and Louis XV. was at the charge of his funeral. His corpse was interred with great splendor in the Lutheran church of St. Thomas, at Strasburg, on the 8th of February, 1751. The best edition of his Reveries was printed at Paris 1757, in 2 vols. 4to. It was compared with the original MS. in the king's library. It is accompanied with many designs exactly engraved, and a Life of the Author. M. d'Espagnac published the count's life, in 2 vols. 12mo. SAXIFRAGA, saxifrage, in botany, a genus of the digynia order and decandria class of plants; natural order thirteenth, succulentæ : CAL. quinquepartite: cor. pentapetalous: CAPS. birostrated, unilocular, and polyspermous. There are thirty-eight species; of which the most remarkable are these: 1. S. granulata, or white saxifrage, which grows naturally in the meadows in many parts of England. The roots of this plant are like grains of corn, of a reddish color without; from which arise kidney-shaped hairy leaves, standing upon pretty long foot-stalks. The stalks are thick, a foot high, hairy, and furrowed; these branch out from the bottom, and have a few small leaves like those below, which sit close to the stalk: the flowers terminate the stalk, growing in small clusters; they have five white petals, enclosing ten stamina and the two styles. There is a variety of this with double flowers, which is very ornamental. 2. S. oppositifolia grows naturally on the Alps, Pyrenees, and Helvetian mountains: it is also found pretty plentifully growing upon Ingleborough Hill in Yorkshire, Snowdon in Wales, and some other places. It is a perennial plant, with stalks trailing upon the ground, and are seldom more than two inches long, garnished with small oval leaves standing opposite, which lie over one another like the scales of a fish: they are of a brown-green color, and have a resemblance of heath. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches, of a deep blue; and thus make a pretty appearance during their continuance, which is great part of March and the beginning of April. 3. S. punctata, London pride, grows naturally on the Alps, and also in great plenty on a mountain of Ireland called Mangerton in the county of Kerry. The roots of this are perennial; the leaves are oblong, oval, and placed circularly at bottom. They have broad, flat, furrowed footstalks, and are deeply crenated at their edges, which are white. The stalk rises a foot high, is of a purple color, stiff, slender, and hairy. It sends out from the side on the upper part several short foot-stalks, which are terminated by white flowers spotted with red. 4. S. pyramidata, mountain heath, with a pyramidal stalk, grows naturally on the mountains of Italy. The leaves are tongue-shaped, gathered into heads, rounded at their points, and have cartilaginous and sawed borders. The stalk rises two feet and a half high, branching out near the ground, forming a natural pyramid to the top. The flowers have five white wedge-shaped petals, and ten stamina, placed circularly the length of the tube, terminated by roundish purple summits. When these plants are strong, they produce very large pyramids of flowers, which make a fine appearance. All these species are easily propagated by offsets, or by parting their roots. SAXIFRAGE, n. s. Į Fr. saxifrage; Lat. SAXIFRA GOUS, adj. sarum and frango. A plant: dissolvent of the stone. See below. Saxifrage, quasi saxum frangere, to break the stone, is applicable to any thing having this property; but it is a term most commonly given to a plant, from an opinion of its medicinal virtues to this effect. Quincy, Because goat's blood was found an excellent medicine for the stone, it might be conceived to be able to break a diamond; and so it came to be ordered that the goats should be fed on saxifragous herbs, and such as are conceived of power to break the Browne's Vulgar Errours. stone. SAXO GRAMMATICUS, descended from an illustrious Danish family, was born about the middle of the twelfth century. Stephen, in his edition of Saxo Grammaticus, printed at Soroë, asserts that he must have been alive in 1156, but cannot ascertain the exact place and time of his birth. On account of his learning, Saxo was distinguished by the name of Grammaticus. He was provost of the cathedral church of Roskild, and warmly patronised by the learned and warlike Absolon, the celebrated archbishop of Lunden, at whose instigation he wrote the History of Denmark. His epitaph, a dry panegyric in bad Latin verses, gives no account of the era of his death, which happened, according to Stephens, in 1204. His history, consisting of sixteen books, begins from the earliest accounts of the Danish annals, and concludes with the year 1186. The first part, which relates to the origin of the Danes, and their ancient kings, is full of fables; but the last eight books, and particularly those which regard the events of his own times, deserve the utmost credit. He wrote in Latin: the style, if we consider the barbarous age in which he flourished, is, in general, elegant. Mallet, in his Histoire de Dannemarc, vol. i. p. 182, says that Sperling, a writer of great erudition, has proved, in contradiction to the assertions of Stephens and others, that Saxo Grammaticus was secretary to Absolon; and that the