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ROAD MEASURE OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

LENGTH OF MILE IN ENGLISH YARDS.

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ARITHMETICAL

ARITHMETICAL.

Sheet-and

Post

234×194

30 X20 30 X23

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Super Royal 274×204
Dbl. Foolscap 27 X17
Royal
Medium
Demy

25 X20

24 X19

224×17

30 X22

SIZES OF CARDBOARDS.

Foolscap 17 x134 Imperial 30 × 224

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221×17 25 X20

Super Royal 27+×201 |

AND SCIENTIFIC

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Dbl. Crown 30 X20 Dbl. Foolscap 27 ×17

TERMS.

An Acute Angle is formed by bringing the two lines closer together, as thus ; whilst in an obtuse angle the lines are extended apart The meeting point of the two lines is the Vertex.

A Circle is a figure bounded by a line equidistant everywhere from the centre; this line is called the circumference. (See Diameter.)

A Cone is a solid figure having a circular base and a pointed top.

A Cube is a solid body having six equal sides at right angles to one another.

The Diameter of a circle is a line passing through the centre from circumference to circumference. The half of a diameter is a radius. The diameter of a globe is one-third the circumference.

An Ellipse is an oval or flattened circle. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun in one of the foci. The distance from the point of intersection of the two axes to either of the foci is termed the eccentricity of the ellipse.

A Parallelogram is a four-sided figure whose opposite sides are parallel and equal; its opposite angles are also equal in magnitude, and a straight line joining any two of them is called a diagona!. A Section or Sector is a part of a circle bounded by an arc and two radii.

A Triangle is a figure having three equal sides.

A Segment is a portion of a circle cut off by a line which is sometimes called the base of the segment.

METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The metric system is derived from a measurement of the earth, the metre being the ten-millionth part of a meridian line drawn from the pole to the equator, and is equal to 39 370113 inches.

The metre-the standard of length-is represented by the distance marked in the Board of Trade Standards by two fine lines on an iridio-platinum standard bar, when at the temperature 0° Centigrade. It is the only unit of metric measure of extension from which all other metric measures of extension, whether linear, superficial, or solid, are ascertained.

The kilogram-the standard of weight-is represented by the cylindrical iridio-platinum standard kilogram weight deposited with the Board of Trade. It is the only unit of metric weight from which all other metric weights, and all measures having reference to metric weight, are ascertained.

The litre-the standard of capacity-is represented by the capacity at 0° Centigrade of the cylindrical brass measure deposited with the Board of Trade. This litre at 0° Centigrade, when full, contains one kilogram of distilled water at the temperature of 4° Centigrade, under an atmospheric pressure equal to that represented by a column of mercury 760 millimetres high at 0° Centigrade, at sea level, and at latitude 45°; the weighing being made in air, but reduced by calculation to a vacuum. It is the only unit of metric measure of capacity from which all other metric measures of capacity, as well for liquids as for dry goods, are ascertained.

EQUIVALENTS OF IMPERIAL AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

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A FEW USEFUL NOTES ON HOUSEHOLD AND COMMERCIAL LAW.

LANDLORD AND TENANT.

TAKING A HOUSE.-Houses may be hired by the week, month, quarter, or year; or they may be taken on an agreement for three years, or, if stamped as a lease, for longer periods. Agreements should be in writing, and must be stamped with an ad valorem stamp. Leases must be by deed properly drawn up and stamped.

In the absence of any covenant, as is generally the case in tenancies from year to year, the tenant pays all rates and taxes, but is entitled afterwards to deduct from the next payment of rent whatever sum he has paid for land or property tax.

In leases for terms of years, a clause dealing with repairs internal and external is usually inserted. A tenant from year to year is not bound to do any substantial repairs unless this is expressly agreed to, but must keep the place wind and weather-tight. A landlord is not, in the absence of an agreement to that effect, bound to do any repairs.

If the premises are burned down or so injured by fire as to be uninhabitable, the tenant is still liable for payment of rent unless there is an express stipulation to the contrary in the agreement or lease; but the tenant can insure against such liability.

A landlord is entitled to his rent as soon as due, but is not warranted in distraining until he or his agent has demanded it on the premises.

The landlord of an unfurnished house is not necessarily responsible for its being in a fit state for habitation. In whatever state it is, if the tenant once takes possession or signs an agreement to do so, he is without redress, unless he has previously obtained a written agreement to put it in repair. The landlord of a furnished house or lodgings is, on the contrary, liable if these prove to be unfit for use or cumbered with any serious nuisance.

