der the same name an order of knighthood, which still | the Presbyterian Church at Princeton. He was li exists in unabated lustre, and is only conferred as the censed to preach by the Presbytery of New Brunswick reward of extraordinary services.-Biog. Univ. i, 582; in 1824, and soon after became pastor of the same Rose, Biog. Dict.; Biog. Générale, i, 857. church in Charlotte Co., Va., in which his father had commenced his ministry. In 1828 he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian church in Trenton, N J. In 1832 he resigned his charge in Trenton, on account of impaired health, and became editor of the Presbyterian newspaper in Philadelphia. In the following year he was appointed Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres in the college at Princeton, which post he continued to occupy until, in 1844, he was called to the Duane Street church in New York. While fulfilling the professorship he preached regularly to a small congregation of colored people at Princeton, without compensation, for the space of seven years. In 1843 he was made D.D. by Lafayette College, Pa. In 1849 he was appointed by the General Assembly Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Church Government in Princeton Theological Seminary, and in 1851 he was called to take charge of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian church, New York. Here his most important work in the Gos pel ministry was performed. He gathered around him one of the largest and most influential congregations in the land, who were attracted, not by his popular talents, but by his personal worth, and weight, and piety, and by the fervid simplicity with which he preached Christ Jesus. Dr. Alexander was a man of eminent and varied learning, reaching into all the departments of science and literature, the stores of which, in many modern as well as ancient languages, were as familiar to him and as much at his command as those in his mother tongue. Yet his practical religious zeal was so great that the greater part of his writings consists of books for children, and writings to increase practical religion. His rare qualities as a writer and a preacher enabled him to say every thing in a style of originality and peculiar grace. He was equally distinguished for moral excellence, especially for childlike simplicity of character, unaffected humility, and simple but ever-glowing piety. In the spring of 1859 his health began to fail. With a view to its restoration, he went to Virginia in the early summer, and appeared to grow better. About a week before his death he was seized with dysentery, and died at the Red Sweet Springs, Alleghany Co., Va., July 31, 1859. Alexander, Archibald, D.D., LL.D., an eminent Presbyterian clergyman, was born in Rockbridge Co., Va., April 17, 1772, was licensed to preach in 1791, and labored with great acceptance in his native state till 1796, when he accepted the presidency of Han pden Sidney College. By his wisdom and industry he soon imparted to the institution a more healthful and vigorous tone, as well as greatly increased the number of its students. In 1807 he removed to Philadelphia, taking charge of the Pine Street church. Made D.D. in 1810, Dr. Alexander was chosen in 1812 to the professorship of Didactic and Polemic Theology at the Princeton Seminary, then just organized. He continued in this office till his death, Oct. 22, 1851. As a preacher, he was very effective. As a teacher, "Dr. Alexander was possessed of a combination of qualities admirably fitted to secure both the respect and the affection of his students, and the strongest and most unanimous testimony has been borne by multitudes to the beneficial influence of his instructions and example in forming their religious character, in cultivating their intellectual powers, and in storing their minds with useful knowledge. Above eighteen hundred candidates for the ministry had studied under his superintendence, of whom about sixteen hundred were alive at the time of his death, most of them occupied as pastors in the two leading branches of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, but not a few also as missionaries among the heathen. While his great talents and acquirements, his sound judgment, and his profound piety secured their esteem and confidence, his unaffected simplicity, his cordial kindliness, and his hearty vivacity called forth a very large measure of personal affection. He filled for forty years, with powers that scarcely exhibited any symptom of decay, a situation of great influence; he was able and willing to improve fully his opportunities of usefulness, and thus he became a great benefactor to his Church and country, by exerting a most powerful and wholesome influence on the formation of the character of a large number of men who are now making full proof of their ministry, and are workmen that need not to be ashamed" (Brit. Qu. Rev. 1854). His principal works Dr. Alexander's writings are chiefly practical, but are: Brief Compendium of Bible Truth (N. Y. 12mo): all distinguished by breadth of thought and by admira-Advice to a young Christian (Phila.):—Annals of the ble excellence of style. Among them are, A Gift to Jewish Nation (N. Y.):-Bible Dict. (18mo, Phila.):— the Afflicted (12mo):-Geography of the Bible (by J. W. Christian Experience (Phila. 1840, 12mo):-Evidences and J. A. Alexander, 12mo):-Consolation, or Discourses of Christianity (12mo, Phila. 1825; often reprinted): to the suffering Children of God (N. Y. 1853, 8vo):— Hist. of the Patriarchs (1833, Phila.):-Canon of O. and American Mechanic (2 vols. 18mo):-Thoughts on FamN. T. (Phila. 1851, 12mo): History of Colonization ly Worship (12mo):-Life of Rev. A. Alexander, D.D. (8vo, 1846):—History of the Israelitish Nation (Phila. (8vo):-Young Communicant (12mo):-The American 1853, 8vo). His "Moral Science" (12mo) was a post-Sunday-school and its Adjuncts (Phil. 1856). He wrote humous publication. He left also many MSS., which more than thirty juvenile books for the American Sunwill, it is to be hoped, be published hereafter.-day-school Union, of which the best known are Infant Sprague, Annals, iii, 612; Memoir, by Rev. J. W. Alex- Library, Only Son, Scripture Guide, Frank Harper, Carl, ander (N. Y. 1854, 8vo); Brit. and For. Evang. Review, the Young Emigrant. He also was a frequent contribu 1854, p. 584; Meth. Quar. Rev. 1862, p. 250. tor to the Princeton Review. Since his death has apAlexander, Caleb, a Presbyterian minister of peared his Thoughts on Preaching (N. Y. 1861, 12mo) :Discourses the last century, born at Northfield, Mass., July 22, 1755, on Faith (N. Y. 1862, 12mo).-New York Oband graduated at Yale in 1777, was licensed to preach der with a Friend (N. Y. 1860, 2 vols. 12mo); New Engserver; Forty Years' Correspondence of Dr. J. W. Alexanin 1778. He was instrumental in founding Hamilton College, a seminary at Auburn, and other institutions, ander, Nov. 1860, art. v; Mercersburg Rev. Oct. 1860. He died April 12, 1828.--Sprague, Annals, iii, 406. Alexander, James Waddell, D.D., eldest son of Archibald Alexander, was born March 13, 1804, in Louisa Co., Va. He received his academical training under James Ross in Philadelphia, and graduated A.B. at Princeton in 1820. He was appointed tutor in the college at the age of twenty, having in the mean time pursued his theological studies at the seminary under the instruction of his father, who was appointed in 1812 first professor in the Theological Seminary of | Alexander, Joseph Addison, D.D., an eminent Presbyterian minister and scholar, third son of Dr. Archibald Alexander (q. v.), was born April 24, 1809. He graduated at Princeton in 1826, receiving the first honor of his class. He was soon after appointed tutor in that college, but declined the post, and united with Professor Robert B. Patton in the establishment of the Edgehill Seminary for boys at Princeton. In 1830 he was appointed Adjunct-professor of Ancient Languages at Princeton, but resigned in 1833 to visit the German universities. He spent a season at Halle and Berlin, and returned to accept the | all those who had been opposed to them during the professorship of Oriental Literature in the Theological king's reign. Many of the Sadducees, therefore, were Seminary at Princeton, to which he had been appointed during his absence. In 1852 he was transferred to the chair of Ecclesiastical History. He died at Princeton, Jan. 28, 1860. put to death; and their vindictiveness proceeded to such acts of cruelty and injustice that none of Alexander's friends could be secure of their lives. Many of the principal persons who had served in the late Dr. Alexander spoke almost all the modern languages king's armies, with Aristobulus at their head, entreatof