In Scotland-Exchequer Grant for 1900-1, £1,272,548 the schools are nearly all Board (Public) schools, and therefore the local charge for education is nearly universal, although in its incidence it is just as uneven as in England and Wales. In Ireland-Exchequer Grant, 1900-1, £1,387,503-the charge is almost entirely Imperial, local support of any sort being entirely unknown, as, of course, are local public authorities for educational purposes. But now, putting local and central aid together in both classes of elementary schools, Board and Voluntary, we find that the sum expended per child for educational "maintenance was, in Scotland, £2 135. 94d. ; in England and Wales, £2 11S. 7d.; in Ireland, £275. 5td. By way of contrast a few Colonial facts may well be put in here:-Natal, 3 below Standard VI., £4 beyond Standard VI.; New South Wales, £4 8s. 1d.; Victoria, £3 16s. 10d.; Queensland, £3 145. 10ld.; South Australia, £4 os. 3d.; West Australia, £4 125. 5d.

I come now to the Teaching Staff. Teachers the public elementary schools consist of persons of four classes

in

1. Adults who have gone through all the grades of training, and are classed as fully certificated.

2. Teachers who have been apprenticed as pupil teachers, but have not completed the course for the teacher's certificate. These are styled ex-pupil teachers.

3. Young women over eighteen years of agetechnically known as "Article 68's "-who have no professional qualification whatever, except that, in the opinion of the inspector, they are presentable young persons and can give evidence that they have been successfully vaccinated.

4. Juvenile apprentices to the art of teaching, known as pupil teachers.

Under any efficient system of education, neither the "Article 68" nor the pupil teacher would be looked upon as an efficient member of the school staff. But it is too common an experience to find English schools-especially Voluntary schools and rural Board schools-staffed almost entirely with these inefficient supernumeraries. The whole teaching force in England and Wales at the present time consists of 152,845 persons, distributed as follows:

In Ireland the classification of teachers is a little different. There were 11,975 engaged in the elementary schools: 4,752 men principals, 3,644 women principals, 1,043 men assistants, and 2,536 women assistants. These figures give the percentage of men as compared with women as 49 per cent. is to 51 per cent. a much larger proportion of men teachers, curiously enough, than in any other part of the United Kingdom.

Now as to teachers' salaries. The following table will give the facts for England and Wales. The salaries, &c., are given in pounds, to save space.

The figures for Scotland are as follows (the Average Salaries include all professional sources of income):

In Public Schools In Schools connected with Church of Scotland.....

Free Church

257

116

153

Episcopal Church

147

90

142

Women and

Roman Catholic Church 128

79

105

Girls.

115,617

Undenominational and

158

Denominations.

with Church of Scot

In Public Schools

In Schools connected

land.......

71

11

Free Church

78

2

Episcopal Church

Roman Catholic Church

ཌསྶ

སོ

68 70

(a.) Assistants generally.-Males, from £56 to £77. Females, from £44 to £65. (b.) Assistants entitled to Bonuses under Irish Education Act, 1892.-Males, from £56 to £86. Females, from £44 to £72 10s.

The increments of "Continued Good Service Salary for Assistants are at same rate as for III. Grade Heads. The Bonus is awarded when it becomes due in addition to the increments of Continued Good Service Salary.

A portion of the total State Grants available for the payment of teachers' incomes is allocated as an Annual Capitation Grant. This portion of the teachers' incomes is liable to fluctuation in accordance with the average attendance at the schools and with other conditions. The distribution of the Capitation Grant as between Principals and Assistants is made in accordance with the following scale :

accommodation for 893,842 elementary school children (nearly all the places are Board school places). The enrolment is 753,287, and the average attendance 626,089, or, as already said, 83 75 per cent. Ireland has an enrolment of 816,001, with an average attendance of 521,141, or 63'9 per cent. From every point of view Scotland stands well ahead of the other parts of the United Kingdom. In every respect Ireland comes in a bad fourth.

For

Before I leave the question of Public Elementary Education it may be desirable that I should say a word or two on a matter which has recently very considerably exercised the mind of Parliament and the country, namely, the "Cockerton Judgment." That Judgment has laid it down definitely that School Boards which act under the Elementary Education Acts in England and Wales cannot spend the local School Board rates on the education of any adult in any subject whatever; neither can they spend the School Board rates upon the instruction of children in subjects which are not set forth in the Education Code issued by the Board of Education. many years, with the most complete official sanction, School Boards have been instructing pupils in their night schools (indeed, of the 450,000 pupils enrolled last session in the night schools of England and Wales quite a half were over 16 years of age), and have been, as a result of the pressure put upon them by the artisan class, especially in the North of England, spending their rates upon advanced instruction to a small number of older pupils who have stayed beyond the elementary school age in their Higher Grade All this has now been declared day schools. illegal. But Parliament has passed a short Bill which will enable the local Municipal Council in each case to give the local School Board sanction, if it thinks fit, to continue the work declared illegal for the next twelve months. Considerable objection was taken in Parliament to the determination of the Government to introduce into this enabling Bill the principle of giving the local Municipal Authority the right to veto the expenditure of the School Board. But this is in line with the Government's set resolve to make the Municipal Authority the local authority for education.