TENANCY FROM YEAR TO YEAR.--This exists when both landlord and tenant are entitled to notice before the tenancy can be ended by either of them: this notice must be given at least half a year previous to the expiration of the current year of the holding, so that the tenancy may expire at that part of the year at which it commenced. A tenancy of this kind may arise out of a mere letting as an agreement to pay rent by the quarter or other aliquot part of a year. In the case of a tenancy in which the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1883, applies, twelve months' notice, expiring with the year of tenancy, is necessary if there is no other agreement, to the contrary. Under this statute a landlord may give a tenant from year to year notice to quit a part only of his premises if the notice is given with a view to use the land for any of the improvement purposes mentioned in the Act. In cases when a six months' notice is enough, the half year should consist of one hundred and eighty-three days, though it is doubtful whether one hundred and eighty-two days would not be sufficient notice, except where the tenancy begins on either of the usual days, Michaelmas or Lady-day. If a tenancy begins at the latter period, notice on the 29th of September to quit at Lady-day is good, but if the holding was entered on at Michaelmas, notice given on the 26th of March is not a legal notice. The notice should be given by the landlord or his agent either to the tenant in person or left

at his house, when its nature and contents should be explained to his servant or some member of his family. A yearly tenancy generally expires on the same day of the year as it commenced, but if the tenancy begins between the usual quarter days, and the rent is paid for part of the quarter and thenceforward on the usual quarter days, the tenancy may, as regards the notice to quit, if so stated expressly in writing, be considered to have commenced on the quarter day next succeeding the day of entry.

TENANT QUITTING WITHOUT NOTICE.-If a weekly, monthly, or other tenant leave premises rented by him without giving notice, a week's, month's or other period of rent is recoverable beyond the time the tenant actually occupied the premises; the rent is to be calculated from the day of payment which first occurs after the tenant has thus quitted his holding, but if the landlord let the premises to another tenant before the expiration of such time he cannot recover rent for any subsequent part of the time included in the original tenancy during which they remained unoccupied.

LIABILITIES OF LODGING-HOUSE KEEPERs.These persons impliedly let apartments with all their proper accompaniments, and warrant to the tenant the use of all such accessional things as are necessary to cause the apartments to be engaged in the manner intended. The former impliedly grants the use of the door bell, the knocker, the skylights, or windows of the staircase, and the use of the water-closet, unless it be otherwise arranged at the time of the letting of the lodgings. If, in the absence of such an arrangement, the lodging-house keeper deprives his tenant of any of these conveniences he subjects himself to an action for a breach of contract. The lodging-house keeper who remains in possession of the house is bound to exercise all ordinary and reasonable care for the protection of the persons and property of his tenants and lodgers. He is not responsible for the safe keeping of the property of his lodgers, unless it has been delivered into his hand for safe keeping. If, after having taken ordinary care in appointing his servants, a lodger is robbed on account of the front door being incautiously left open by one of the servants sent out on an errand by the guest, the lodging-house keeper is not liable for the loss, nor is he answerable for the loss of articles stolen from the lodgers by his own servants or other lodgers.

HOUSE AGENTS.-When several agents are instructed to sell or let a house, only the successful one is entitled to commission on the purchasemoney or rent, unless instructions have been given to the others to advertise the property or render some particular service in the manner entitling them by the custom of the trade to some remuneration for their work.

MASTER AND SERVANT.

The engagement of servants is often done in a very loose manner, and disputes not infrequently arise in consequence. At the time of engagement a clear understanding should be come to as to the method of terminating the contract. Wages, though reckoned by the year, are usually paid quarterly, monthly, or weekly; in all three cases a month's notice is commonly given when it is

desired to dismiss the servant, or a month's wages may be given in lieu of notice. It is a common error to suppose that domestic servants are entitled to a month's board wages in addition. Such a demand cannot be enforced. A servant may be instantly dismissed for drunkenness, immorality, dishonesty, gross impertinence, or refusal to do the lawful biddings of her master or mistress; and it, when so dismissed, the servant refuses to leave the house, he or she may be ejected, reasonable force only being used. A servant summarily dismissed is not entitled to any wages in lieu of notice, but only to wages which have already become due at the time of dismissal.

A servant can leave instantly: (1) if she is improperly treated either by master, or mistress, or fellow-servants; (2) if she is abused or threatened so that she is in bodily fear; (3) if the food or lodging is dangerous to health; (4) if the house is used for immoral purposes. If she is legally justified in leaving, she is entitled to her wages down to the time of leaving, and to damages.

