memory; but the amount of the value of such conceptions, and of their beneficial influence on the forward progress of science, depends entirely on the extent to which they embrace the whole anatomical peculiarities of a group of animals. Now animals, like all living beings, not only are, but become; and their anatomy, in the widest sense of the term, is to be obtained, not merely by the study of their structure (which is their final anatomy), but also by that of their development, which is the anatomy of the successive states through which they pass in attaining their final condition. Now the Archetype or Common Plan professing to be the embodiment of the most general propositious which can be enunciated with regard to the anatomy of the group, its validity will depend upon its embracing both structural and developmental facts. If it neglect either of these, it will be theoretically imperfect, and will run the risk, at any rate, of being practically erroneous. Before the publication of Von Bär's great work, and unfortunately too often since then, the extant notions of archetypes, unity of organization, &c., were open to precisely this objection, their authors having contented themselves with devising hypotheses to fit the facts of adult structure, without concerning themselves whether their hypotheses would or would not also fit the facts of development. Hence the infinite variety of baseless speculations of the Nature-philosophie' school; in botany, the unlimited and quite gratuitous demands upon abortion and fusion' of parts which Schleiden has so justly ridiculed; in zoology such notions as that a Cephalopod is a vertebrate animal doubled upon itself, that an Insect is a vertebrate animal with free ribs, &c. It is precisely on this footing however that at present our Common Plan or Archetype of the Mollusca stands. We have before us the evidence which might perhaps have satisfied Geoffroy and Oken. Given our plan and certain laws of modification, and all known molluscan forms may be derived from it; but it remains to be seen how far the evidence which would alone have satisfied Von Bär, the evidence of development, justifies the view which has been taken; how far, in fact, our hypothesis is capable of being elevated to the dignity of a theory. To this end it is by no means requisite to show that every Mollusc has at one time the archetypal form, and is subsequently modified into its persistent condition; to maintain such a proposition it would be necessary greatly to simplify (though not essentially to alter) the archetype, and thus to do away with a great part of its utility in exhibiting the tendencies of every Mollusc. All that appears to be really necessary is to show :-first, that no molluscan form presents features in its development which cannot be reconciled with the archetype; and secondly, that the kind of modifications which have been supposed to take place in the conversion of the archetype into the special types are such as actually occur. The first stage of development of the Mollusca resembles that of other animals. The yelk, at first a homogeneous mass, undergoes the process of division to a greater or less extent, its outermost layers eventually becoming converted into a blastodermic layer, the plastic material out of which the future animal is modelled. In the Molluscoida the rounded or oval embryo thus formed either becomes covered with cilia and swims away as a free form (Polyzoa Brachiopoda ?), or it gives rise from one portion of its surface to a long fin-like muscular process (fig. 12, 1. 1.), by whose rapid vibration it is propelled (Ascidioida, in great part). With what organ of the Mollusca is this 'tail' or 'fin' of the Ascidian larva homologous? This is a very difficult point to ascertain, as the tail arises before the regions of the animal are differentiated. At first sight one might be tempted to consider it as a modification of the velum of the embryos of the Mollusca proper; but its relation to the middle of the neural surface, and its insertion close behind the ganglion, which may be readily observed in later stages, appear rather to indicate that it is the homologue of the foot proper, and probably of the metapodium, as this is the portion of the foot which in the Mollusca appears first. In the further development of the Molluscoida there can be no question that, as regards the Polyzoa, the neural region soon almost ceases to grow, the further increase of the body taking place by the disproportionate development of the hæmal region, which constitutes almost the whole of the body of the adult animal, and presents the surface by which it becomes fixed. Again, simple inspection is sufficient to Development of-I. Clavelina. II. Lamellibranch (Lovèn). III. Antiopa. IV. Sepia (Kölliker). a, oral aperture; b, anal aperture, or extremity of the intestine; d, cloacal aperture and atrium (Ascidians); ep, epipodium; mt, metapodium; 9, hypopharyngeal band (Ascidians); m, mantle: s, s", anal and branchial siphons Lamellibranchiata); t, branchise; 4, anterior adductor (Lamellibranchiata); B, posierior adductor." In the Ascidioida the neural region remains in a like rudimentary condition, the hæmal region undergoing a similar disproportionate growth; but it is next to impossible to ascertain from the study of development whether this hæmal outgrowth is formed behind the anus or before it, inasmuch as the intestine has acquired its complete hæmal flexure when its parts are first distinguishable. In the youngest state in which the different organs are distinguishable, the intestine is almost entirely bent up on to the hæmal side of the body; the pharynx is a wide cavity (not wider proportionally however than that of a Polyzoon); the tentacles spring from its margin in exactly the same relative position as in a Polyzoon, and there is no atrial cavity. By degrees the pharyngeal cavity enlarges still more, the tentacles remaining comparatively rudimentary (fig. 12, 1. 2). Contemporaneously with these changes, the end of the intestine becomes more and more bent down towards the neural surface, and a cavity, which in another Mollusc would be the mantle-cavity, appears around its extremity; a single or two lateral apertures (subsequently uniting into one) are soon formed, and allow this cloacal portion of the atrial cavity to communicate with the exterior. At the same time the atrium extends on each side of the enlarged pharynx, detaching it from the side of the body, and enveloping it just as a serous sac invests the surface of a viscus. Ciliated apertures (at first one or two only on each side) now pierce the wall of the enlarged pharynx, and increase in number | until it assumes the structure of the perfect branchial sac. Finally, it depends upon the proportional development of the branchial sac, and of the post-abdomen, whether the adult Ascidian shall belong to the Branchial or to the Intestinal subtype. We unfortunately know hardly anything of the development of the Brachiopoda; but so far as the Polyzoa and Ascidioida are concerned, it is obvious that the hypothetical modifications of the Archetype do in fact faithfully represent the actual course of development. (See however the remarks, further on, as to the nature of the post-abdominal outgrowth in hæmal Molluscoida and Mollusca.) mouth, and at the other or anal extremity are placed two little processes, the rudiments of the gills. Again, on each side of the mantle the mesosoma is produced into a longitudinal ridge occupying the precise position of the epipodium. As development goes on, the hæmal surface occupied by the mantle grows out, and becomes a prominent sac, whose free edges detaching themselves more and more for only a short distance anteriorly, but for almost the whole length of the sac posteriorly, give rise to the mantle cavity (Iv. 2). The intestine passing into the abdomen thus formed becomes more and more bent upon itself, until at last it makes a complete loop, open towards the neural side. With all this the epipodium, remaining rudimentary in its anterior region, Development of the Neural Mollusca.-The Lamellibran- becomes a free process on each side posteriorly (representing chiata. The first step towards the production of the organs for a time the ale of a Pteropod), but after a while these profrom the blastodermic layer in this group is the development cesses unite, and form a hollow canal, the Funnel. The of one portion of its surface into a disc with mixed edges, changes undergone by the margins of the foot are not less provided with very long cilia (fig. 12, 11. 1). Next in the remarkable; they are produced from behind forwards into inner substance of the germ the intestine appears as a solid four or five digitations on each side, the anterior pair of mass, bent upon itself, towards what the eventual develop-which stretch in front of the mouth and unite over it; the ment of the foot proves to be the neural surface; its oral digitations elongate more and more, and the mouth is in conportion being placed immediately behind the ciliated disc (2). sequence at last placed in the centre of a sort of inverted Finally, the hæmal surface behind the ciliated disc gradually cone, formed by the foot and its prolongations—the acetagives rise to the two lobes of the mantle, upon each of which buliferous arms (Iv. 3). a thin transparent pellicle, the first rudiment of one valve of the shell, eventually appears. As development goes on (3), the neural surface between the primarily approximated oral and anal apertures