II.-SECONDARY AND TECHNICAL
EDUCATION.

Thirteen years ago the Government of the day set aside about three-quarters of a million of money in its Budget for the absorption of publichouse licences. Its Temperance scheme broke down; but the money had been voted. To what other purpose should it, then, be put? At the fag end of the session of 1889 it was resolved to apply it to the relief of Local Taxation, and to this end to send it down to the Town and County Councils. But they were respectfully asked to consider how sadly the country stood in need of Technical Education, and to apply some, if not all, of the unexpected windfall to this purpose. Many of the Municipal Councils did so at once; most are now so doing. Of the 49 County Councils in England, 39 are now giving all and to a part of their Imperial Exchequer Grant to educational purposes; whilst of the 61 County Boroughs, 56 are devoting all and 5 a part of the funds to like purposes. One way and another, of the total of £867,000 now available in England alone, no less than £804,000 was spent last year upon education. Besides this, when Parliament sent down the little plum to the localities it passed a Technical Instruction Act empowering localities to rate themselves up to the limit of a penny in

The remaining sum of about £37,000 is to be credited to the minor local authorities in the administrative counties. Of the 49 administrative counties in England there are 28 wherein NonCounty Boroughs and Urban District Councils have rated themselves. In Lancashire 79 local authorities outside the County Boroughs are rating themselves, in the West Riding of Yorkshire 44, in Staffordshire 25, in Cheshire 21, and in Surrey 16.

Thus for the past thirteen years the Municipal Councils have been actively engaged, through their Technical Instruction Committees, in the work of Secondary Education of a special character. Next year, no doubt, the Government will extend their powers and give them the means to develop more purely Secondary Education, the organisation of which is one of the most pressing of the country's educational needs. "An early and honourable place" has been promised by Mr. Balfour for an Education Bill for 1902. That Bill must deal with the creation of effective local authorities for Education. It will probably go to the Municipal Councils for the nucleus in each case of those authorities, for the simple reason that the Government does not love the ad hoc educational authority. The only question is as to whether the scope of the Bill will be confined to setting up authorities for Secondary Education merely, or whether it will vindicate the essential educational principle that all grades of schools must-if we are to have proper co-ordination and an avoidance of unnecessary overlapping and waste of effort-be under one and the same local authority in each district.

Turning to Wales-which, like Scotland, is far ahead of England and of Ireland in the provision of public Secondary and Technical Education-I find rapid and successful development the order of the day under the provisions of the Intermediate Education Act of 1889, the Technical Instruction Acts of 1889 and 1891, and the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act, 1890. The total amount annually available and appropriated for the purposes of Technical and Intermediate Education has been augmented by a growth in the funds derived from the Beer and Spirit Duties. The following is a brief summary of the derivation of the moneys from Imperial and local sources :Raised by rate under the Welsh Inter

In addition, the Education Estimates for 1901-2 provide for the expenditure of £21,700 Exchequer Grants on intermediate schools in Wales.

The Welsh Intermediate Schools represent one of the most interesting features of the educa tionalism of the United Kingdom. They are the growth of the past ten or twelve years and have already reached a remarkable level of successmarred only by the faultiness of the Primary School system from which they draw threefourths of their pupils. There are at present time 94 Intermediate Schools in the Principality, and in these schools are 3,799 boys and 3,646 girls, ages ranging from ten to twenty. Turning to the schools from which these children come we find the facts as follows:

...

Boys. Girls. 2,920 2,328

From Public Elementary Schools
From Higher Grade El'm'ntary Schools 197
From Public Secondary Schools
From Private Schools......
After Private Tuition

197

176

164

432

757

74

200

It is thus seen that more than 75 per cent. of the scholars come from the elementary schools. This represents a "linkage" of schools quite as complete as that which Scotland can show. Many of these Intermediate Scholars, of course, come with Scholarships and Bursaries. The teaching staff consists of 72 head masters (all except one, men with University degrees) and 22 head mistresses (all except three holding University degrees), 176 assistant masters, and 191 assistant mistresses. The average salary of the head master is £276, of the head mistress £232, of the assistant master nearly £125, and of the assistant mistress a little over £101.