If a master or mistress gives the character of a servant honestly to any person who has an interest in an inquiry respecting such, it is a privileged communication, although it may be inade in the presence and hearing of a stranger. And even if the statement made should prove in some respect untrue, as a general rule anything said or written by a master when he gives the character of a servant is a privileged communication, if given bonâ fide in reply to inquiries that have been addressed to him. It is not essential that the individual making the communication should be put into action on account of a third party putting questions to him. He may, when he believes that another is about to take into his service one whom he knows should not be taken, endeavour to persuade that other to obtain information and put questions to him. The replies to these questions, given honestly for the purpose of notifying such facts as the other party ought to know, will, although they contain defamatory matter, be privileged.

A servant is not, in law, liable for breakages, unless it can clearly be shown that these are from wilful carelessness or neglect.

A master or mistress is not bound to provide medical attendance for a servant in case of illness, but if he or she sends for a medical man for the servant, he or she is liable, and cannot deduct expenses incurred from the servant's wages.

MARRIAGES.

In England and Wales marriage may be effected either by Special Licence from the Archbishop of Canterbury, or by the Bishop's ordinary licence, or by the Superintendent Registrar's certificate of notice given to him twenty-one days previously. In any case the ceremony must take place between the hours of 8 A.M. and 3 P.M.

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Licences may be obtained for the whole of England and Wales at the Faculty Office in Knightrider Street, London; for the provinces at the Registry Office of the Bishop of each diocese, or from any surrogate appointed by him. The Bishop's Registry Office in London is at Creed Lane, E.C. One of the parties must make the application in person, and have been resident for fifteen days in the parish mentioned in the licence. The fees and duty for a Special Licence (which can only be obtained at the Faculty Office) amount to about £30; for an ordinary licence they vary from 35s. to £2 12s. 6d.

For marriage by Certificate at a Registrar's office written application should be made by one

of the parties (on the form prescribed by the Marriage and Registration Act, 1856) to the Superintendent Registrar of the district within which the parties have resided for at least seven days, or, if they reside in different districts, to the Superintendent Registrar of each district. At the expiration of twenty-one days from the receipt of application a certificate will be issued, and on this the marriage may take place in the presence of the registrar at any time within three months. For marriage by Licence at a Registrar's office, one of the parties must make application, and must have been resident in the district for at least fifteen days immediately preceding; after the lapse of one day from the date of entry of application, a certificate and licence to marry will be issued, and on this the ceremony may take place at any time within three months within the prescribed hours.

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In regard to marriage by Banns in a church, seven clear days written notice of the desire to have the banns published should be given to the clergyman of the parish in which the parties reside, or, if they reside in different parishes, then to the clergyman in each parish. The notice should state clearly the Christian and surnames of the contracting parties, their addresses, and the parish or parishes in which they reside. The banns will then be published on three successive Sundays, according to the rubric after the Second Lesson, or, as is customary in some churches, after the Nicene Creed. After the publication of the banns the marriage may take place at any time within three months; after this the banns lapse, and a fresh publication becomes necessary. fees payable for marriage by banns are variable, but the clergyman's fee is usually about ros.; and a shilling or two is expected by the church officials. The actual religious ceremony varies a good deal in different churches, but the rubric requires that the first part of the service should take place in the body of the church," and not, as is often the case, in the chancel. At the prayer, "O eternal God," immediately after the giving of the ring, the rubric instructs the contracting parties to kneel, all other persons should remain standing. During the recitation of the Psalm the man and woman alone, without the rest of the bridal party, should advance into the chancel, where they will again kneel while the rest stand, and the remainder of the service is proceeded with. At the close of the service the parties will be required to sign the register books in the vestry, and two witnesses will also attest the entries.

The fee to the clergyman after marriage by licence varies, but ros. to a guinea is usually considered sufficient; the church officials also expect some slight acknowledgment of their services.

In the case of marriage on the Registrar's certificate, whether celebrated in his office or in any Roman Catholic or Nonconformist church, the Registrar need not, but some duly authorised person must be present, unless the contracting parties give notice of their desire that the Registrar should be present, and each of the contracting parties is required to make a declaration before two witnesses that there is no lawful impediment to the marriage; the service then proceeds in accordance with the custom of the church or chapel in which it is performed.

Scotland.

Marriage in Scotland may be either by the publication of banns in the same way as in England, or by the names of the contracting parties being exhibited for seven days on the notice board outside the office of the Registrar in whose district the parties have resided for at least fifteen days

immediately preceding. At the expiration of the period named a certificate will be granted, and on this the marriage may take place either in a church or elsewhere. Any person who has resided for at least twenty-one days in Scotland may be married by going to the Registrar's office in whose district he or she may reside, accompanied by two witnesses who can certify as to the term of residence, and exchanging written contract with the other party, afterwards proceeding to the County Sheriff's chambers to have the marriage registered. Otherwise than as stated, marriages in Scotland are celebrated similarly to those in England.

