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From what highth fallen; fo much the stronger

prov'd

He with his thunder: and till then who knew
The force of thofe dire arms? Yet not for those,
Nor what the potent victor in his rage
Can elfe inflict, do I repent or change,

95

"O foror, O conjux, O fœmina fola fuperftes, "Quam commune mihi genus, et patruelis origo, "Deinde torus junxit, nunc ipfa pericula jungunt." In equal ruin cannot answer to in the glorious enterprise, becaufe Milton places a comma after enterprife, and in conftruction it follows after hazard, not after join'd. NEWTON.

Ver. 93. He with his thunder:]

beauty in this expreffion.

There is an uncommon

Satan difdains to utter the name of

God, though he cannot but acknowledge his fuperiority. See .alfo v. 257.

Ver. 94.

NEWTON.

Yet not for thofe,

Nor what the potent victor in his rage

Can elfe inflict, do I repent or change, &c.] Milton, in this and other paffages where he defcribes the fierce and unrelenting fpirit of Satan, feems very plainly to have copied after the picture that Æfchylus gives of Prometheus. Thus Prometheus, fpeaking of Jupiter, Prom. Vinct. 991.

ῥιπτέσθω μὲν αἰθάλεσα φλόξ,

Λευκοπτέρῳ δὲ νιφάδι, καὶ βροήμασι

Χθονίοις κυκάτω πάνα, καὶ ταρασσέτων

Γνάμψει γὰρ ἐδὲν τῶν δὲ μ', ὥςε καὶ φράσαι, κ. τ. λ. THYER.

ως

Poffibly Milton might recollect the unfubdued fpirit of Capaneus in Dante, Inferno xiv. 52.

"Se Giove ftanchi il fuo fabbro, da cui

"Crucciato prefe la folgore acuta,

"Onde l'ultimo dì percoffo fui,

"O s'egli ftanchi gli altri, a muta a muta,
"In Mongibello alla fucina negra,
"Gridando, Buon Vulcano, ajuta ajuta;

.

Though chang'd in outward luftre, that fix'd

mind,

And high difdain from fenfe of injur’d merit, That with the Mightieft rais'd me to contend, And to the fierce contention brought along 100 Innumerable force of Spirits arm'd,

That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring,
His utmost power with adverfe power oppos'd
In dubious battle on the plains of Heaven,
And fhook his throne. What though the field
be loft?

All is not loft; the unconquerable will,
And ftudy of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to fubmit or yield,

"Sì com'e' fece alla pugna di Flegra,

"E me factti di tutta fua forza,

105

"Non ne potrebbe aver vendetta allegra." TODD. Ver. 98. And high difdain] Thus Speufer, Faer. Qu. i. i. 19. "His gall did grate for grief and high difdain."

This, as Mr. Thyer citing the paffage from Spenfer has obferved, is the alto sdegno of the Italians. Our old poets, I may add, were fond of the expreffion. P. Fletcher has adopted it. See the note on ver. 48 of the prefent Book. And Sir J. Harington, Orl. Fur. 1607, B. xiv. ft. 20.

"they took this thing in high difdaine."

And Sylvefter, Du Bart. 1621, p. 1129.

"Yet out of high difdain, &c." TODD.

Ver. 105.

What though the field be loft?

All is not loft ; &c.] This paffage is an excellent improvement upon Satan's fpeech to the infernal fpirits in Taffo, c. iv. ft. 15; but feems to be expreffed from Fairfax's translation, rather than from the original :

"We loft the field, yet loft we not our heart." NEWTON.

And what is elfe not to be overcome;

grace

That glory never shall his wrath or might
Extort from me. To bow and fue for
With fuppliant knee, and deify his power,
Who from the terrour of this arm fo late
Doubted his empire; that were low indeed,

110

Ver. 109. And what is elfe not to be overcome ;] Milton's own, as well as all fubfequent, editions, till Dr. Newton's appeared, read this line with a note of interrogation. But Dr. Pearce obferved, there fhould be only a femicolon; as the words fignify, And if there be any thing else, befides the particulars mentioned, which is not to be overcome. A literary friend, peculiarly diftinguished by his dramatick taste and judgement, prefers the original punctuation as being more animated, more fuitable to the impetuofity and indignation of the fpeaker. The late Mr. Reed communicated to me his agreement in opinion with Dr. Pearce. TODD.