Saxo, provost of Roskild, was another person, and lived earlier. SAXONS, the natives of Saxony, ancient and modern. The ancient Saxons were a brave but fierce people. The Britons, or inhabitants of South Britain, being deserted by the Romans, about the middle of the fifth century, and threatened with utter extirpation by the Scots and Picts, invited the Saxons over from Germany to assist and defend them; in consequence of which a numerous body of them came over under Hengist and Horsa, A. D. 449 or 450; and, repeated emigrations of fresh adventurers successively arriving afterwards, they soon conquered and divided all South Britain, since called England, into seven kingdoms, commonly denominated the Saxon heptarchy. See ENGLAND. With regard to the history of the Saxons, previous to the fourth century, we have very few particulars. The Saxons,' says Mr. Whitaker, have been derived by our historians from very different parts of the globe; India, the north of Asia, and the forests of Germany. And their appellation has been equally referred to very different causes; the name of their Indian progenitor, the plundering disposition of their Asiatic fathers, and the short hooked weapons of their warriors.' But the real origin of the Saxons, and the genuine derivation of their name, seem clearly to be these:-In the earlier period of the Gallic history, the Celta of Gaul crossed the Rhine in considerable numbers, and planted various colonies in the regions beyond it. Thus the Volcæ Tectosages settled on one side of the Hercynian forest and about the banks of the Neckar; the Helvetii upon another, and about the Rhine and Maine; the Boii beyond both; and the Senones in the heart of Germany. Thus also we see the Treviri, the Nervii, the Suevi, and the Marcomanni, the Quadi, the Venedi, and others in that country; all plainly betrayed to be Gallic nations by the Gallic appellations which they bear, and all together possessing the greatest part of it. And, even as late as the conclusion of the first century, we find one nation on the eastern side of this great continent actually speaking the language of Gaul, and another upon the northern using a dialect nearly related to the British. But as all the various tribes of the Germans are considered by Strabo to be yevnoto Taλarai, or genuine Gauls in their origin; so those particularly, who lived immediately beyond the Rhine, and are asserted by Tacitus to be indubitably native Germans, are expressly denominated FalaTal, or Gauls, by Diodorus, and as expressly declared by Dio to have been distinguished by the equivalent appellation of Celta from the earliest period. And the broad line of nations, which extended along the ocean, and reached to the borders of Scythia, was all known to the learned in the days of Diodorus by the same significant appellation of Faλarai, or Gauls. Of these, the most noted were the Si-Cambri and Cimbri; the former being seated near the channel of the Rhine, and the latter inhabiting the peninsula of Jutland. The denominations of both declare their original, and show them to have been derived from the common stock of the Celta, and to be of the same Celtic kindred with the Cimbri of our own Somersetshire, and the Cymbri or Cambrians of our own Wales. The Cimbri are accordingly denominated Celta by Strabo and Appian and they are equally asserted to be Gauls by Diodorus; to be the descendants of that nation which sacked the city of Rome, plundered the temple of Delphi, and subdued a great part of Europe and some of Asia. Immediately to the south of these were the Saxons, extending from the isthmus of the Chersonesus to the current of the Elbe; and they were equally Celtic in their origin as their neighbours. They were denominated Ambrones, as well as Saxons; and, as such, are included by Tacitus under the general appellation of Cimbri, and comprehended by Plutarch under the equal one of Celto-Scythæ. The name of Ambrones appears particularly to have been Gallic; being common to the Saxons beyond the Elbe, and the Ligurians in Cisalpine Gaul; as both found, to their surprise, on the irruption of the former into Italy with the Cimbri. And, what is equally surprising, and has been equally unnoticed by the critics, the Welsh distinguish England by the name of Loegr or Liguria, even to the present moment. In that irruption, these Saxons, Ambrones, or Ligurians, composed a body of more than 30,000 men, and were principally concerned in cutting to pieces the large armies of Manlius and Cæpio. Nor is the appellation of Saxons less Celtic than the other. It was originally the same with the Belgic Suessones of Gaul; the capital of that tribe being now entitled Soissons by the French, and the name of the Saxons pronounced Saisen by the Welsh, Sason by the Scots, and Saisenach or Saxsenath by the Irish. And the Suessones or Saxones of Gaul derived their own appellation from the position of their metropolis on a river, the stream at Soissons being now denominated the Aisne, and formerly the Axon; Uess-on, or Axon, importing only waters, or a river, and S-uess-on or S-ax-on the waters of the river. The Suessones, therefore, are actually denominated the Uessones by Ptolemy; and the Saxones are actually entitled the Axones by Lucan. These, with