Ireland.

Special marriage licences are granted in Ireland by the Bishop of each diocese. Application should in the first instance be made to the Registrar of the diocese, who will supply the necessary form, and a declaration must be signed before a magistrate to the effect that there is no legal impediment to the marriage. The cost of a Special Licence is £10.

Ordinary licences are issued by the Licenser of Marriages on the personal application of one of the parties; seven days' previous residence of one of the parties in the district in which the marriage is to take place is necessary. On the issue of the licence the marriage can immediately take place. The fee for an ordinary licence is 5s.

The regulations as to marriage after the publication of banns in Ireland are the same as in England.

Marriage between an English

and a French Subject.

It is not as generally known as it should be that unless the French law is fully complied with marriage in England between an English subject and a French subject is not merely voidable but actually void in France. Persons interested in such a marriage should communicate with the French Consul or Consular Agent in this country. He will give full information as to what the French law requires, and issue a certificate of the fulfilment of the necessary conditions when satisfied of the fact by proper evidence.

HUSBAND AND WIFE.

A husband being by law bound to maintain his wife and to supply her with necessaries suitable to her station in life, it is, while they are living together, presumed that he authorises her to purchase necessaries for the household and family, and he will be liable for such purchases unless he has forbidden her to make them, and unless he has given notice to the tradesman that she no longer has his authority. But, if she should be herself sued even for necessaries, she would now probably be liable to the creditor to the extent of her separate property, unless she could show that she acted only as her husband's authorised agent.

When a wife applies for relief out of the rates of any union or parish her husband may be ordered to pay such weekly or other sum towards the cost of her relief as seems proper, and the father and grandfather and mother and grandmother of any poor person unable to work may, if possessed of sufficient means, be ordered to pay such sum as may be assessed for the relief of such poor person. A husband is also liable for the relief of the children of his wife by a former marriage until they are 16 years old or until the death of their mother, and a married

woman having separate property is now liable for the maintenance of her husband and her children and grandchildren in the same way as her husband is for that of her children and grandchildren, but not, it appears, for that of the children of her husband by a former marriage. Her husband is not, however, by this relieved from his liability.

A husband is entitled to his wife's society, but he may not, either for the purpose of enforcing that right, or for any other reason, confine or imprison her. The utmost right he can now personally exercise over her by law is one of restraint in the case of very gross misconduct, actual or threatened.

MARRIED WOMEN'S

PROPERTY.

Whenever a married woman is entitled to any property under a deed or will, her enjoyment and power of disposing of it may be subject to special restrictions apart from the ordinary law; particularly is this so when a settlement was made on her marriage, for it frequently provides for the settlement of property she may afterwards become entitled to. The terms of any such deed or will must therefore be always carefully considered. Here it is only possible to give a concise statement of the general law affecting married women's property whilst they are living with their husbands.

A woman married after 1882 is entitled to hold and to dispose of, either by will or otherwise, as if she were unmarried, all property of whatever kind which belongs to her at the time of her marriage or becomes hers afterwards.

In the case of a woman married before 1883, her husband is generally entitled to the rents and profits of all her landed property during the marriage, but the only way in which it can during the marriage be disposed of is by both of them acting together, and she must acknowledge her ccrsent to the disposition before an authorised legal official. Neither she nor her husband can during the marriage dispose of it by will. There are, however, exceptions to these rules, and a woman married before 1883 can, as if she were unmarried, hold as her separate property and dispose, by will or otherwise, of her interest in-(1) Property which she first became entitled to after 1882; (2) Property at any time specifically bestowed upon her for her separate use: (3) Her earnings in any eccupation carried on by her apart from her husband after the 9th August, 1870, and (4) Investments made after the 9th August, 1870, and before the 1st January, 1883, in a special way in savings banks, the public funds, incorporated and joint stock companies, and in industrial, friendly, and building societies. she cannot dispose of any interest in personal property which she became entitled to before 1883 if her enjoyment of it is postponed till the death of a person still alive, or till the occurrence of any event which has not yet happened, unless she became entitled under some document (other than her marriage settlement) executed after 1857, and even then only with the concurrence of her husband and upon her consent being acknowledged as above mentioned.

But

If a married woman lends or entrusts any of her own money or other estate to her husband for the purpose of any trade or business carried on by him, the other creditors of the husband (should he become bankrupt) would be entitled to be paid in full before the wife would be entitled

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