Ver. 110. That glory &c.] That refers to what went before; to his unconquerable will, and study of revenge, his immortal hate, and courage never to fubmit or yield, and what befides is not to be overcome; thefe Satan esteems his glory, and that glory he fays God fhould never extort from him. Then begins a new fentence, according to all the beft editions, To bow and fue for grace, &c., that were low indeed, &c.; that still referring to what went before: And, by obferving this punctuation, this whole paffage, which has perplexed and confounded many readers and writers, is rendered plain and eafy to be understood. NEWTON.

Ver. 111.

To bow and fue for grace

With fuppliant knee, &c.] The refolution of Satan is that of Prometheus, Efchyl. Prom. Vinct. ver. 1002, ed.

Schütz.

Εἰσελθέτω σὲ μήποθ', ὡς ἐγὼ Διὸς
Γνώμην φοβηθείς, θηλύνες γενήσομαι,
Καὶ λιπαρήσω τὸν μέγα συγάμενον
Γυναικομίμοις ὑπτιάσμασιν χερῶν,

Λῦσαί με δεσμῶν τῶνδε τῇ παντὸς δέω. Topp.

That were an ignominy, and fhame beneath 115
This downfall; fince, by fate, the ftrength of Gods
And this empyreal fubftance cannot fail;
Since through experience of this great event
In arms not worse, in forefight much advanc'd,
may
with more fuccessful hope refolve
To wage, by force or guile, eternal war,

We

120

Irreconcileable to our grand Foe,
Who now triumphs, and, in the excefs of joy
Sole reigning, holds the tyranny of Heaven.

So fpake the apoftate Angel, though in pain, Vaunting aloud, but rack'd with deep despair:

Ver. 116. - fince, by fate, &c.] For Satan fuppofes the Angels to fubfift by fate and neceflity; and he reprefents them of an empyreal, that is a fiery, fubftance, as the Scripture itfelf does, Pfalm civ. 4. "He maketh his Angels fpirits, and his minifters a flame of fire." NEWTON.

Ver. 124. the tyranny of Heaven.] The poet, fpeaking in his own perfon at v. 42, of the fupremacy of the Deity, calls it "the throne and monarchy of God; but here very artfully alters it to the tyranny of Heaven. THYER.

Tyranny vulgarly fignifies the art of tyrannifing; here it fignifies the power, as in Greek. See Euripid. Phoeniff. v. 509. ed. P. Steph. 1602. STILLINGFLeet.

Ver. 126. Vaunting aloud, &c.] Thus Virgil, Æn. i. 212. "Talia voce refert, curífque ingentibus æger

"Spem vultu fimulat, premit altum corde dolorem." Theocritus has exprefied this in a more fimple manner, as better fuited to the paftoral ftile, Idyll. i. 95.

ὰ Κύπρις γελάοισα,

Λαθρα μὲν γελάοισα, βαρὺν δ ̓ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ἔχοισα.

Homer's defeription of Juno in the fame circumftances is more majefiick:

And him thus anfwer'd foon his bold compeer.
O Prince, O Chief of many throned Powers,
That led the embattled Seraphim to war
Under thy conduct, and, in dreadful deeds 130
Fearless, endanger'd Heaven's perpetual king,
And put to proof his high fupremacy,
Whether upheld by strength, or chance, or fate;
Too well I fee and rue the dire event,
That with fad overthrow, and foul defeat,
Hath loft us Heaven, and all this mighty hoft
In horrible deftruction laid thus low,

As far as Gods and heavenly effences
Can perifh for the mind and spirit remains
Invincible, and vigour foon returns,

ἡ δὲ γέλασσε

Χείλεσιν ἐδὲ μέτωπον ἐπ ̓ ὀφρύσι κυανέησιν

Ιάνθη

135

140

One needs not be afraid to pronounce Milton's verfe fuperiour to any of thefe above-quoted, both in the brevity and energy of expreffion, and juftnefs of the thought, arifing from the nature of the foregoing speech, and Satan's prefent mifery.

CALLANDER.

Ver. 131. endanger'd Heaven's perpetual king,} The reader fhould remark here the propriety of the word perpetual. Beëlzebub does not fay eternal king, for then he could not have boasted of endangering his kingdom: but he endeavours to detract as much as he can from God's everlasting dominion, and calls him only perpetual king, king from time immemorial or without interruption, as Ovid ufes perpetuum, Met. i. 4.

"primáque ab origine mundi

"Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen."

What Beelzebub means here, is expreffed more at large afterwards by Satan, v. 637, &c. NEWTON.

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