JAN. FEB. CALENDAR FOR 1901. MAR. MAY JUN. APR.... 1 2 3 4 5 6 OCT. 7 8 910111213 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 JUL.... 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31...... 12 AUG. JAN. ... 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 AP ......... 12 SEP. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31... ... ... 5 6 8 12 13 14 15 2 3 4 9 10 11 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31... ...... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29! 304...1... Sunday Monday MAY CALENDAR FOR 1903. ...... Wednesday Thurs ay JUN. 3 JUL. ........ I 2 3 4 OCT. 567891011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ... SEP. 1 2 3 4 5 6 JAN. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 I 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 APR. 13141516171819 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 NOV....|...[...] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MAY 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 DEC. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 JUN. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NOV. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 DEC. 78910111213 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-23 24 25 26 27 281291301 910 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30... ... 1 2 3 FEB. Sunday Wed. esd y Saturday :: CALENDAR FOR 1902. MAR. ... I 2 3 4 5 67 891011121314 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30... 1 2 3 4 5 MAR. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30......... 1 2 3 APR. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 MAY ...... 1 2 3 4 5 JUN. 6789101112 13141516171819 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 |27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEC.... 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30... CALENDAR FOR 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 I 8 ...... 22 6 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 6 27 28 29 30 31 5 3836 1 2 3 4 5 6 AUG. 3 2 OCT. 5 6 7 8 91 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24/25 27 28 29 30 29 30 31 SEP. AUG. 1 2 3 4 5 SEP. 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 1 8 OCT. NOV. 2 3 4 5 6 7 NOV. 2 JUL. ... 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 √26 27 28 29 30! 2 3 4 DEC. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IC11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31. NOTES ON During the first five centuries after the birth of Christ, the Christians, comparatively few in number, and scattered among different and distant peoples, used in their records no other mode of expressing dates than those which prevailed amongst the nations of which they severally formed a part. In 532 A.D., when their numbers and importance had augmented, Dionysius Exiguus, a monk of Scythian birth, proposed that all Christians should adopt the epoch of the birth of Christ as their point of departure in counting time and in the expression of dates. This rendered necessary an investigation into the question of the date of that event. Dionysius made historical researches, and finally assigned the birth of Christ to the 25th day of December THE YEAR. in the 753rd year from the foundation of Rome but this is now admittedly erroneous. It might have been expected, therefore, that the first Christian year would commence on that day, and that its anniversary would be the first day of each succeeding year. It was, however, found inconvenient to change the commencement of the year, and it was resolved to adhere to that of the Roman year heretofore used by the church that is, to the 1st January, and that the first year of the Christian era should be the 754th year from the foundation of Rome. According to the mode of reckoning finally adopted, therefore, the year 1 A.D. was that which commenced at the moment of the midnight between the 31st December in the 753rd year, and the 1st January in the 754th year of Rome. The Dominical or Sunday Letter is the letter of the alphabet used to indicate the incidence of the Sundays in the Ecclesiastical Calendar-thus in 1902, the first Sunday will fall on the fifth day, and the letter E (5th letter) will fall opposite the first and every following Sunday for that year. The Golden Number is the number of years elapsed in the Lunar Cycle or period of 19 years, at the end of which period the same aspects of the moon recur within an hour and a half of the same times. The Epact is a number representing the age of the moon on the first day of the new year. The Solar Cycle is a period of 28 years, 7 15 6615 within which the Dominical or Sunday Letters, and those that express the other festivals, &c., return in the same order as before. The Roman Indiction is a period of 15 years, used by the Romans for the time of taxing their provinces. The Julian period contains 7980 years (being the Lunar Cycle of 19, the Solar Cycle of 28, and the Roman indiction of 15 multiplied together). The Julian period is reckoned as having begun 4713 years before our era, so that the year 1902 corresponds with 5615 of that period. It is used in astronomical and chronological calculations throughout the world. THE CALENDAR-"OLD" AND "NEW" STYLES. The difference at the present date between what is known as the "Old Style" and the "New Style" Calendars is 13 days. To understand how this difference arises it must be remembered that the Solar Year consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 48 seconds. In the Calendar known as the Julian Calendar-arranged B.C. 47 by Julius Cæsar, guided by his astronomer. Sosigenes-the year was taken as being 365 days, and in order to get rid of the odd quarter of a day, an extra or intercalary day was added once in every fourth year, and this was called Bissextile or Leap Year. The Calendar so arranged is known as the "Old Style," and is now used only in Russia. But as the Solar Year is 11 minutes 12 seconds less than the Julian year of 3654 days it followed in course of years that the Julian Calendar became inaccurate by several days, and in 1582 this difference amounted to 10 days. Pope Gregory XIII., NOTES ON THE January was placed as leader of the months by Numa Pompilius, when he added two months Jan. and Feb. to the Alban Calendar, though it was not admitted to the same precedence in this country until a motion was made to that effect on March 18, 1750. The name is derived from Janus, the god of the year, in the Roman mythology. The idol Janus was placed over the gate of a temple at Rome, and was represented with two faces, the one that of an old man, being typical of his retrospect of the past; the other a youthful countenance, denoting prospect of the future. He presided over gates at the suggestion of Aloysius Lilius, an astronomer of Naples, determined to rectify this, and devised the Calendar now known as the Gregorian Calendar. He dropped or cancelled these 10 days-October 5th being called October 15thand made centurial years Leap years only once in 4 centuries; so that whilst 1700, 1800 and 1900 were to be ordinary years, 2000 would be Leap year. This modification brought the Gregorian system into such close exactitude with the Solar year that there is only a difference of 26 seconds, which amounts to a day in 3,323 years. This is the "New Style." It was ordered by Act of Parliament to be adopted in this country in 1752 -170 years after its formation-and is now used throughout the civilised world with the single exception already named. The difference be tween the two "Styles" will remain 13 days until A.D. 2100. TWELVE MONTHS. and avenues, thus symbolically he admitted the new year, and attended the departure of the old. February was made the second of the 12 months by Numa Pompilius. Its name was derived either from Februa, a title which the Romans gave to the Feralia sacrifices; or more probably from Februs, to purify, because this being originally held to be the last month of the year, the people offered an expiatory sacrifice for their twelve months' sin. March. March with the ancients ranked the first month of the year, and was named in honour of Mars, the supposed father of the founder of Rome. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors called it Lenet monath, that is Lent, or Spring month. Marriages in this month were seldom solemnized, as they were counted to become inharmonious and unhappy. March 15, or according to the Roman calendar, the Ides of March, was the Paricidium, the day on which Julius Caesar was murdered in the Senate house by Brutus and Cassius, with other conspirators. April.-By the Saxons April was called Ostr monath, probably from the same word from which Easter is supposed to have been derived. The Dutch and Germans called it Grass month. The name is derived from the Latin word Aperio, to open or disclose. The term applies to the opening of the year, or to the unfolding of the buds and flowers, by the influence of the genial warmth and moisture of Spring. May. The Hebrews named this month Sivan, from a Sanscrit word, signifying "to rejoice." The Anglo-Saxons knew it as Tri-milchi, because their cows, stimulated by the fresh herbage, were so productive of milk, as to enable the proprietors to bring them with advantage to the pail three times a day. The Romans offered sacrifices to Bona Dea or Maia on the first day of the month. Roman Emperor; it was called Sextilis, or the sixth month in the Alban calendar, in which it had only 28 days assigned to it. Romulus added two, and Augustus a third, which number it has since retained. The Anglo-Saxons called it either Barn monath, alluding to this being the period when their barns were commonly filled, or Wood monath, clothing month, alluding to their fields being then clothed with corn, just as the Romans dedicated this month to Ceres, the goddess of harvest. June was the Thamur or Tamuz of the Hebrews, that is after their escape from the Babylonish captivity; for previously to that they had simply distinguished their months by aid of numeration. Tamur or Tamuz signifies continuance and perfection, alluding, probably, to the almost uninterrupted daylight, maturation of fruit, &c., which occur during its continuance. July. The fifth month of the Roman calendar received the name of Quintilis to denote its numerical position. It was sacred to Jupiter, and had in the Alban calendar 36 days. Romulus took from it 5 days. Numa reduced it to 30, but Julius Cæsar enlarged it to 31, the present number. In honour of the latter, Mark Antony changed its name from Quintilis to Julius-hence our July. August derived its name from Augustus, the September.