Europe, and as a scholar in Oriental literature haded permission to quit their country, or to be placed in few, any, superiors. His critical works are distin- some of the distant fortresses, where they might be guished by keen analysis and sound discrimination. sheltered from the persecution of their enemies. Aft As a preacher, he was distinguished and popular.er some deliberation, she adopted the expedient of disPreaching mostly from written notes, he was seldom tributing them among the different garrisons of the known to take his eyes from the paper, though he kept kingdom, excepting those, however, in which she had up the interest of his auditors by the great learning, deposited her most valuable property. In the mean the clear method, and, at times, the high flight of elo- time her son Aristobulus was devising the means of quence he displayed. He had the rare capacity, both seizing upon the throne, and an opportunity at length mental and physical, of almost incessant reading and presented itself for carrying his project into effect. intellectual labor, and he tasked his great energies to The queen being seized with a dangerous illness, Aristhe utmost. The result is before us in a life of seldom tobulus at once made himself master of those fortresses paralleled intellectual achievement. He studied Ara- in which his friends had been placed, and, before the bic when a boy, and had read the whole Koran in that necessary measures could be taken to stay his progtongue when he was fourteen. Persic, Syriac, He- ress, he was placed at the head of a large number of brew, Coptic were successively mastered. He did not troops. Alexandra left the crown to Hyrcanus, her study these languages for the sake of their grammar, eldest son; but he, being opposed by Aristobulus, rebut of their literature; not for the purpose of knowing, tired to private life. Alexandra died B.C. 69, aged but of using them. He studied, however, profoundly seventy-three years (Josephus, Ant. xiii, 16, 1-5; Mülthe philosophy of their structure and their analogies to ler, De Alexandra, Altd. 1711; Zeltner, id. ib. eod.). each other, and learned the Sanscrit to possess the basis of comparative philology. Greek and Latin, and all the modern languages of Europe, were familiar to him. From this foundation of linguistic learning he proceeded to a wide and comprehensive system of historical, antiquarian, and philosophical studies. But all his other acquisitions were subordinated to the study and elucidation of the Word of God. His professional lectures and his commentaries were the fruit of his wide researches thus applied and consecrated. But his personal love for the Scriptures and delight in Alexan'dria (properly Alexandri'a, 'Mežávôoeta, them were not less remarkable than his ability in il- 3 Macc. iii, 20; iv, 11; occurs in the N. T. only in lustrating them. He had learned whole books of them the derivatives 'Aλežaviosic, an Alexandrian, Acts vi, by heart, both in the original and in our English ver- 9; xviii, 24; and 'AMarcoroc, Alexandrine, Acts sion. The exegetical works of Dr. Alexander have xxvii, 6; xxviii, 11), the chief maritime city and long gained him a great reputation in Europe, as well as in the metropolis of Lower Egypt, so called from its America, and will doubtless remain a permanent part founder, Alexander the Great, was in many ways most of Biblical literature. They include The earlier Proph- importantly connected with the later history of the ecies of Isaiah (N. Y. 1846, 8vo):-The later Prophecies Jews-as well from the relations which subsisted bcof Isniah (N. Y. 1847, 8vo):-Isaiah illustrated and ex- tween them and the Ptolemies, who reigned in that plained (an abridgment of the critical commentary, city, as from the vast number of Jews who were setN. Y. 1851, 2 vols. 12mo):-The Psalms translated and tled there, with whom a constant intercourse was erplained (N. Y. 1850, 3 vols. 8vo):—Commentary on maintained by the Jews of Palestine. It is situated the Arts (N. Y. 1857, 2 vols. 12mo):-Comm, on Mark on the Mediterranean, twelve miles west of the Cano(1858, 12mo). He also published (from the Princeton pic mouth of the Nile, in 31° 13′ N. lat. and 25° 53′ Revier) Essays on the primitive Church Offices (N. Y. E. long. It owes its origin to the comprehensive pol1851). Since his death his Sermons have been pub-icy of Alexander, who traced himself the ground-plan lished (2 vols. 8vo, N. Y. 1860); also a Commentary on Matthew (N. Y. 1860); and Notes on N. T. Literature (N. Y. 1861, 12mo). Alexandra (Alıžávcpa, fem. of Alexander), the name of several women in Josephus. 