Foundation English

Note 3. When titles of persons, books, and magazine articles or the like are quoted, they are sometimes enclosed by quotation marks, especially in manuscript.

"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is one of the essays in "The Sketch-Book", written by Irving, one of whose pen-names was "Geoffrey Crayon".

IX. The Apostrophe.

1. The apostrophe is used to denote the possessive

case.

1. The boys were hunting for squirrels' nests.

2. The boys were hunting for the squirrel's nest.

Note: The pronouns ours, hers, its, and theirs take no apostrophe.

2. The apostrophe is used to denote the omission of letters or figures.

1. 'Tis (it is) the last rose of summer.

2. Aren't (are not) you going to the fair to-morrow?

3. I was graduated with the class of '99 (1899).

4. It's (it is) fine weather for sailing.

3. The apostrophe is used to make plurals of letters and figures.

1. Mind your p's and q's.

2. Cross out all your 6's.

II. RULES FOR CAPITALIZATION

1. A capital should be used for the first letter of the first word of—

1. A sentence.

2. A line of poetry.
3. A direct quotation.

4. The topics of an outline.

5. The title of a book, a poem, an essay, a story, etc.

Examples of the above rules are shown in boldfaced type below.

(Poetry.) Pack clouds, away, and welcome day,

With night we banish sorrow.

(Direct Quotation.) It was Shakspere who said: "The quality of mercy is not strained".

(Topics.) The causes of this fierce spirit of liberty were, 1. Descent.

2. Government.

3. Religion in the North.

(Titles.) The first chapter of "The House of the Seven Gables" is entitled, "The Old Pyncheon

Family".

Macaulay wrote an essay called, "The Life and

Writings of Addison", and also some poems called, "Lays of Ancient Rome".

2. The pronoun I and the interjection O should be written as capitals.

3. A capital should be used for the first letter of

3. The name of the Deity.

4. Names of sects and parties.

5. Names of historical events and documents.

6. Adjectives when used as names.

Examples of the above rules are shown in boldfaced type below.

(Titles.) The King of England. Secretary of War. The President of the United States.

(Names of persons.) Mary. John. Smith. Jones and Co.

(Names of localities.) Essex Street. Boston. Buzzard's Bay. Merrimac River. The

West. The South.

(The Deity.) The Almighty. The Creator.

(Sects and Parties.) Protestants. Catholics. Methodists. Republicans. Democrats.

(Historical Events.) The Civil War. The War of Inde

pendence. The Constitution of the

United States. The Declaration of
Independence. The Monroe Doc-

trine.

(Adjectives used as names.) The American people.

Indian boy. A British ship.

A Latin lesson. A French soldier.

4. A capital should be used as the first letter of

1. The days of the week.

2. The months of the year.

3. Festivals and holidays.

Thursday. February. Easter. Washington's Birthday. Labor Day. Good Friday.

5. A capital should usually be used as the first letter of every word in a title except articles, prepositions, and conjunctions.

"Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers", by Burroughs. "Three Men in a Boat", by Jerome K. Jerome.

APPENDIX C

RULES FOR SPELLING1

1. Monosyllables ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant on adding another syllable; for example, run, running; slip, slipped.

Dissyllables, when accented on the last syllable, follow the same rule; for example, occur, occurred; prefer, preferring.

Note: A single vowel after qu also doubles the final consonant, as in equip, equipped; equal, equalling.

Exercise. Apply the above rule to the following words:

1In the preparation of this book the author intended to give a representative list of words ordinarily misspelled in the secondary school. Such a list, however, could not fail to be incomplete, and on her attention being called to "Daly's Advanced Rational Speller," (Benj. H. Sanborn & Co.), it seemed better to refer teachers to this and strongly commend its use with poor spellers. It is a three years' record of the misspelled words in all subjects pursued at one of the largest Washington, D. C., High Schools. It is an admirable Speller and is used in hundreds of the leading secondary schools of the country.

2. When a word ends in y preceded by a consonant, change y to i before a suffix not beginning with i; for example, hurry, hurries; happy, happily.

When the y is preceded by a vowel, no change is made; for example, gay, gayer; pulley, pulleys.

Exercise. Apply the above rule to the following words: