Verbs.-Hind-er, low-er. Derivation by means of the addition of the liquid M.-Few or none. Derivations by means of the addition of the liquid N.-Substantives.—Maid-en, gamm-on (game), mai-n (as in might and main). That the -n is no part of the original word in mai-n, we see from the word may. The idea in both may and mai-n is that of power. Adjectives.-1. Words where the -n is preceded in the Old High-German and the Old Saxon by a-an; e. g. eik-an (own), O. H. G.; ég-an (own), O. S.-ow-n, op-en. 2. Words where the -n is preceded in Moso-Gothic by -ei-, in Old High-German by -i-, and in Old Saxon by -i-; e. g. þaúrn-ein-s (thorny), M. G.; írd-in (earthen), O. H. G; bốm-in (woody, i. e. made of beams), O. S. Words of this sort express in English the circumstances of the object to which they are applied being made of the material of which the radical part of the derivative is the name: thus, gold-en is a derivative from gold; gold is the radical part of the derivative gold-en; the radical word gold is the name of a material of which certain objects (such as guineas, &c.) may be made. When we say golden guinea we apply the word golden to the object guinea, and express the circumstance of guineas being made of gold, or (in other words) of that material of which gold (the radical part of the derivative word gold-en) is the name. Oak-en, ash-en, beech-en, braz-en, flax-en, gold-en, lead-en, silk-en, wooden, wooll-en, twigg-en (obsolete), hemp-en, wheat-en, oat-en, wax-en. Derivations formed by the addition of the mute letter P.— None. Derivations formed by the addition of the mute letter B.None. Derivations formed by the addition of the mute letter F.None. Derivations formed by the addition of the mute letter V.— In the present stage of the current English language, none. Derivations formed by the addition of the sound of the semivowel W.-In the present stage of the current English, none. Derivations formed by the addition of the sound of the vowel O, originating in -ow or -ov, and spelt in the present English -ow. Although it is proper in all cases of grammar to consider the sound rather than the spelling of words, the derivatives in question are more fitly connected with O than V. By comparison with shade and mead, the forms shad-ow and mead-ow are shown to be derivative; whilst the following forms prove that the -ow, although now sounded as the vowel -o (shadd-o, medd-o), originated in -w or -v: skad-v-j-anto sha-dow, M. G.; scead-uw-es shadow's, A. S.; scead-ew-an= to sha-dow, A. S. Derivation by means of the addition of the mute consonant T.-1. Substantives.-Words which in A. S. ended in -t, gif-t, shrif-t, thef-t, wef-t (weave), rif-t, drif-t, thrif-t, fros-t (freeze), gris-t (grind), fligh-t, sigh-t, draugh-t (draw), weigh-t. 2. Words which in A. S. ended in -ta. The compounds of the word wright (from the root work); such as cart-wrigh-t, wheel-wrigh-t, mill-wright, &c. Adjective.-Tigh-t (tie). Derivations by means of the addition of the mute consonant D. -Substantives.-Bran-d (burn, brenn, obsolete), floo-d (flow), mai-d (may in Lowland Scotch), see-d (sow), bur-d-en (bear). Adjectives.—Dea-d (die), col-d (cool). In the word thir-d, from three, the d stands for th (as in fif-th, &c.), in order to avoid the occurrence of the sound of th twice within the same syllable. Derivation by means of the addition of TH (A. S. p) as sounded in thin.-Substantives.-The following words ending in -th are the names of abstract ideas; dea-th, bir-th (bear), heal-th, leng-th, bread-th, heigh-th, dep-th, mir-th, tru-th (trow, Lowland Scotch), weal-th, fil-th, til-th (tillage, or tilled ground), ki-th (as in the phrase kith and kin). Adjectives. The syllable -cou-th in the compound word uncou-th. This word originally meant unknown, originating in the word ken to know. This we see from the following forms, kun-p-s, in the Moso-Gothic, and chun-t, in the Old HighGerman, signifying known (kenned). Derivatives by means of the addition of TH (A. S. X) as sounded in thine.-Bur-th-en, derived from bear. Derivatives by means of the addition of the sound of the mute consonant S, sounded as in sin.-Substantives.-In the word goose (goo-se) the -s is no part of the original word, in which also an -n and a -d have been lost. Compare the German word gan-s, and the English word gand-er. The -s in goo-se is derivative. Derivatives by means of the addition of the sound of the Z in zeal and the S in flags (flagz).—Verbs.—Clean-se (clenz), from clean. In A. S. clæn-s-i-an. Derivatives by means of the addition of the sound of the SH in shine.-Few or none. Derivation by means of the addition of the sound of the Z in azure.-None. Derivation by means of the addition of the mute letter K.Hill-ock. Derivation by means of the addition of the mute letter G.— None. Derivations formed by the addition of the sound of the vowel E (as in feet), originating in -ig, and spelt in the present English -y.