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. between Christ and Julius Cæsar. A similar" History of the Reformation" has been published by professor Heeren of Göttingen, entitled "Kleine Historische Scrif ten;" but its plan embraces other reformations as well.

Upon crossing the Atlantic, we perceive that America is still rather supplied from the British press, than a contributor to the press from her own powers. Among the most important of her indigenous labours, we have to notice a posthumous publication of the "Works of Dr. William Smith, late Provost of the College of Philadelphia," in two volumes octavo, consisting of sermons, essays, and occasional criticisms, many of which last might have been omitted without loss to any thing but the size of the volumes:" "A Companion to the Fasts and Festivals of the Episcopal

Church," published anonymously; but chiefly selected from Nelson's excellent work on the same subject: "A Companion to the Altar," by Mr. Hobart, considerably indebted to the same source: " An Ecclesias tical History of New England," designed chiefly for the use of the Baptist persuasion; of which the author, Mr. Backus of Massachu sets, is a member, and to whose individual concerns and afflictions it is limited: Dr. Young's "Uni versal Restoration of all Men, proved by Reason, Scripture, and Common Sense," which evinces more benevolence of heart than legitimacy of argument; and a few single sermons upon particular occasions, by Dr. Livingston, Dr. Moore, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of New York, Dr. White, and Mr. Alden, which offer nothing for individual detail.

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CHAPTER II.

PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL.

POSTHUMOUS "History of Medicine," in two volumes octavo, the work of M. Tourtelle, Professor in the University of Besançon, and Professor in the School of Physic at Strasburg, has been published by his son. Its range is from the origin of medicine to the commencement of the eighteenth century; and consequently merely retreads the ground which has been so frequently trodden over, and so minutely beaten before, as to leave scarcely any point of importance to be gleaned of which the world has not been long in possession; and especially in consequence of the popular productions of Castel

lanus, Le Clerc, Freind, and Good. The history is divided into the four periods; 1st, of the antients, comprising the entire space from the earliest annals of medicine to the commencement of the Arabian æra; 2dly, the period that extends from the destruction of the Alexandrian library in the sixth, to the beginning of the fifteenth contury; 3dly, from the beginning of the fifteenth to the close of the sixteenth century, and consequently including the first dawn of medical knowledge upon its resurrection, till it had acquired some consider. able pretensions to scientific ar rangement: 4thly, the whole of

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the seventeenth century, comprising the history of Van Hel mont, Sanctorius, Des Cartes, Sydenham, Mead, Hoffman, Boerhaave, Stahl, and other learned physicians of the same epoch. The work would have been more valuable if it had extended a century lower; and its value would have been still further augmented, had it been less a biography of medical practitioners than a well digested history of the progress of medical science and opinions; ideas, however, distinct in themselves, and which cannot, expediently, be treat. ed of in the same publication.

M. Salmade, member of the academic societies of sciences, natural history, and medicine, has com. menced a work of which the first volume only is announced, entitled "Precis d' Observations Practiques sur les Maladies de la Lymphe, &c.""Summary of Practical Observations on the Diseases of the Lymphatic Vessels, on the Rickets and Scrofula;" and M. Pomme has re-edited, with considerable improvements, two popular works first introduced to the public four or five years ago, the one entitled "Mémoires et Observations Cliniques sur l'Abûs du Quinquina ;" and the other "Traite des Affections Vapeureuses des deux sexes; ou, Maladies Nervouses; vulgaire ment appellées Maux des Neris."

M. Brieude, of the Medical Society of Paris, has published, in two volumes octavo, "A Treatise on Phthisis Pulmonalis:" in which he directs his chief attention to the origin of the complaint. He then divides it into acute and chronic with regard to the duration of the disease, and tracheal and pumonary in relation to its particular seat. His Thesaurus Medicaminum is but small, and for the most part feeble,

excepting when he recurs to mercury, which in its muriatic state, and exhibited in the form of syrup, he regards as highly efficacious in stimulating the secretory organs, removing obstructions in the lungs, and resolving tubercles of every kind: he hence believes it to be highly beneficial in every species and stage of the disease, excepting the colliquative. Into its different species, however, he has not entered with any accurate discrimination; and he is palpably defective in the science of pneumatic chemistry.

M. Reich's "Treatise on Fever and its general Treatment," published originally in the German tongue, has been translated into Latin by M. Kölreuter, and printed at Carlsruhe. The translator has appended four excellent memoirs of his own; on vital power; on certain cases of practical medicine; on delirium and mania; on epide mic putrid fever.