becomes converted into the large foot and mesosoma of the Lamellibranchs, which serve to lodge the principal mass of the viscera, the abdomen never becoming developed into a great process as in Gasteropods. The great posterior adductor makes its appearance on the neural side of the intestine, and by its development the latter is thrown up so as almost to appear to have a hæmal flexure. The gills next appear as processes of the body within the mantlecavity, and therefore have not the remotest homology with the pharyngeal branchial sac of Ascidians, any more than the two siphonal apertures which are essentially dependent upon the union of the two lobes of the mantle with the gills and with one another have anything to do with the oral and cloacal apertures of the Ascidians. Such may be taken as a very short abstract of Professor Kölliker's most valuable Entwickelungs-Geschichte der Cephalopoden,' and it is needless to point out that it is our hypothetical process of modification of the Archetype into the Cephalopod type, in other words. The Hamal Mollusca.-It is unnecessary to consider the development of the separate families of these Molluscs, as the process, as far as we know, is the same in all. We will take that of a Nudibranch (Antiopa cristata) as a type, having recently had occasion to go over it with especial reference to the points here under consideration. The end of the process of yelk-division (which, we may remark in passing, results, not in the formation of nucleated cells,' but simply in that of smaller and smaller packets of yelk-granules) in this Mollusc, is the formation of a blastodermic layer investing the remainder of the yelk. The whole embryo next becomes more or less bell-shaped, a sort Finally, it is said that the ciliated disc becomes meta- of rim, with very long cilia, appearing at the broader end, morphosed into the labial palpi. This is a point well worthy while a minute prominence is seen at the opposite extremity of further investigation; for the arrangement and form of (111. 1). A straight line drawn from this prominence to the the appendages in Pecten leads us strongly to believe, as we centre of the surface, surrounded by the rim, would have have said, that they are the homologues of the tentacles in the the body of the creature symmetrically disposed around it. Ascidioida and Polyzoa. On the other hand, there can be On the one surface is a deep pit, formed by the edges of the no doubt that the ciliated disc of Lamellibranchs is homolo- blastodermic layer; on the opposite a delicate transparent gous with the ciliated lobes of the Gasteropod embryos; and cup, the rudiment of the future shell, and the indicator of the these, there is every reason to believe, are nothing but the position of the hæmal surface and mantle appears (11.3). specially modified anterior portion of the epipodium. The By degrees the hæmal surface becomes more and more protentacles of the Polyzoa would thus come to be the homo- minent, and the shell larger. With this the prominence logues of the epipodium; but the validity of the whole above referred to is thrust more and more towards the right chain of reasoning obviously depends upon whether the side, so that its position becomes quite asymmetrical (11. 3, 5). ciliated disc does or does not become metamorphosed into the At the same time the ciliated rim from being circular is propalpi-a position which the more requires confirmation as induced laterally into a lobe on each side-the ciliated lobes; the Gasteropoda the ciliated lobes are now known entirely to disappear. However this may be, what has been stated with regard to the main steps in the development of the Lamellibranchiata fully confirms the hypothetical derivation of the type from the Common Plan. Pteropoda and Pulmonata. In the primary stages of their development no important distinction is to be drawn between the members of this division and those of the last, except that in the Pteropoda the ciliated disc is replaced by two ciliated lobes, one on each side; and in the Pulmonate embryos by a contractile expansion-their so-called 'yelksac. The primarily neural flexure of the intestine in the Pulmonata, and the development of their mantle in front of the anus (that is, the development of an abdomen), are fully demonstrated by late observations upon their embryogeny. It is important to remark, that in the Pteropoda the ciliated lobes of the embryo do not become the lateral alæ of the adult form, but are a production of the anterior part of the epipodium, which usually disappears in the adult. the metapodium makes its appearance behind these as a small prominence; and a delicate operculum is formed upon the metapodium. The aperture of the mouth may now be observed behind the ciliated lobes and