1. Surnamed (or rather, perhaps, originally named) SALOME, first married to Aristobulus, and afterward the wife of Alexander Jannæus, his brother. In the account of the latter prince we have noticed the advice which he gave upon his death-bed to Alexandra, with a view to conciliate the Pharisees and establish herself in the kingdom. Alexandra followed his counsel, and secured the object of her wishes. The Pharisees, won by the marks of respect which she paid to them, exerted their influence over the people, and Alexander Jannæus was buried with great pomp and splendor, and Alexandra ruled during the space of nine years. Under her government the country enjoyed external peace, but was distracted by internal strife. The Pharisees, having obtained an ascendency over the mind of the queen, proceeded to exact from her many important advantages for themselves and friends, and then to obtain the punishment and persecution of 2. The daughter of Hyrcanus, wife of Alexander (son of Aristobulus and brother of Hyrcanus), and mother of another Aristobulus and of Mariamne (q. v.), whose death, in consequence of her husband's (Herod the Great's) suspicions, she perfidiously connived at; but she was afterward herself put to death by Herod's order (Josephus, Ant. xv, 2, 5–7, 8). 3. A daughter of Phasačlus by Salampsio: she married Timius of Cyprus, but had no children (Josephus, Ant. xviii, 5, 4). of the city (Plut. Alex. 26), perceiving that the usual channels of commerce might be advantageously altered; and that a city occupying this site could not fail to become the common emporium for the traffic of the Eastern and Western world, by means of the river Nile and the two adjacent seas, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. See ALEXANDER THE GREAT. For a long period Alexandria was the greatest of known cities, for Nineveh and Babylon had fallen, and Rome had not yet risen to pre-eminence; and even when Rome became the mistress of the world, and Alexandria only the metropolis of a province, the latter was second only to the former in wealth, extent, and importance, and was honored with the magnificent titles of the second metropolis of the world, the city of cities, the Queen of the East, a second Rome (Diod. Sic. xvii; Strab. xvii; Ammian. Marcell. xxii; Hegesipp. iv, 27; Josephus, War, iv, 11, 5). It is not mentioned at all in the Old Testament [see No], and only incidentally in the New (Acts vi, 9; xviii, 24; xxvii, 6). Alexandria was founded B.C. 232, upon the site of the small village of Rhacotis (Strabo, xvii, c. i, 6), and opposite to the little island of Pharos, which, even before the time of Homer, had given shelter to the Greek traders on the coast. Alexander selected this spot for the Greek colony which he proposed to found, from the capability of forming the deep water between Rhacotis and the isle of Pharos into a harbor that might become the port of all Egypt. He accordingly ordered Dinocrates, the architect who rebuilt the temple of Diana at Ephesus, to improve the harbor, and to lay down the plan of the new city; and he further appointed Cleomenes of Naucratis, in Egypt, to act as superintendent. The light-house upon the isle of Pharos was to be named after his friend Hephæstion, and all contracts between merchants in the port were to commence "In the name of Hephaestion." The great market which had hitherto existed at Canopus was speedily removed to the new city, which thus at once rose to commercial importance. After the death of Alexander, the building of the city was carried on briskly by his successor, Ptolemy Lagus, or Soter, but many of the public works were not completed till the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The city was built upon a strip of land between the sea and the Lake Mareotis, and its ground plan resembled the form of a Greek chlamys, or soldier's cloak. The two main streets, 240 feet wide, left a free passage for the north wind, which alone conveys coolness in Egypt. They crossed each other at right angles in the middle of the city, which was three miles long and seven broad, and the whole of the streets were wide enough for