In our last retrospect we noticed that the Brunonian or rather Brownéan hypothesis had continued to excite much controversy, not only in Germany, but in Italy and Spain. In the first of these countries the dispute is still persevered in with unabating acrimony: yet so many forcible objections have been offered against it, that it is professed by few of its vota ries without some degree of modification, Röschlaub, Frank, Pfaff, and Van Hoven, are amongst the warmest of its adherents: while professor Kilian of the university of Bamberg has been fighting it, not merely by general opposition, but by advan cing the very questionable theory of Schelling as a more rational and intelligible system. This Schellingian system has also been started in Sweden by M. Troxler, a physician of some celebrity, who finished

his academical studies at Jena, in a work entitled "Versuche in der Organischen Physic," "Essays on Organic Physics." It is here, likewise, designed to combat the Brownéan hypothesis of excitability.

From various observations in professor Metzger's "Gericht Îichmedecinische Abhandlunger," "Dissertations on Medical Jurisprudence," and more especially in an express treatise on the danger of the yellow fever of America spreading in Europe, and the most effectual means of preventing it, it should seem that the idea that this dreadful malady is not contagious, or in other words that it is a mere topical or acclimating affection, is not the general opinion of the continent. We perceive in America, "A Collection of Facts; interspersed with Observations on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of the Yellow Fever," by Dr. Ruston; written with a view of confirming the same opinion. This work, however, which is published in the form of letters to the inhabitants of the United States, and has only closed what the author calls his first part, has now no prospect of being completed, in consequence of his premature death. The work institutes a comparison between the yellow fever and various other plagues and pestilences, from that of Athens described by Thucydides, to that of London in 1665.

The cow-pox does not appear to haye excited quite so much perturbation in other countries, as it has done of late in England: it seems to be advancing with an easy and gradual progress; yet its inefficiency, together with a variety of evils de pendent upon it, have been attempted to be exposed by Dr. Caldan, in a memoir read before

the academy at Padua, exhibiting a variety of unsuccessful cases that had occurred in the Friuli. This memoir, however, has been replied to with some warmth by Dr. Deme trio Neranzi of Padua, Drs. Miotti and Mazzaroli of Udina, and espe cially Dr. Pegrani of the same place in his Ragguaglio della Vaccina in Friuli. It is the object of the combatants to prove that the evils referred to by Dr. Caldan had no existence, or were much exag gerated in his relation of them. A little opposition appears also to be still exhibited in France, as we judge from various publications which have reached us, and especially "Quelques Observations im portantes," &c. "Several curious and important Observations rela tive to the Vaccine Inoculation in particular and the Medical Art in general," by M. Jonard, an intelligent physician of the department of the allies. M. Jonard is a most strenuous advocate for the Vaccina; he combats every mischief which is said to attach to it; and not only denies that it ever can lay the foundation of any secondary complaint, but asserts that it facilitates and effects a cure of pre-existing maladies. The sober defenders of the practice will not, however, be obliged to him for this sort of unnecessary and injudicious support.

"Leçons du Cit. Boyer sur les Maladies des Os," "The Lectures of M. Boyer on Diseases of the Bones." This is an useful prac tical work in two octavo volumes, drawn up by M. Richeraud, at the lecturer's express request, and digested into a regular treatise. It is divided into two parts: the first, offering an account of the diseases which affect the substance and continuity of bones; the second, such as attack their articulations or con

nexion.

nexions. The best chapter is on this white-swelling. In that on necro sis, the authors discover a palpable inacquaintance with Mr. Russell's valuable treatise on this subject.

M. Vincenzo Malacerne of Padua, in his " Ricordi dell' Anatomia, Chirurgice, &c." "Records Anatomical and Chirurgical respecting the Head and Neck," has discovered himself to be an excellent anatomist and a skilful operator. The present work, which comprises two volumes octavo, includes several minor publications by the same author of an anterior date. In the first section of the first volume he treats of the external parts of the head: and of the internal in the second. The same order is pursued in the second volume, with additional and minuter

remarks.