between them and the metapodium; and the internal substance of the germ is seen to present the outlines of an alimentary canal, consisting of a rounded gastro-hepatic mass and a narrower intestine, which turns abruptly forwards and upwards, to end on the right side more or less hæmally in the before-mentioned prominence, whose position has become thus extensively altered. The mantle cavity has begun to appear as a sort of pushing-in of the integument around the anal prominence. Two things are obvious in this series of developmental changes. In the first place, the primary symmetricality of the embryo; secondly, the gradual asymmetry brought about by the development of that portion of the body which bears the shell, and which is a portion of the hæmal surface. and Now this is perfectly in accordance with our hypothetical derivation of the Hamal Mollusca from the Archetype, the only point which remains to be proved is, that this overdeveloped hamal surface is to be considered as a postabdomen, that is, as a post-anal portion of the hamal surface. Cephalopoda. In this group the embryo attains a much higher development before leaving the egg, and the modifications which its primary form undergoes are extremely instructive. The first organs of the Cephalopod which appear on the germ-disc are (fig. 12, 1v. 1) the mantle, which is This view has been taken in deriving these forms from the simply a thickening in the middle of the hæmal surface Archetype, because it is much the more readily compres with somewhat raised edges; around this is a surface reprehensible, and has many structural facts in its favour; but we senting the mesosoma and foot, at one end of which is the are by no means prepared to assert that the post-anal posi tion of the hæmal outgrowth in the Hamal Mollusca may not be a secondary production, the result of a gradual twisting to one side and backwards of a primarily pre-anal outgrowth of the hæmal surface. The facts just detailed with regard to the development of Antiopa would favour this view; but, on the other hand, sufficient attention has not been paid to the process of development of other Gasteropoda to decide whether it is in these respects identical with that of the Nudibranchs or not. The anatomy of adult Pectinibranchs and Pteropods would lead one to believe that in these forms, at any rate, the hæmal flexure has been direct and primary; and it may be that a careful comparative study of development of the Pectinibranchs and Nudibranchs will lead to the translation of the Nudibranchs to the Neural division, the final hæmal flexure turning out to be a secondary modification. In the absence of sufficiently conclusive studies of this kind, however, we prefer to be guided by structural considerations, and thence to retain the Nudibranchs provisionally among the Molluscs with a hæmal flexure. It will probably be granted that the doctrine of a Common Plan among the Mollusca, which has been advanced, will have its value as a guide through the mazes of their varying organisation-even although the details of this first sketch should turn out to be even in many points erroneous. MOLOSSUS. [CHEIROPTERA.] perverted, or arrested, or increased in its course during the growth of the embryo or germ. Monstrosities in the animal kingdom are treated of under the head MONSTER. We shall here treat of monstrous growths in plants. The study of such growths is not a mere matter of curiosity, as their structure tends to throw light on the true laws of development amongst plants. Although direct observations are more easily made on plants than on animals for the purpose of ascertaining the facts of their history during growth, it is nevertheless interesting to obtain a confirmation of these facts from the forms which monsters assume, these forms in the majority of cases being permanent conditions of the stages of growth through which plants pass. In these forms nature presents us with as it were experiments to test the truth of the general laws of morphology. This subject can perhaps be best illustrated by reference to special instances. To begin with the Leaves. [LEAF.] In the history of the normal development of the leaves, it is found that they are always arranged in an alternate manner, one leaf above the other, but subsequently in many plants, and even whole families, the leaves become opposite or whorled. In the case however of individuals it not unfrequently happens that the leaves of opposite or whorledleaved families of plants become alternate. Thus an instance is recorded of Hippuris vulgaris (Mare's-Tail), which in its MONASITE, or MONAZITË, a mineral with the follow-normal complete development has whorled leaves, presenting ing composition: He -101.55 It occurs in modified oblique prisms. It has a