—All the derivative adjectives that now end in -y, ended in A. S. in ig; as blood-y, craft-y, drear-y, might-y, mist-y, mood-y, merr-y, worth-y, of which the A. S. forms were blod-ig, craft-ig, dreór-ig, miht-ig, mist-ig, mód-ig, myr-ig, worth-ig. Although it is proper in all cases of grammar to consider the sound rather than the spelling of words, the derivatives in question are more fitly placed in the present section than elsewhere. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -ing.Farth-ing (1), rid-ing* (3, a corruption from thrith-ing). Also clean-s-ing, dawn-ing, morn-ing. In these words the -ing was originally -ung; as clan-s-ung, dag-ung, A. S. It is clear that forms like cleansing from the A. S. clans-ung, are different in origin from the participles in -ing, as cleans-ing. This double origin of words in -ing should be remembered. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -l-ing.— Gos-l-ing (little goose), duck-l-ing (little duck), dar-l-ing (little dear), hire-l-ing, found-l-ing, fond-l-ing, nest-l-ing, &c. The words of this class are generally diminutives, or words expressive of smallness. The word diminutive is derived from the Latin word diminuo to diminish. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -kin.* As the three ridings of Yorkshire. Lamb-kin (little lamb), mann-i-kin (little man). Words ending in -kin are chiefly diminutives. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -rel.—Cockerel (little cock), pick-erel (little pike). Diminutives. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -ard.Drunk-ard, stink-ard. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -old.Thresh-old. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -ern.— East-ern, west-ern, north-ern, south-ern. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -ish.Child-ish, Engl-ish, self-ish, whit-ish. This class comprises several adjectives. It must not be thought that the forms in -ish are examples of the sound of the sh in shine being used in derivation; since the original form was -isk; cild-isc (child-ish), Engl-isc (English), A. S. This softening down of the sound of -sk (or -sc) into that of the sh in shine occurs in many languages. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -ness— Good-ness, bad-ness, wicked-ness, bright-ness, dark-ness, weariness, dreari-ness, &c. These form a numerous and important class. The fact to be here noticed is, that the -n- is, most probably, no part of the original form. This was simply -ass-or -uss-as in words like fil-ussi (a crowd) in the Moso-Gothic; and hence the proper way of showing the structure of the words in question is to write them as follows:-good-n-ess, badn-ess, dark-n-ess, &c. The origin of the -n- has not been satisfactorily determined. Derivation by means of the addition of the syllable -ster.Song-ster, pun-ster. Originally words in -str- were limited to the names of females, and were opposed to the substantives in -er, the names of male agents. Thus, in A. S. Sangere, a male singer Seamere, a male seamer were opposed to Sængestre, a female singer. Bæcestre, a female baker. (or seamstress). The single word spin-ster, still retains its feminine force. Derivation by means of changing the sound of a consonant.— Price, prize; cloth, clothe;* use, use (pronounced uze); grass, graze; grease (pronounced greace), grease (pronounced greaze). In each of the pairs of words given above, the former is a substantive, and the latter a verb. The verb is formed from the substantive by changing the sharp mute into its corresponding flat one. Derivation by means of changing the sound of a vowel.—Rise, raise; lie, lay; fall, fell; sit, set. The generality of these words are verbs. There are, however, a few nouns, as top, tip; cat, kit. Derivation by means of transposing the accent.-See p. 44. This takes place only with words not of Anglo-Saxon origin. Certain words have the appearance of being derived when they are really compound. This takes place when they alter in form, and no longer look like original independent words. The adjectives and adverbs ending in -ly are of this kind; such as man-ly, bright-ly. In the present language the syllable -ly has not, by itself, any meaning at all, and, consequently, is no separate independent word. Originally, however, it was a separate and independent word; in A. S. -lic, in O. H. G. -lih, in M. S. -leik. In other words, it was neither more nor less than the word like. The same is the case with words ending in -ric (as bishopric), with words ending in -ship (as friend-ship), with words ending in -hood (as man-hood), and with words ending or beginning with miss- (as a-miss, mis-take), and with several others. In some older stages of language the words -ric, -ship, -hood, miss- (or -miss), were separate independent words with separate independent meanings. The precise meaning, however, is not always easily ascertained. Certain words have the appearance of being compounds when they are really derived. This is the case with words like upmost (see chapter on Superlatives), where combinations like those of the sound of -m and -ost, take the appearance of separate independent words. $335. Current and obsolete processes.-The present is a * Pronounced clodhe. |