In Scotland much of the Secondary Education work is being admirably done by the School Boards, who work under the Scotch Education Act of 1872 on much more generous lines than do the English School Boards under the Act of 1870. As to the "Whiskey Money," that, too, is spent by Joint Committees of the Borough Councils and the School Boards.

As to Ireland, whilst very little has been done in the past in the way of Technical Instruction, very great changes may be looked for in the near future as a result of the setting up of a Board of Agriculture and of the passing of the Technical Instruction Act of 1899. It is certain that in these Statutes the work of Technical Education particularly will be materially and promptly developed. Several local authorities have already anticipated or are considering the operation of these Acts. In Ireland the total amount raised by rate under the Technical Instruction Acts has declined from £4,657 in 1897-8 to £3,618 in 1898-9.

III.-HIGHER EDUCATION.

At

Perhaps the most interesting of all recent development in regard to Universities and University Colleges is the effort now being made in Birmingham to raise the important work of Commercial Training to University rank. present the Government does very little in the way of directly assisting any of the Universities. The following are the Votes granted for 1901-2 for University purposes: London, £8,000; Victoria (Manchester), £2,000; Birmingham, £2,000; Univer. of Wales, £4,000; Scottish Universities, £42,000; Univer. Colleges in Great Britain, £25,000; in Wales, £12,000.

LONDON AND

The Royal Academy of Music, Tenterden St., Hanover Sq., London. Inst. 1822; Incorp. by Roy. Char. 1830.-Pres., Duke of Connaught, K.G. Prin., Sir Alex. Campbell Mackenzie, Mus. D., LL.D., F.R.A.M. Sec., F. W. Renaut. The objects of the Academy, as set forth in its charter, are "to promote the cultivation of the Science of Music, and to afford facilities for attaining perfection in it by assisting with general instruction all persons desirous of acquiring a knowledge thereof." The curriculum includes tuition in all branches of music, and the study of opera, drama, elocution and languages. The Academy is open to students of all ages and both sexes, subject to the approval of the Principal and the passing of the entrance examination, the fee for which is one guinea. If the applicant become a student the fee is considered as part payment of the entrance fee of 5 guineas. There are 35 Scholarships and Exhibitions in active operation. Students who distinguish themselves in the musical profession after leaving may be elected Associates or Fellows, with the privilege of using the letters A.R.A.M. or F.R.A.M. after their names. Persons who pass the Metropolitan Examination independent of Academy teaching) are created Licentiates, with right to append the letters L.R.A.M. Hon. Members use the expression "Hon. R.A.M." These four are the only diplomas issued by the Academy.

The London Academy of Music, St. George's Hall, Regent Street, W., with Branch Establishments at 2, Harrington Gardens, South Kensington, and 167, North Street, Brighton.Established 1861. Dirs., Signor L. Denza, Mr. A. Raimo. Hon. Dir., Mr. J. F. Barnett. Secs., S. Cole and C. Trew. For amateur and professional students, both vocal and instrumental, on the moderate terms of the Continental Institutions.

Fees from £335. The Academy holds public examinations twice a year in January and July in London and certain Provincial centres for conferring diplomas, of medals, and of Associate of this Academy (A.L.A.M.).

London College of Music, Great Marlborough Street, W.-For Musical Education and Examination. Instituted 1887. Patrons, The Duke of Leeds, Marquis of Waterford, Sir Francis Brady, Sir Vincent Kennett-Barrington, Sir Albert Rollit, and Sir Edward Reid. Prin., Dr. F. J. Karn, Mus. Bac. Cantab. Dir. of Exam., G. Augustus Holmes. Sec., T. Weekes Holmes. Examinations for certificates in practical and theoretical music are held at the College in London and at 350 local centres in the United Kingdom annually in April, July, and December. In Ireland and Scotland the Summer examinations are held in June. There are also centres in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, India, China, and other parts of the world. Certificates are granted to students who successfully pass the examination by obtaining at least 65 out of 100 marks. In theoretical music 65 to 79 marks will entitle to a 2nd class certificate, and from 80 to 100 a 1st class. In practical music 65 to 74 for a 2nd, and 75 to 84 for a 1st, and 85 to 100 for Honours. The examination fee for each subject varies from 8s. 6d. to 27s. 6d. in practical music, and from 5s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. in theoretical music. The Higher Examinations for Diplomas are held in July and December. The Diplomas granted are Associate (A.L.C.M.), Associate in Music (A.Mus.L.C.M.), Licentiate (L.L.C.M.), Licentiate in Music

PROVINCIAL.