their brethren and allies the Cimbri, having been more formidable enemies to the Romans by land than the Samnites, Carthaginians, Spaniards, Gauls, or Parthians, in the second century applied themselves to navigation, and became nearly as terrible by sea. They soon made themselves known to the inhabitants of the British isles by their piracies in the northern channels, and were denominated by them Lochlyn or Lochly nach; lucd-lyn signifying the people of the wave, and the D being quiescent in the pronunciation. They took possession of the Orkney Islands, which were then merely large shoals of land, uncovered with woods, and overgrown with rushes; and they landed in the north of Ireland, and ravaged the country. Before the middle of the third century they made a second descent upon the latter, disembarked a considerable body of men, and designed the absolute subjection of the island. Before the conclusion of it, they carried their naval operations to the south, infested the British Channel with their little vessels, and made frequent descents upon the coasts. And in the fourth and fifth centuries, acting in conjunction with the Picts of Caledonia and the Scots of Ireland, they ravaged all the east and south-east shores of Britain, began the formal conquest of the country, and finally settled their victorious soldiery in Lancashire. The division of Germany into circles took place towards the close of the fifteenth century, when the large tract of country known vaguely by the name of Saxony, was formed into three circles, Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower Saxony. Upper might with more propriety have been styled Eastern Saxony, being bounded by Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia on the east, and by Bohemia and Franconia on the south. Its extent was about 43,000 square miles; its population about 4,000,000. It comprised the electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, the duchy of Pomerania, and a number of small principalities. The name of Upper is to be understood as implying a surface of such comparative elevation as to cause several rivers (the Elbe, Spree, and others) to flow to the westward towards Lower Saxony. That country, which might have been termed Western Saxony, had Westphalia and the Rhine to the west, and Sleswick with the Baltic to the north. Its area contained 26,000 square miles, and comprised the electorate of Hanover, the duchies of Mecklenburg, Brunswick, and Holstein, the free towns of Hamburgh, Bremen, Lubeck, with a number of small states. In 1806 the distinction of circles was finally abolished, and the names of Upper and Lower Saxony are now of use only in history. SAXONY, a modern kingdom of Europe, is situated towards the north-east of Germany, and bounded on the south by Bohemia, and on the north by the Prussian states. Previous to 1814 it contained 2,000,000 of inhabitants (exclusive of the part of Poland subject to this crown); but it was reduced by the congress of Vienna. At present its divisions, extent and population, are, The length of Saxony is 140 miles, its greatest breadth about seventy-five. No part of Europe in the same latitude enjoys a milder climate. Towards the north-east of the frontier line, and in a quarter where the lofty range of the Erzgebirge is succeeded by a lower, called the Wohlische Kamm, the Elbe issues from Bohemia. The other considerable rivers are the two Elsters, the two Muldas, and the Queiss, all rising in the south of Saxony, and flowing northward, but not navigable here. The Elbe, on the other hand, is navigable, and, by its course through the centre of the country, affords a noble conveyance for merchandise. The mountainous districts in the south contain extensive forests, which are kept up with care as the supply of fuel for the mines. Coal and turf are used for domestic fuel. In the southern and mountainous parts the valleys only are well cultivated; but in the level districts, particularly the circles of Meissen and Leipsic, the products are wheat, barley, oats, and other grain, tobacco and hops. Vines are found in a few situations. The number of sheep is large, and great care has been bestowed on the Merino rams, first imported about the year 1768; the Saxon wool, indeed, has been rendered, by good management, the best in Germany. Hogs are also numerous. Few countries equal Saxony in mineral riches. The rocks of the Erzgebirge furnished Werner with the facts on which he founded a system of geology. The basis of the Erzgebirge is granite, covered by gneiss, mica, and clay slate in succession. Between these are strata, containing metallic ores. The rocks, called in this country weiss-stein (white-rock), contain a variety of heterogeneous substances, such as feldtspar, mica, garnet, and cyanite. Basalt is found in various parts, towering above the others in lofty polygonal columns. The topaz occurs frequently, and there are found also chrysolites, amethysts, chalcedonies, cornelians, agates, jasper, garnets, and tourmalins; serpentine, asbest, amianthus, barytes, and fluates of lime. The porcelain clay in the neighbourhood of Meissen is well known ; here are also fullers'-earth, terra-sigillata, and other argillaceous minerals. There are also a few silver