perfect and brilliant basal cleavage. It is only found in small imbedded crystals. It has a brown or brownish-red colour; subtransparent, or nearly opaque. The lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. It is found near Platoust in Russia. MONK, DR. JAMES HENRY, Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, was born in 1784, and received his early education at Norwich Grammar School and the Charter House. subsequently entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became Fellow and Tutor. In 1808 he was chosen to succeed the celebrated Richard Porson as Regius Professor of Greek in the University. It was mainly owing to his efforts that the present system of classical honours at Cambridge was established, and the Pitt Press founded. As a scholar of Porson's school he is best known for his editions of the 'Alcestis' and 'Hippolytus' of Euripides, and in the literary world for his Life of Bentley,' and the Adversaria of Porson. He was appointed Dean of Peterborough in 1824, and consecrated Bishop of Gloucester in 1830; the see of Bristol was added to his charge in 1836. He died June 6, 1856. MONKEY-FLOWER. [MIMULUS, S. 2.] MONSTROSITY, a term applied to those individuals amongst plants and animals which present any irregularity in their general form or the form of the organs of which they are composed. The term Monstrosity is often applied to those anomalies only which are apparent externally, and which produce more or less deformity; but, in a scientific point of view, it includes every variation, either external or internal, in any organ, from its most general or natural conformation; and it is in the latter sense that we shall here treat of it. Monsters were formerly regarded as sports or prodigies of nature, and these ignorant notions, with respect to their true character, continued prevalent among all classes of people until the commencement of the last century, and are even now held by the uninformed. By the physiologist however the study of the various anomalies of organisation in plants, animals, and man, are now viewed as a branch of natural science. An accurate anatomical examination of monstrosities and a minute acquaintance with embryology and structure, have shown that the formation of these different imperfect beings is governed by the same laws which preside over the formation of perfect individuals; the only difference being, that the process of development in the former cases has been its leaves arranged alternately in a spiral upon the stem. (Lankester in the 'Report of British Association,' 18th meeting, p. 85.) In the conversion of the leaf-bud into the flower, one of the earliest changes that takes place is the conversion of the leaves into the organs called Bracts. [BRACTS.] Instances are very often seen of monstrous forms of plants in which the leaves are not converted into bracts but retain their leaflike character. This frequently occurs in the species of Plantago, giving the inflorescence a singularly different character to that which occurs under normal circumstances. The leaf-bud is always seated in the axil of the leaf, but in the case of the bracts forming the involucre of the Composita neither leaf-buds nor flower-buds are seated in their axils; but in the case of the monstrous variety of the common daisy [BELLIS], known by the name of Hen and Chickens, flower-buds are developed in the axils of the bracts. Next after the bracts the Sepals are formed in the flowerbud. [CALYX.] It not unfrequently happens that during the growth of cultivated plants, the sepals are found assuming the appearance of leaves. This is especially the case with the cultivated roses. This tendency to recur to the condition of the leaf is sometimes a normal tendency of plants. Thus, in the case of Calycophyllum Stanleyanum, one of the sepals after the corolla drops off begins to grow into a beautifully rose-coloured leaf. Other instances of this kind are seen in the order Cinchonacea. In plants with inferior fruits [FRUIT] the germen seems to contract an adhesion with the lower part of the sepals which thus produces the peculiar character of these fruits, such as the gooseberry, the currant, the apple, and the pear. In these fruits it is not uncommon to find amongst them leaves growing from the surface of the fruit, indicating the tendency of this sepallary part of the fruit to assume the condition of the leaf. The most remarkable example of this tendency of the sepal to assume the condition of the leaf has been observed in the Goat's-Beard (Tragopogon pratensis), in which the pappus surrounding the minute flower which represents the calyx has been found to have assumed the character of the leaf. It frequently happens where one of the parts of a flower have a tendency to relapse to the foliar condition, that the whole of them partake of this character. Thus Mr. Austen has recorded very accurately the changes observed in a monstrous form of the White Clover (Trifolium repens). The following changes were observed in his specimens: "1. Calyx.