In Germany, M. Blumenbach has completed and published his "Manual of Comparative Anatomy," which, if not equal to the more operose works of Camper and Cuvier, will be found highly useful as a book of easy reference; and M. Sömmering has published a set of excellent plates of the human eye, *Icones Oculi Humani." M. The low of Erfurt has commenced a series of "Descriptions of remarkable pathologico-anatomical subjects," under the title of "Beschrelungen Merkwürdiger Pathologischanatomischer Gegenstünde," of which the first number only has been offered to the public: and a society of able practitioners have given notice of publishing, at Halle, a " Journal for Anatomical Varieties." The cranioscopy of Dr. Gall seems to be gaining credit on the continent although with various modifications. The chief publications on this subject are by

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Hagedorn, Leune and Walther; to which may be added the anatomical figures of Loder, which are now completed, and cannot but be acceptable to the medical and chi rurgical student.

In the field of pharmacy we meet with little worthy of distinct enumeration. M. Tromsdorf of Er fuhrt has republished his "Lehrbuch der Pharmaceutischen Che mie." "Manual of Pharmaceutic Chemistry," as also his "Apotheker schule" "Tabular instructions for Apothecaries ;" and M. Bucholz of the same city has edited his" Gendris der Pharmacie, &c." "Ele ments of Pharmacy in conjunction with Chemistry:" but there is little in either that can promise them an extensive or pre-eminent fame. There is something more valuable in M. Rivet's "Dictionnaire Rai sonnée de Pharmacie." "Descriptive Dictionary of Chemical, Theoretical, and Practical Pharmacy," published in two volumes at Paris, and which might per haps answer in an English ver sion. M. Parmentier has also compiled his "Code Pharmaceu tique," for the use of the civil. hospitals, by order of the minister of the interior: but it is in many respects unworthy of his abilities. The divisions are the usual ones: the list of materia medica precedes: the officinal preparations follow; and what the French style the magistral constitute the next class. M. Parmentier has offered his reforms with a timid and sparing hand, but his introductions to the different classes of medicines will be found valuable. M. Beaupoil has published some important "Inquiries ("Recherches MedicoChimiques") into the Virtues and Principles of Cantharides," in which

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he has successfully followed up the experiments of Thouvenel introduced into the Annals of Chemi. stry. We wish much that we had space or time to analyse these useful indagations.

In scientific and practical chemistry, M. Cadet has published an able dictionary in four volumes octavo. It includes the new the .ories and language, and on these accounts is superior to the present Chemical Dictionary of our own countryman Nicholson. The Paris New Dictionary of Natural History" is also completed. It extends to twenty-four octavo volumes; and is not more full than interesting.

The favourable report of M. La Croix to the National Institute, upon the merits of S. DandaJo's "Fondamenti della Scienza Chimico-Physica." "The Foundations of Philosophic Chemistry applied to the Formation of Bodies, and the Phænomena of Nature," has produced a second edition of this excellent work at Milan. Professor Winter has published a smaller and more practical work at Pest, in, Lower Hungary, entitled “Introduction to the Chemistry of the Nineteenth Century;" which would be more valuable, if several of the results it contains were less suspicious, and the author's boast of converting fint into pot-ash could be supported by sufficient experiments.

Gmelin of Göttingen has also re-imprinted his very useful "Grundriss," or "Outlines of Chemistry:" Scherer's Chemical Journal is entitled to respectable notice; but above all the "Allgemeines Journal der Chemie," "General Jour nal of Chemistry, by M. Trommsdorff, which is to be occasionally

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enriched by contributions from Klaproth, Hermbstädt, Scherer, Richter, and others of equal celebrity.

The science of Galvanism has been followed up in Germany in many instances with considerable success; but from the mere love of novelty and an undue force of imagination it has absurdly, at times, been confused with Perkinism and animal magnetism. The best histories of Galvanism and its most extraordinary experiments have been compiled by Trommsdorff and Pfaff.

Spalanzani's posthumous, but very valuable "Memoirs on Respiration," published at Geneva, by M. Senebier, we have already noticed in our account of its English version. No work in hatural his tory has lately appeared before us possessed of equal merit, both on account of accuracy and extent of experiment, and ingenuity of reasoning. Sonnini has been long engaged in publishing a new edition of "Buffon's Natural History:" it is now nearly completed, and will extend to, at least, à hundred-and-twenty octavo volumes. He has been fortunate in his coadjutors: and the additional matter brings down this comprehensive compilation to the latest discoveries. M. Lacépede, who found himself incapable of introducing the whole of his observations upon cetaceous fishes in his general ichthyologic system, has now published their "Natural History" in a separate work. The whale or cetaceous class forms a connecting link be tween other classes of fishes and the mammalia: while their element is that common to the former, their structure corresponds to that of the latter. M. Steinbuch of

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