(L.Mus.L.C.M.), and Fellowship (F.L.C.M.). The fees payable by candidates for Diplomas are:-Associate, £2 25.; Licentiate, £3 35.; and Fellowship, £5 55. The Educational Department provides for musical education of a high order under the best professors at moderate fees. All students are examined at the end of each term, and a report issued as to the progress made. Students' concerts are held at frequent intervals in the Large Hall of the College. Scholarships and Exhibitions are offered for public competition from time to time.

The Royal College of Music, South Kensington, S.W.-'Patron, H.M. The King. Dir., Sir Hubert Parry, Mus.D. Hon. Sec., Charles Morley, Esq., M.P. Registrar, Frank Pownall, Esq., M.A. The College is incorporated by Royal Charter (1883), and is open to pupils of either sex. The entrance examination fee is two guineas; the fee for a student is 36 guineas per annum, payable in three instalments at the commencement of each of the three terms (under 16 years of age the fee is £6 6s. per term). The College Scholarships, tenable for 3 years, entitle the holders to free education in theoretical and practical music. These Scholarships are open to all classes of Her Majesty's subjects within the prescribed ages, particulars of which may be obtained on application to the Registrar. An annual examination for Associateships is held about Easter, the fee for which is £5 5s.

Guildhall School of Music, Victoria Embankment, London.-Prin., W. H. Cummings, Mus. D. Dublin, F.S.A. Sec., H. Saxe Wyndham. Established by the City of London Corporation in 1880 for the purpose of providing high class musical instruction at moderate cost. The year is divided into 3 terms of 12 weeks each. Tuition Fees, payable in advance, vary, according to the professor selected, from £1 11s. 6d. to £4 4s. for 20 minutes, and £2 78. 3d. to £6 6s. for 30 minutes. Entrance fee, 5s. Deposit fee, 5s. (returnable). Term fee, 2s. 6d. per term. Nominations should be signed by an alderman of the City of London or by a member of the Court of Common Council.

London Organ School, 22, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W.- Prin.. T. H. Yorke Trotter, M.A., Mus.Doc. Sec., Francis Burgess. Established to encourage the study of music in all branches, and of enabling students to obtain instruction from competent professors, fitting them to pass public examinations, or to become teachers or performers for the lowest possible sum. Lessons are given by the course of 12, and are of 20 minutes', or 30 minutes', duration. The fees vary from 30s. to 635. for 20 minutes' lessons; 42s, to 94s. 6d, for 30 minutes.

Victoria College of Music, 42, Berners Street, Oxford Street, London, W.-Instituted 1890; Incorporated 1891. Hon. Patron, His Grace the Duke of Argyll, K.T. Principal, J. H. Lewis, Mus.D., D.C.L. Registrar, George Prior, Mus. D. Oxon. Chairman of Board, J. M. Bentley, Mus.D. Cantab. Sec., G. A. Stanton. This Institution is under the direction of the Victoria College Corporation, Ltd., and the objects for which it was founded are: (1) The advancement of musical education by means of lectures and classes, thereby encouraging the study, composi tion and execution of music in all branches. (2)

The holding of examinations and granting certificates of merit to successful candidates, in the three degrees of Associate, Licentiate, and Fellowship. The Examinations are open to all persons without restriction as to age or sex. To obtain a Pass Certificate, Candidates must obtain 60 per cent., and for Honours 80 per cent, of the full number of marks.

Metropolitan College of Music, 117, Seven Sisters Road, N.-Pres., Lieut.-Colonel Edward Tufnell, M.P. Principal, Mr. C. J. Dale. Condr., F. Cunningham Woods, M.A., Mus. Bac. Secs., Mr. B. Hoddinott, B.A., and Mr. J. R. Hayman. Established in 1889 (in connection with the Finsbury Choral Association) for providing a high-class musical training at a minimum cost. Musical and Elocutionary Recitals are given fortnightly in the College. The fee for the complete course is £25 per annum. Applicants for admission to the college must attend for examination by the Principal. An entrance fee of 5s. is payable by new students. Classes for the study of Harmony, Composition, Sight Singing, Violin, &c., are held weekly. Fee varies from 5s. for classes to 3 guineas for private lessons.