carriages. The long narrow island of Pharos was formed into a sort of breakwater to the port, by joining the middle of the island to the main-land by means of a mole seven stadia in length, and hence called the Heptastadium. To let the water pass, there were two breaks in the mole, over which bridges were thrown. The public grounds and palaces occupied nearly a third of the whole extent of the city. The Royal Docks, the Exchange, the Posideion, or temple of Neptune, and many other public buildings, fronted the harbor. There also stood the burial-place for the Greek kings of Egypt, called "the Soma," because it held "the body," as that of Alexander was called. On the west-income. The light-house at Alexandria was not finished till the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, B.C. 284-246. It was built by the architect Sostratus. The royal burial-place was also finished in this reign, and Philadelphus removed the body of Alexander from Memphis to this city, and hither pilgrims came and bowed before the golden sarcophagus in which the hero's body was placed. Seleucus Cybiasactes, B.C. 54, is said to have stolen the golden coffin of Alexander. The Emperor Claudius, A.D. 41-55, founded the Claudian Museum; and Antoninus, A.D. 162-218, built the Gates of the Sun and of the Moon, and likewise made a hippodrome. At the great rebellion of Egypt, A.D. 297, Alexandria was besieged by Diocletian, when, in commemoration of his humanity in staying the pillage of the city, the inhabitants erected an equestrian statue, now lost, but which, there is little doubt, surmounted the lofty column known by the name of Pompey's Pillar, the base of which still bears the inscription, "To the most honored emperor, the saviour of Alexandria, the unconquerable Diocletian." The port of Alexandria is described by Josephus (War, PXII IMP iv, 10, 5), and his description is in perfect conformity | the country. Mohammed Ali dug a canal, called Elwith the best modern accounts. It was secure, but Mahmoudieh (a compliment to Mahmoud, the father difficult of access, in consequence of which a magnifi- of the present sultan, Abd-el-Mejid), which opened a cent pharos, or light-house, accounted one of the "sev- water communication with the Nile, entering that en" wonders of the world, was erected upon an islet river at a place called Fouah, a few miles distant from at the entrance. From the first arrival of Ptolemy the city. All about the city, but particularly to the Soter in Egypt, he made Alexandria his residence; south and east, are extensive mounds; and fragments and no sooner had he some respite from war than he of ancient luxury and magnificence, granite columns, bent all the resources of his mind to draw to his king- marble statues, and broken pottery. The modern city dom the whole trade of the East, which the Tyrians of Alexandria is surrounded by a high wall, built by had, up to this time, carried on by sea to Elath, and the Saracens between A.D. 1200-1300. Some parts from thence, by the way of Rhinocolura, to Tyre. He of the walls of the old city still exist, and the ancient built a city on the west side of the Red Sea, whence vaulted reservoirs, extending under the whole town, he sent out fleets to all those countries to which the are almost entire. The ancient Necropolis is excaPhoenicians traded from Elath; but, observing that vated out of the solid rock. The site of that part the Red Sea, by reason of rocks and shoals, was very known to have been Rhacotis is now covered by the dangerous toward its northern extremity, he trans- sea; but beneath the surface of the water are visible ferred the trade to another city, which he founded at the remains of ancient Egyptian statues and columns. the greatest practicable distance southward. This port, which was almost on the borders of Ethiopia, he called, from his mother, Berenice, but the harbor being found inconvenient, the neighboring city of Myos Hormos was preferred. Thither the products of the East and South were conveyed by sea, and were from thence taken on camels to Coptus on the Nile, where they were again shipped for Alexandria, and from that city were dispersed into all the nations of the West, in exchange for merchandise which was afterward exported to the East (Strabo, xxii, p. 805; Pliny, Hist. Nat. vi, 23). The commerce of Alexandria being so great, especially in corn-for