mines. The lofty primitive mountains abound in iron; the secondary in copper and lead. Next to these are arsenic, cobalt, antimony, manganese, zinc, sulphur, alum, vitriol, and borax. The manufactures and trade are of great extent, and are somewhat similar to those of England. The weaving of linen is an employment of old date, and is carried on in almost every village of the kingdom, but more particularly in Upper Lusatia, at Zittau, Bautzen, and Herrnhut. Woollens are likewise manufactured extensively, and cotton spinning and weaving on a good scale. The machinery used in Saxony, though inferior to the English, has of late years been much improved; labor also is cheap. There are silk manufactures on a small scale at Leipsic and other towns. Tanneries are more general, and paper manufactories are not inconsiderable. Every town of consequence has its breweries and distilleries. The manufactures connected with the mines are of course of considerable extent. At Dresden there are foundries of cannon and balls. Cobalt is made into smalts and blue dye in several towns in the mining district; other places are noted for the manufacture of verdigris and green dye. The exports from Saxony consist in wool and minerals; linen, yarn, woollens, and lace. The imports are silk, flax, cotton, coffee, sugar, wine, and in certain seasons corn. The most trading place is Leipsic, which is remarkable both for its half-yearly fairs, and for being the centre of the book trade. Saxony reckons among its inhabitants a great majority of Lutherans, but the reigning family have been Catholics since 1697. The institutions for education in this country are numerous and well conducted, it being a common remark that in no country, except Scotland and the Pays de Vaud, are the lower classes so generally taught to read and write. In no country of equal extent is the number of printing and book establishments so great. Halle now belongs to Prussia, but Leipsic remains to Saxony, and maintains its reputation. The German character predominates among this people, as is evinced, among other things, by the minuteness with which they too often treat an insignificant subject; also in the more creditable points of the general modesty of their females. The revenue of Saxony, after defraying all local expenses, probably exceeds £1,000,000 sterling, and Saxony has long been burdened with a national debt. The army, which in this country was never large in proportion to its po pulation, is on a peace establishment of 12,000 distinct military division; the chief town is men, the best disciplined part of whom are Madgeburg. cavalry and artillery. After being, during many centuries, an electorate, Saxony was formed in 1806 into a kingdom, in consequence of the occupancy of Prussia by Buonaparte. This change of title was not accom panied by an extension of prerogative, the sovereign continuing to share the legislative functions with the states. The states are divided into two houses, viz. the prelates and nobles in one, and in the other the country gentry and deputies of the towns. The higher offices of administration are entrusted to a cabinet council, a board of finance, a military board, a high court of appeal for judicial questions, and an upper consistory for ecclesiastical. Each circle has a court of justice, and offices for the transaction of provincial business. The peasantry are here in the enjoyment of complete personal freedom. The king, as a member of the Germanic confederation, has the fourth rank in the smaller, and four votes in the larger assembly.¦ Saxony remained neutral in the war of 1740 between Prussia and Austria. In that of 1756 she was tempted to take part by Austria; but, instead of an accession of territory, she saw her dominions ravaged and many of her subjects ruined. The peace of 1763 left her country loaded with an enormous debt. In the war of 1793 the con The tingent furnished by Saxony against France SAXONY, a province of the Prussian states, situated to the west of Brandenburgh, and north of the kingdom of Saxony. It comprises almost the whole of the cessions made by the latter power at the congress of Vienna, the principalities to the north of the duchy of Anhalt, and to the west of the rivers Elbe and Havel; so that the whole now forms an area of 9830 square miles, with more than 1,000,000 of inhabitants. It is divided into the governments of Magdeburg, Merseburg, and Erfurt, and forms a This province is in general level, the only hills being part of the Hartz, in the south-west corner, and a detached part of the Thuringian forest. The rest is varied only by insignificant elevations. The soil, however, varies, being in some places dry and sandy, and in others a heavy loam. No part of the Prussian states possesses a more fertile land and good husbandry. There are some large forests, but in the far greater part wood is scarce. The objects of cultivation are corn, hemp, flax, and chicory for making coffee. Pit coal and metals are found in the mountains of the Hartz; porcelain clay in the level ground in the south; but the product hitherto most profitable is salt obtained from brine springs by evaporation. The richest of these springs is in the government of Merseburg, where it is often difficult to find