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by the Greck letter (gamma), whence the Gamut took its name, because he placed the additional note at the beginning of his scale.

It is said also he noted the syllables by marking under them certain letters of the alphabet, thus,

UT RE MI FA SOL LA GAMMA.

C D E F G A r

Among the English musicians the scale of letters only is in use, and corresponds with the French scale in the following manner.

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Some very curious information on the different systems of ancient and modern music is to be found in Recherches sur l'Analogie de la musique avec le langage, by Villoteau.

MAXIMS.

Employement is the greatest instrument of intellectual dominion. The mind (1) cannot retire from its

(1) The mind, l'esprit, l'âme.

SPEECH OF CHARIDEMUS.

111

enemy into total vacancy (1), or turn aside from one object, but by passing to another. The gloomy (2) and the resentful (3) are always found among those who have nothing to do, or who do nothing.

He that teaches us any thing that we knew not before is undoubtedly to be reverenced as a master. He that conveys (4) knowledge in the most pleasing ways, may very properly be loved as a benefactor; and he that supplies life with innocent amusement, will be certainly caressed as a pleasing (5) companion.

!

THE WISE ADVICE (6) OF CHARIDEMUS

AN ATHENIAN EXILE AT THE COURT OF DARIUS, WHEN
HE WAS ASKED HIS OPINION OF THE EVENT (7) OF

THE WARLIKE PREPARATIONS MAKING BY

DARIUS AGAINST ALEXANDER.

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Perhaps your majesty may not bear (8) the truth from

(1) Vacancy, vide.

(2) The gloomy, les hommes mélancoliques, tristes. (3) Resentful, qui se fâche aisément.

(4) To convey, communiquer, transporter d'un endroit dans un autre.

(5) Pleasing, agréable.

(6) Advice, conseil. Dans cette acception advice n'a pas de pluriel.

(7) Event, événement, employé ici pour result, résultat. (8) To bear, supporter.

the mouth of a Grecian and an exile; and if I do not declare it now, I never will: perhaps I may never have another opportunity. Your majesty's numerous army drawn from (1) various nations, and which unpeoples the East, may seem formidable to the neighbouring countries.

The gold, the purple, and the splendour of arms, which strike the eyes of beholders (2), make a show (3) which surpasses the imagination of all who have not seen it. The Macedonian army, with which your majesty's forces are going to (4) contend, is on the contrary grim (5) and horrid of aspect, and clad (6) in iron. The irresistible phalanx is a body of men, who in the field of battle fear not onset (7), being practised to hold together man to man, shield (8) to shield, and spear (9) to spear; so that a brazen (10) wall might as soon be broken through (11). In advancing, in wheeling (12) to right or left, in attacking, in every exercise of arms, they

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(1) Drawn from, tiré de.

(2) Beholders, spectateurs, observateurs.

(3) To make a show, faire parade.

(4) To be going, suivi d'un verbe à l'infinitif, signifie être sur le point de.

(5) Grim, hideux.

(6) Clad, vêtu, couvert.

(7) Onset, attaque, assaut.

(8) Shield, bouclier.

(9) Spear, lance.

(10) Brazen, d'airain, de bronze,

(11) Broken through, pénétré.

(12) To wheel, tourner,

SPEECH OF CHARIDEMUS.

145

act as one man (1). They answer the slightest sign from the commander, as if his soul animated the whole army. Every soldier has a knowledge of war, sufficient for a general. And this discipline, by which the Macedonian army has become so formidable, was first established, and has all along been kept up (2) by a fixed contempt of what your majesty's troops are so vain of, I mean gold and silver.

Whatever will

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The bare earth serves them for beds. satisfy nature is their luxury. Their repose is always shorter than the night. Your majesty may therefore judge, whether the Thessalian, Acarnanian, and Etolian cavalry, and the Macedonian phalanx, an army that has, in spite of all opposition, over-run (3) half the world, are to be repelled by a multitude (however numerous) armed with slings (4), and stakes (5) hardened at the points by fire. To be upon equal terms (6) with Alexander, your majesty ought to have an army composed of the same sort of troops.

And they are nowhere to be had, but in the same countries which produced those conquerors of the world, it is therefore my opinion, that, if your majesty were to apply the gold and silver, which now so superfluously adorn your men, to the purpose of hi

(1) As one man, comme un seul homme.

(2) To keep up, maintenir.

(5) To over-run, parcourir.

(4) Slings, frondes.

(5) Stakes, bâtons.

(6) To be upon equal terms, être au niveau, marcher de front avec.

ring (1) an army from Greece, to contend with the Greeks, you might have some chance for success; otherwise I see no reason to expect any thing else, than that your army should be defeated, as all the others have been, who have encountered the irresistible Macedonians. Q. CURTIUS.

JUDGE NOT HASTILY.

He that enters a town at night, surveys it in the morning, and then hastens away (2) to another place, and guesses at the manners of the inhabitants, by the entertainment (3) which his inn (4) afforded (5) him, may please himself for a time with a hasty change of scenes, and a confused remembrance of palaces and churches; he may gratify his eye with variety of landscapes, and regale is palate with a succession of vintages: but let him be contented to please himself, without endeavouring to disturb (6) others. Why should he record excursions, by which nothing could be learned, or wish to make a show of knowledge, which, without some power of intuition unknown to other mortals, he never could attain?

He that would travel (7) for the entertainment (8) of

(1) To hire, louer, solder.

(2) To hasten away, s'en aller avec empressement.

(3) Entertainment, accueil, entretien.

(4) Inn, auberge.

(5) To afford, offrir.

(6) To disturb, troubler, inquiéter, détourner.

(7) To travel, voyager.

(8) Entertainment, amusement.

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