Trinity College, London, Mandeville Place, Manchester Square, W.-Pres., Lord Coleridge, M.A.,K.C. Warden, Edmund H. Turpin, Mus.D. Sec., Shelley Fisher. Both elementary and advanced musical tuition are given at this college during the day and evening; also lessons by correspondence. Each student receives individual instruction, and may, as a rule, have the choice of professors subject to the judgment of the Warden, who will also advise on all matters regarding studies, or as to preparing and entering for public examinations, as well as for the college Scholarships, Exhibitions, and Prizes. A registration fee of 5s. is charged on entering. The fee for private weekly lessons of 30 minutes is £3 35. ; or for lessons of 20 minutes £2 2s. For the weekly class lessons in theory the fee is £1 15.

The Tonic Sol-fa College, 27, Finsbury Square, London, E.C.-Incorporated 1875. Pres., John Spencer Curwen, Esq., F.R.A.M. Sec., Walter Harrison, M.A., Mus. Bac. (Oxon.). Established to assist in the formation of Singing Classes, to conduct Examinations, issuc Certificates, and generally to superintend the development of the educational plans originated by the late Rev. John Curwen. During the year ending March 31st, 1901, the number of Certificates issued was 23,734.

The Incorporated Society of Musicians, 19, Berners Street, London.-Aims at securing a perfect system of musical education of the highest order by means of local examinations, seeks to obtain the registration of teachers of music, and provides opportunities for friendly intercourse amongst its members by annual conferences in different parts of the country. The Conference for 1901 was held at Llandudno. Chairmen : The Rt. Hon. Lord Mostyn, Prof. E. Prout, Dr. F. J. Sawyer, John Barrett, Esq., T. Westlake Morgan, Esq. Sec., E. Chadfield.

The Royal Military School of Music, Kneller Hall, Whitton, Hounslow.-Established 1857, by H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge, late Commander-in-Chief. Commandant, Colonel F. O. Barrington Foote. Adjutant, Captain F. H. Mahony. Director of Music, Lieut. A. J. Stretton. Schoolmaster, Mr. Ŕ, Donn. The

object of this Institution is to provide efficient Bandmasters for the Ariny, and to train as instrumentalists, bandsmen and boys selected from their regiments.

The Musical Association.-Founded in 1874 for the discussion of subjects connected with the musical profession. Monthly meetings are held at the Royal College of Organists. Pres., vacant. Sec., J. P. Baker, Mus. B., 289, Lee High Road, S.E.

Royal Amateur Orchestral Society, Albert Hall, Kensington, S.W.-Established in 1872 for the practice and performance of highclass orchestral music by amateurs. The society consists of members and orchestral members, the number of the latter being limited to 100. Persons desirous of becoming members must be nominated for election by a member who is personally ac quainted with them. The subscription is 425. per season. Condr., Mr. Ernest Ford. Hon. Sec., Mr. R. Dow.

Royal College of Organists, Hart Street, London, W.C.--Pres., Sir C. Hubert H. Parry, D.C.L., M.A., Mus.D. Hon. Sec., E. H. Turpin, Mus.D. Registrar, T. Shindler, M.A., LL.B. Established to provide a central organisation in London for members of the profession of organist, with branches elsewhere, and to promote whatever may raise the standard of proficiency amongst its members, and to secure competent organists for the service of the Church. The Council consists of thirty leading members of the musical profession. The annual subscription is one guinea. Examination fee 42s., and a further fee of 42s. on obtaining a Diploma.

London College of Violinists, 43, Grafton Street, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.Pres., Signor Guido Papini. For the advancement of Violin Playing. Examinations are held annually in December and June in London, and in provincial centres for Junior and Graduate Certificates, and Diplomas of Associates, Licentiates, and Fellows. Elementary and advanced Students of stringed instruments are instructed by a large staff of professors. Hon. Sec., Mr. G. Foucher.

Royal Choral Society, Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore, S.W.-Patron, His Majesty the King. Condr., Sir Frederick Bridge, Mus.D. The chorus of this Society is wholly amateur and consists of about 900 members. The orchestra is wholly professional. Concerts of a high-class character are given during the season at the Albert Hall, the subscription to which is as follows: For the series of seven concerts, stalls, 42s., arena, 35s., balcony, 28s. ; for each concert, 7s. 6d., 6s., 5S., 4s. and Is. respectively.

London Church Choir Association aims at inducing Church composers to devote time and talent to the production of anthems and services, and to encourage the study of standard Church music by annual festivals held in St. Paul's Cathedral. Pres., Sir George Martin, Mus.D. Condr., H. Walford Davies, Mus.D. Hon. Sec., W. R. B. Tann, 55, Warwick Road, Maida Vale, W.

Philharmonic Society, Queen's Hall, Langham Place, London.-Conductor, Dr. Frederic Cowen. Hon. Sec., Francesco Berger, Esq., 6, York Street, Portman Square. This Society, the oldest Orchestral Society in England, now in its 89th year.

G