecral Facial Nerves Figure 2 shows the distribution of some of the principal nerves of the body. The nervous system consists of a series of connected central organs, known as the cerebo-spinal centre, the various ganglia and their offshoots, the nerves. The cerebro-spinal axis consists of the brain, the cerebellum, a little brain, and the spinal cord, which latter is contained within the bones forming the spine. The cerebro-spinal axis consists of two substances, grey and white respectively, each having special functions, the latter being split up into fibres. The ganglia are independent nervous Left Carotid Artery UpperLobe of Left Lung Lower Lobe of Left Lung --Cardiac end of Stomach Spleen ...Small Intestine Fig. 2.-THE NERVES. centres of small size, and are. found distributed in various parts of the body. The nerves are flattened white cords. One set seems to convey impressions to the brain, whilst others convey the stimulus of volition to the organs of motion. The sympathetic system of nerves is connected with the ganglia above referred to. Figure 3 represents what would be seen if the front covering of our bodies (including the ribs) was removed. It shows the lobes of the lungs, and the relation that the heart bears to them, the latter organ being only slightly placed to the left side. It shows the largest or right lobe of the liver, behind which is the centre, and inclined to the left is the stomach, behind and below which is the spleen on the left side. The small intestine is seen occupying the greater part of the abdomen, and the large intestine, coming from it at the cæcum in the right groin, ascends towards the gall bladder on the right side, then crosses towards the spleen, and finally descends down the left side, where it forms the sigmoid flexure which ends in the anus. The position of the bladder is also shown, and the course of the ureters is indicated by dotted lines. Fig. 3.-THE INTERNAL ORGANS. Esophagus Frontal Bone Nasal Bone Superior Lower Lip -Windpipe Fig. 4. THE NOSE AND MOUTH. Figure 4 shows the relation of the Nose and Mouth with the Gullet and Windpipe. The Alimentary Canal commences with the Pharynx-lower down it receives the name of the Esophagus-and through this food is carried into the Stomach. In front of the Æsophagus is the Windpipe, leading from the mouth into the Lungs. The entrance to the Windpipe is closed, when swallowing by the Epiglottis. The Larynx contains the Vocal cords, and is often called the Voice box. is a chamber filled with aqueous humour (or tears). Behind the Iris is a clear jellylike mass known as the Crystalline lens, and at the back of this is the inner chamber filled with vitreous humour. Figure 6 shows the Ear and organs of hearing, viz., the external ear, the Tympanum, or middle ear, and the osseous, labyrinth, or internal ear. The auditory Canal extends about an inch and a half inwards and is closed by the tympanic membrane or Drum; the middle ear is a cavity hollowed out in the temporal bone containing a chain of tiny little bones, by Vena Cava superior Right Vena Cava The Aorta &its Branches Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Veins Left Left Fig. 7.-ANTERIOR SURFACE OF means of which the vibrations of sound waves are transmitted from the drum to the inner ear. Three of these little bones are known as the Hammer, the Anvil, and the Stirrup. Air pressure is equalised on the inner side of the Drum by the Eustachian tube, which communicates with the Pharynx (see Figure 4). Figure 7 shows the anterior surface of the heart as it is placed in the body, together with the Aorta and the large arteries branching therefrom, which supply the neck and arms with blood. (See also figure 8.) Figure 8 represents the heart with a section cut off in front, to show the insertion of the Vena Cava from the brain and the Vena Cava from the liver, also the two great valves, Tricuspid to the right and Mitral to the left, and the connection of the Aorta with the left ventricle. Figure 9 is a section showing the relation of the heart to the lungs and how the cavities of the former are situated. In connection with the latter, it is interesting to note that there are one hundred and seventy-five million cells in the lungs, which would cover a surface thirty times greater than the human body. COWS AND DAIRIES. By PRIMROSE MCCONNELL, B.Sc., Fellow of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, &c. Within the last ten or fifteen years Dairy Farming has come very much to the front, and it is not too much to say that if, under this term, we were to include the breeding and rearing of cattle, it would be the most important branch of farming in the British Islands. The primary object of dairying, of course, is to produce milk-the largest quantity, of the best quality, and at the cheapest rate. Experience has shown that it is practicable almost anywhere in this country, within reasonable limits, and that the old idea that a large area of grass and a heavy rainfall are necessary is quite erroneous, for we find Dairy Farming carried out very successfully on arable farms in the dryer parts of Englandsuch as in the Eastern Counties-while it is also successful on the higher grounds up to the very edge of the moorland or mountainous districts. From the above table anyone can see what are the dairy characteristics of each breed, and if he purposes taking an interest in the subject, and possibly having to do with it practically, he will be helped in his choice of a special breed by the above figures. The following notes will also be helpful: Dairy Shorthorns.-The most cosmopolitan of all breeds of the cow kind. The best variety for general purposes, as it suits a wide range of localities, and crosses well with all local breeds, improving them by so doing. Ordinary kinds make good dairy cows, and both pedigreed and unpedigreed are being much improved in this respect. The frame is a parallelogram with meat evenly distributed over it; skin soft and mellow; colour red or white, or these combined into roan; never black; horns small and neat; back straight and wide. Me Ferseys.-Originally called Alderneys. dium sized and comparatively delicate, but celebrated for yielding milk very rich in butter and of a deep yellow tint. They are of a fawn Shorthorn Cow. Breeds.-There are within the bounds of the British Islands about twenty distinct breeds of cattle, the cows of which produce calves and milk in the ordinary course, but those more or less suitable for dairy purposes are only about seven in number. It is not that there is anything inherent in any particular breed whereby it excels as a dairy animal, but simply that the dairying. characteristic has been developed through long ages by the principle of artificial selection, so that these particular breeds have now come to be recognised as dairy animals because their power of yielding milk has been developed beyond that of others. Taking the data supplied by the shows held every autumn by the British Dairy Farmers' Association, we find that the results and characteristics of the different dairy breeds can be tabulated, and the subjoined table gives the average of the animals there exhibited over a period of five years : Jersey Cow. or silver-grey colour, with sleek short hair, deerlike heads and slender frames, and with black points. The yellow tint of the skin is strong all over on the horns, inside the ears, and on the hide at the root of the hairs. Are native to the Channel Islands, but now kept largely throughout the southern half of England. The English Jersey is now a distinct type, and with a separate herd-book. The Alderney as a special type is extinct. Guernseys.-Allied to the Jerseys, but larger, longer in the body, and hardier animals; are nearly as good milkers and butter animals, and better beef animals. Prevailing colour of the hair is yellow, but sometimes red and white, and with flesh-coloured noses. Ayrshires.-One of the best general dairy breeds. Will subsist on inferior hill pasture, and are a hardy race, but do very well on rich soils. Medium sized, and cross well with the Shorthorn bull, the progeny partaking of the good qualities of both. Are big-bellied from being used to inferior pasture. Colours are brown, red, white, and black, or these mixed in patches, but never roan, the most common being red with white patches, but white animals are on the increase; black noses common. Native to Ayrshire and the south-west of Scotland. Red Polls.-A comparatively modern hornless breed, native to the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Colour red, sometimes dun, with lighter |