Egypt was considered the granary of Rome the centurion might readily "find a ship, corn-laden, sailing into Italy" (Acts xxvii, 6; xxviii, 11; see Conybeare and Howson, St. Paul, ii, 308, 309). The beauty (Athen. i, p. 3) of Alexandria was proverbial. Every natural advantage contributed to its prosperity. The climate and site were singularly healthful (Strab. p. 793). The harbors, formed by the island of Pharos and the headland Lochias, were safe and commodious, alike for commerce and for war; and the lake Mareotis was an inland haven for the merchandise of Egypt and India (Strab. p. 798). Under the despotism of the later Ptolemies the trade of Alexandria declined, but its population (300,000 freemen, Diod. xvii, 52, which, as Mannert suggests, should be doubled, if we include the slaves; the free population of Attica was about 130,000) and wealth (Strab. p. 798) were enormous. After the victory of Augustus it suffered for its attachment to the cause of Antony (Strab. p. 792); but its importance as one of the chief corn-ports of Rome secured for it the general favor of the first emperors. In later times the seditious tumults for which the Alexandrians had always been notorious desolated the city (A.D. 260, Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. x), and religious feuds aggravated the popular distress (Dionys. Alex. Ep. iii, xii; Euseb. H. E. vi. 41 sq.; vii, 22). Yet even thus, though Alexandria suffered greatly from constant dissensions and the weakness of the Byzantine court, the splendor of "the great city of the West" amazed Amrou, its Arab conqueror (A.D. 640, Gibbon, c. li); and after centuries of Mohammedan misrule it promises once again to justify the wisdom of its founder (Strab. xvii, 791-9; Frag. ap. Josephus, Ant. xiv, 7, 2; Plut. Alex. 26; Arr. iii, 1; Josephus, War, iv, 5). Bonaparte took Alexandria in 1798, and it remained in the possession of the French till they surrendered it to the British, Sept. 2, 1801, when they were finally expelled from PROVID AUG ใคร Alexandrian ship on a Coin of Alexandria became not only the seat of commerce, but of learning and the liberal sciences. This distinction also it owed to Ptolemy Soter, himself a man of education, who founded an academy, or society of learned men, who devoted themselves to the study of philosophy, literature, and science. For their use he made a collection of choice books, which by degrees increased under his successors until it became the finest library in the world, and numbered 700,000 volumes (Strab. xvii, p. 791; Euseb. Chron.). It sustained repeated losses by fire and otherwise, but these losses were as repeatedly repaired; and it continued to be of great fame and use in those parts, until it was destroyed by a mob of Christians, A.D. 391, or, according to others, burnt by the Saracens, A.D. 642. See ALEXANDRIAN LIBRARY. Undoubtedly the Jews at Alexandria shared in the benefit of these institutions, as the Christians did afterward, for the city was not only a seat of heathen, but of Jewish, and subsequently of Christian learning (Am. Bib. Repos. 1834, p. 1–21, 190, 617). The Jews never had a more profoundly learned man than Philo, nor the Christians men more erudite than Origen and Clement; and if we may judge from these celebrated natives of Alexandria, who were remarkably intimate with the heathen philosophy and literature, the learning acquired in the Jewish and Christian schools of that city must have been of that broad and comprehensive character which its large and liberal institutions were fitted to produce. It will be remembered that the celebrated translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek [see SEPTUAGINT] was made, under every encouragement from Ptolemy Philadelphus, principally for the use of the Jews in Alexandria, who knew only the Greek language (see Sturz, De dialecto Macedonica et Alexandrina, Lips. 1808); but partly, no doubt, that the great library might possess a version of a book so remarkable, and, in some points, so closely connected with the ancient history of Egypt. The work of Josephus against Apion affords ample evidence of the attention which the Jewish Scriptures excited. According to Eusebius (Hist. Eccl. ii, 17), Mark first introduced the Gospel into Alexandria; and, according to less authentic accounts, he suffered martyrdom here about A.D. 68. A church dedicated to this