pure water for drinking. The inhabitants are almost all Protestants, except in the little district called the Eichsfeld. Having enjoyed the benefits of an enlightened government, both under Prussia and Saxony, they are in general active and industrious. The commerce is insignificant. SAY, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Į Sax. recgan; Belg. pronounce; utter; relate: a speech, and (abridged from ASSAY) a sample; trial: saying is an expression; a word; a proverb. And hise britheren seiden to him, passe fro hennis, and go into Judee, that also thi disciplis seen thi Wichif Jan. 7. werkis that thou doist. Speak unto Solomon; for he will not say thee nay. 1 Kings He said moreover, I have somewhat to say unto ld. thee; and she said, Say on. Say nothing to any man, but go thy way. Mar. Moses fled at this saying, and was a stranger in Midian. Then shall be said or sung as follows. Common Prayer. SAY (Samuel), an English dissenting minis ter, was born in 1675. After acting as chaplain and preacher in Andover and Yarmouth, he was settled at Lowestofft for eighteen years. He next became colleague to the Rev. Samuel Baxter, at Ipswich, for nine years, and at last, in 1734, succeeded the celebrated Dr. Edmund Calamy at Westminster; where he died April 12th, 1743, aged sixty-eight. A volume of his poems was published in 4to., 1743, with two essays in prose, On the Harmony, Variety, and Power of Numbers; which have been much admired. These were published for the benefit of his daughter. He wrote several other tracts. SAY, in commerce, a kind of serge much used abroad for linings, and by the religious for shirts; with us it is used for aprons by several sorts of artificers, being usually dyed green. SAYANSKIE, a chain of mountains in Siberia, forming a prolongation of the Altai, and a line of separation between Siberia and Chinese Tartary. They extend between the Upper Yenisei and the lake Baikal, and consist chiefly of naked rocks of a red granite. They are divided into two ranges, one of which, bordering on the Yenisei, derives its name from that river, the other from the city of Krasnoiarsk. SAYPAN, one of the Ladrone Islands, about twenty miles in circumference. According to some it does not afford the same refreshments to ships that touch there as Tinian, though Anson, by whom it was visited, says that it presents an aspect not in any respect less agreeable. Voyagers in general agree in giving Tinian the preference to Saypan, both in regard to extent and beauty. Long. 145° 55′ E., lat. 15° 13′ N. SBIRRI, from Ital. sbirri, an archer, a name given to a class of armed police in Italy, resembling the French gens'd'armes in every thing but their usefulness. They patrole with a large cocked hat, armed with a fusil, pistols, and invariably with a poniard. They are under the immediate command, and subject to the orders of, the different intendants or governors of provinces, and, in small towns, under those of the magistrates. The sbirri are employed like our Bow Street officers, in taking up thieves and assassins, whom they are authorised to lodge in the different prisons, and at whose execution they must personally attend. These men are, in general, despised, and not much feared by the people; they are often accused of being in communication with the leaders of the various gangs of robbers and assassins that infest Italy, particularly the Appennine mountains. SCAB, n. s. SCABB'ED, adj. SCABB'Y, Sax. rcæb; Ital. scabbia; (Lat. scabies. An incrustation formed over a sore; a disease of animals: the adjectives all follow the sense of the noun-substantive. Her writhled skin, as rough as mapple rind, SCA BIOUS. So scabby was, that it would have loathed all womankind. Faerie Queene. What's the matter you dissentious rogues, That rubbing the poor itch of your opinion, Make yourselves scabs? Shakspeare. Coriolanus. I would thou did'st itch from head to foot, and I had the scratching of thee, I would make thee the Shakspeare. loathsomest scab in Greece. The briar fruit make those that eat them scabbed. Bacon. That free from gouts thou may'st preserve thy care, And clear from scabs produced by freezing air. Dryden. SCABBARD, n. s. Germ. schap―Junius; Goth. skalpen. The sheath of a sword. Enter fortune's gate, Nor in thy scabbard sheath that famous blade, Till settled be thy kingdom and estate. Fairfax. What eyes! how keen their glances! you do well to keep 'em veiled; they are too sharp to be trusted out o' th' scabbard. Dryden's Spanish Fryar. SCABIOSA, scabious, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order and tetrandria class of plants, natural order forty-eighth, aggregatæ. Common CAL. polyphyllous; proper, double superior; the receptacle paleaceous or naked. The most remarkable species are,— 1. S. arvensis, the meadow scabious, which grows naturally in many places of Britain. It has a strong, thick, fibrous root, sending out many branching stalks, which rise to the height of three feet. The lower leaves are sometimes almost entire, and at others they are cut into many segments almost to the midrib. The flowers are produced upon naked foot-stalks at the end of the branches; they are of a purple color, and have a faint odor. 2. S succisa, or devil's bit, grows naturally in |