-In the Latin and Roman calendar, this was the seventh month; and hence its name. The month had only sixteen days assigned to it in the Alban calendar; these were increased to thirty by Romulus, to thirty-one by Julius Cæsar; but Augustus reduced it to its present number. The ancient Saxons called it Berst monath, or Barley month, because at this time the barley harvest was gathered in. October was called by our Saxon forefathers Wyn monath, or Wine month, and sometimes Winter fylleth, from the approach of Winter, It was the eighth month of the Alban calendar. in which it had thirty-nine days. Its name is derived from the Latin, Octo, eight, and Imber, a shower of rain. Romulus reduced it to thirtyone days; Numa, to twenty-nine. Julius and Augustus each added one, and this number has not since been altered. NOTES ON WEEKS The division of the week is found only among Aryan nations and in regions into which they have penetrated. The day is, for convenience, divided into twenty-four equal parts and is the period of a single revolution of the earth upon its own axis. A solar or astronomical day commences at mean noon, and the hours are counted continuously from 1 to 24. This method is adopted by Italy AND DAYS. 1 ante meridiem (a.m.), those after noon post meridiem (p.m.). The Chinese week consists of 5 days, which are named after iron, wood, water, feathers, and earth; they divide the day into 12 parts of 2 hours each. The Anglo-Saxons named the days of the week after the following Deities: Sunday, the Sun; Monday, the Moon; Tuesday, Tuesco (God of War); Wednesday, Woden (God of Storms); Thursday, Thor God of Thunder); Friday, Freya (Goddess of love); Saturday, Saturn (God of time). and some other countries. In civil reckoning the day commences at midnight, and is divided into two equal portions of 12 hours each-those before noon being termed THE SEASONS. The two Equinoctial and two Solstical points which divide the ecliptic into four unequal parts are called SEASONS, and are known as Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. In 1902 D. H. M. 22 9 Spring begins when the Sun enters Aries, viz., March...... 21 1 16 P.M. Greenwich Mean Time. EPOCHS CORRESPONDING WITH A.D. 1902. 410-11 of the Byzantine Era. 615 of the Julian Period. 902 of the Creation of the World. 2214 of the Grecian Era. 663 of the Jewish Era (commences Oct. 2). 1832 since the destruction of Jerusalem. 1869 since the death of Jesus Christ. 110-11 of the French Republic (Sept. 23). 1958 1902 1959 1902 Poos, Budee 7 Jan. 1 Assar, Budee I June 22 ΙΟ Assar, Sudee1 July 6 24 Sawun, Bud. 1 21 Feb. 9 Sawun, Sud. I Aug. 4 23 Bhadoon, Bud. I 20 Mar.11 Bhadoon, Sud.1 Sept. 3 ,, 25 Kuar, Bud 1. 18 Kuar, Sudee I Oct. 2 Kartick, Bud. I 18 ***Full term is kept by a residence of eight weeks. HOLIDAYS at PUBLIC OFFICES. Bank Holidays. - (English) - Good Friday, Mar. 28; Easter Monday, Mar. 31; Whit Monday, May 19; Monday, August 4: Christmas Day and December 26. Bank Holidays.-(Scotch-Jan. 1; Mar. 28; May 5; August 4; Dec. 25. Bank Transfer Offices.-Jan. 1: Mar. 28 and 31: May 1; May 19; Aug. 4: Nov. 1; Dec. 25 and 26. Law Offices. Mar. 28 and 31; April 1; May 19; August 4: Dec. 25 and 26. Inland Revenue Offices.-Mar. 28 and 31: May 19 and 20; Aug. 4; King's Birthday; Dec. 25 and 26. Custom House, Docks, and Excise Offices.Mar. 28 and 31; May 19; Aug. 4; King's Birthday; Dec. 25 and 26. Stock Exchange.--Jan. 1; Mar. 28 and 31; May 1 and 19; Aug. 4; Nov. 1; Dec. 25 and 26. QUARTER DAYS. Half-Quarter Days. Feb. 8, May 9, Aug. 11, and Nov. 11. MOVEABLE FEASTS. Easter Day is the Sunday following the first ecclesiastical full moon which happens upon or next after Mar. 21, or if this moon happens on a Sunday, Easter Day is the Sunday following. Rogn. Sunday is the fifth Sun, aft. Easter Day. Ascen. Day is the sixth Thurs. aft. Easter Day. Whitsun Day is seven weeks after Easter Day. Trin. Sunday is eight weeks after Easter Day. Advent Sunday is the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew's Day, whether before or after. MOHAMMEDAN CALENDAR. 1959 Chyt, Sudee 1 Apr. Bysack, Bud. 1 5662 30 Adar JEWISH CALENDAR. I...... New Moon. 30 Veadar ...... New Moon... Nisan ..... New Moon. 30 Yiar Sivan 15, 16 Passover.. 30 Tamuz ...... New Moon ....... 17......Fast of Tamuz .... 1...... New Moon.. 9......Fast of Ab...... I...... New Moon......... 1, 2... New Year 4. Fast of Guedaliah To......Kipur 15, 16 Tabernacle... 22, 23 Feast of 8th day 30 Hesvan I...... New Moon Kislev I...... New Moon 25.....Hanuca I...... New Moon 33 Tebet 7,8 9, 10 20 23, 24 April 8 "" 22, 23 .May 7, 8 The last day of any month containing 30 days and the following day are both kept as New Moon, as in Sebat entered above as 30 Adar 1. Time of the beginning of Sabbath-London. 1902 H.M. Oct. 35 0 17.4 30 31... 4 Nov. 14.3 30 1902 H.M. Jan. 10... 4 1902 H.M. April 11...6 30 25. 7 o Aug. 22... 6 30 7.5 30 Sept. 5... 6 21... 6 O Feb. 14.5 Nov. 3 Mar. Ramadhan I ...... Dec. 2 " 1320. Muharrem I Apr. 10 1903-Jan. 19. 5 30 9 4h, om, |
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