evangelist, belonging to the Coptic (Jacobite) Christians, still exists in Alexandria (Rosenmüller, Bib. Geog. iii, 291 sq.). The Jewish and Christian schools in Alexandria were long held in the highest esteem, and there is reason to believe that the latter, besides producing many eloquent preachers, paid much attention to the multiplying of copies of the sacred writings. The famous Alexandrian manuscript (q. v.), now deposited in the British Museum, is well known. For many years Christianity continued to flourish at this seat of learning, but at length it became the source, and for some time continued the stronghold, of the Arian heresy. The divisions, discords, and animosities which were thus introduced rendered the churches of Alexandria an easy prey to the Arabian impostor, and they were | 1; xix, 5, 1; comp. Rup. ad Juv. Sat. i, 130; yevápync, swept away by his followers. Philo, In Flacc. § 10, p. 975), and Augustus appointed a council (yepovoia, i. e. Sanhedrim; Philo, 1. c.) “to superintend the affairs of the Jews," according to their own laws. The establishment of Christianity altered the civil position of the Jews, but they maintained their relative prosperity; and when Alexandria was taken by Amrou, 40,000 tributary Jews were reckoned among the marvels of the city (Gibbon, cli). They enjoyed their privileges undisturbed until the time of Ptolemy Philopator, who, being exasperated at the resistance he had met with in attempting to enter the temple at Jerusalem, wreaked his wrath upon the Jews of Alexandria on his return to Egypt. He reduced to the third or lowest class all but such as would consent to offer sacrifices to the gods he worshipped; but of the whole body only 300 were found willing to aban don their principles in order to preserve their civil advantages. The act of the general body in excluding the 300 apostates from their congregations was so represented to the king as to move his anger to the utmost, and he madly determined to exterminate all the Jews in Egypt. Accordingly, as many as could be found were brought together and shut up in the spacious hippodrome of the city, with the intention of letting loose 500 elephants upon them; but the animals refused their horrid task, and, turning wildly upon the spectators and soldiers, destroyed large numbers of them. This, even to the king, who was present, seemed so manifest an interposition of Providence in favor of the Jews, that he not only restored their privileges, but loaded them with new favors. This story, as it is omitted by Josephus and other writers, and only found in the third book of Maccabees (ii-v), is considered doubtful. The population of Alexandria was mixed from the first (comp. Curt. iv, 8, 5), and this fact formed the groundwork of the Alexandrine character. The three regions into which the city was divided (Regio Judaorum, Brucheium, Rhacotis) corresponded to the three chief classes of its inhabitants, Jews, Greeks, Egyptians; but in addition to these principal races, representatives of almost every nation were found there (Dion Chrys. Orat. xxxii). According to Josephus, Alexander himself assigned to the Jews a place in his new city; "and they obtained," he adds, "equal privileges with the Macedonians" (Ap. ii, 4) in considertion "of their services against the Egyptians" (War, ii, 18, 7). Ptolemy I imitated the policy of Alexander, and, after the capture of Jerusalem, he removed a considerable number of its citizens to Alexandria. Many others followed of their own accord; and all received the full Macedonian franchise (Josephus, Ant. xii, 1; comp. Ap. i, 22), as men of known and tried fidelity (Josephus, Ap. ii, 4). Already on a former occasion the Jews had sought a home in the land of their bondage. More than two centuries and a half before the foundation of Alexandria a large body of them had taken refuge in Egypt after the murder of Gedaliah; but these, after a general apostasy, were carried captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings xxv, 26; Jer. xliv; Josephus, Ant. x, 9, 7). The Jews, however much their religion was disliked, were valued as citizens, and every encouragement was held out by Alexander himself and by his successors in Egypt to induce them to settle in the new city. The same privileges as those of the first class of inhabitants (the Greeks) were accorded to them, as well as the free exercise of their religion and peculiar usages; and this, with the protection and security which a powerful state afforded against the perpetual conflicts and troubles of Palestine, and with the inelination to traffic which had been acquired during the captivity, gradually drew such immense numbers of Jews to Alexandria that they eventually formed a very large portion of its vast population, and at the same time constituted a most thriving and important section of the Jewish nation (Hecatæus, in Josephus, Apion, 2; War, ii, 36; Q. Curtius, iv, 8). The Jewish inhabitants of Alexandria are therefore often mentioned in the later history of the nation, and their importance as a section of that nation would doubtless have been more frequently indicated had not the Jews of Egypt thrown off their ecclesiastical dependence upon Jerusalem and its temple, and formed a separate establishment of their own at On or Heliopolis. See ON; ONIAS. The dreadful persecution which the Jews of Alexandria underwent in A.D. 39 shows that, notwithstanding their long establishment there, no friendly relations had arisen between them and the other inhabitants, by whom, in fact, they were intensely hated. This feeling was so well known that, at the date indicated, the Roman governor, Avillius Flaccus, who was anxious to ingratiate himself with the citizens, was persuaded that the surest way of winning their affections was to withdraw his protection from the Jews, against whom the emperor was already exasperated by their refusal to acknowledge his right to divine honors, which he insanely claimed, or to admit his images into their synagogues. The Alexandrians soon found out that they would not be called to account for any proceedings they might have recourse to against the Jews. The insult and bitter mockery with which they treated Herod Agrippa, when he came to Alexandria before proceeding to take possession of the kingdom he had received from Caligula, gave the first intimation of their dispositions. Finding that the governor connived at their conduct, they proceeded to insist that the em We find (Acts ii, 10) that, among those who came up to Jerusalem to keep the feast of Pentecost, there were Jews, devout men from Egypt, and the parts of Libya about Cyrene. Of this city, Apollos, the elo-peror's images should be introduced into the Jewish quent convert, was a native (Acts xviii, 24); and of the synagogues; and on resistance being offered, they deJews that disputed with Stephen and put him to death, stroyed most of them, and polluted the others by intromany were Alexandrians, who, it seems, had a syna- ducing the imperial images by force. The example gogue at that time in Jerusalem (Acts vi, 9). Philo thus set by the Alexandrians was followed in other estimates them in his time at little less than 1,000,000 cities of Egypt, which contained at this time about a (In Flacc. § 6, p. 971); and adds that two of the five million of Jews; and a vast number of oratories-of districts of Alexandria were called "Jewish districts," which the largest and most beautiful were called synand that many Jews lived scattered in the remaining agogues-were all either levelled with the ground, conthree (ib. § 8, p. 973). Julius Cæsar (Josephus, Ant. sumed by fire, or profaned by the emperor's statues xiv, 10, 1) and Augustus confirmed to them the privi- (Philo, In Flace. p. 968-1009, ed. 1640; De Leg. ix; leges which they had enjoyed before, and they retain-Euseb. Chron. 27, 28). Flaccus soon after published an ed them, with various interruptions, of which the most important, A.D. 39, is described by Philo (1. c.), during the tumults and persecutions of later reigns (Josephus, Ap. ii, 4; War, xii, 3, 2). They were represented (at least from the time of Cleopatra to the reign of Claudius, Jost, Gesch. d. Judenth. p. 25) by their own officer [see ALABARCH] (¿Grúpyng, Strab. ap. Josephus, Ant. xiv, 7, 2; áλaßápxne, ib. xviii, 7, 3; 9, edict depriving the Jews of the rights of citizenship, which they had so long enjoyed, and declaring them aliens. The Jews then occupied two out of the five quarters (which took their names from the first five letters of the alphabet) into which the city was divided; and as they were in those times by no means remarkable for their submission to wrong treatment, it is likely that they made some efforts toward the maintenance of their |