-The calyx-teeth often rise into single leaves, but when compound leaves are formed the division seems to be as follows: the two large equal teeth, which are opposite the vexillum, form one serrate leaf, and another leaf is formed from the three remaining teeth. "2. Corolla. The part which here most frequently reverts Of these to a leaf is the vexillum, and this is a perfect one. leaflets, the alæ are often seen forming simple leaves, as also the carina; but their perfect union into a ternate leaf is less common. "3. Stamens.-Whatever changes the flower may exhibit, these organs are always in a state to be recognised, and their reversion to leaves less frequent than in any other part; so that there is more difficulty in determining the number of leaves which go to form this portion. As two ternate leaves form the calyx and corolla, it might be supposed that the stamens were constructed out of the same number. The figures represent cases of a stamen reverting to a leaf with a true stamen attached to its stalk on either side; the single anterior stamen, where it reverts, seems always disposed to form more than a simple leaf; and it is therefore probable that the ten stamens (9 + 1) may be formed out of four sets of ternate leaves. “4. Pod.—From the well-known character of the pod and pistil in Leguminosa, it might be expected that instances of reversion to leaf would be most frequent in this part of the flower; and a series might easily have been produced which would have represented it in every stage of passage; some of these were given. From these it would appear that the pod is not formed of a whole compound leaf, as either two scales, or two abortive leaves, are constantly to be seen at the base of the imperfect pod on either side; the pod is therefore usually formed out of the middle leaflet. In one flower-head however each division of the pistil-leaf had become a pod, with a distinct stem and the ovules inwards. "Ovules seem to be produced only when junction of the edges of the pistil-leaf takes place; in other cases leaflets are produced in the place of ovules. "In cases where every other part of the floral series has been regularly developed, the Pistil occasionally will take the form of a perfect ternate leaf, and then the axis of the plant is continued through the flower." (Austen, 'British Association Report,' 19th meeting.) Mr. Austen has likewise recorded in the same place an instance in which the staminiferous flowers of the Common Maize (Zea Mais) were converted into pistils. In this case we have an instance of the tendency of an organ not to relapse to a lower type, but to assume a higher type of development. It is very frequently the case that stamens relapse to the condition of petals. This is the case with most of the double flowers of our gardens: and in the case of the rose, the pæony, the bachelor's-buttons, and others, the anthers may often be found tipping the petaloid bodies in the centre of the flower. This is seen as a normal condition in the water-lily. in the Piazza of Covent Garden, by the Rev. Mr. Hackman, His first work was 'A Summary of the Law of Set-Off, with an Appendix of Cases argued and determined in the Courts of Law and Equity upon the Subject,' 8vo, 1801. It had not appeared many weeks before it was noticed with approbation by Sir Vicary Gibbs, who thus extended the practice of the young lawyer, then almost unknown. His most important legal work was 'A Digest of the Bankrupt Laws, with a Collection of the Statutes, and of the Cases argued and determined in the Courts of Law and Equity upon that Subject,' 4 vols. 8vo, London, 1805, 2nd edition, 1811. This Digest' became a standard work, and many other editions of it were published. He published also Law and Practice in Bankruptcy,' 2 vols. 8vo, with 'Sup plement,' 1 vol.; The Law of Partnership,' 8vo; and The Law and Practice of Parliamentary Elections,' in con junction with Mr. W. Johnson Neale, 8vo, 1839. His other legal works and compilations, partly in his own name, partiy in conjunction with others, are too numerous to be quoted. Lord Erskine, during his brief tenure of the office of lord The recurrence of the pistil to the form of the stamen and chancellor (1806-7) made Mr. Montagu a commissioner of corolla is not so frequent, as its assuming the form of the leaf. bankrupts. While holding this appointment, and deriving In the double cherry of our gardens this condition of the a considerable income from it, he became so convinced of pistil is frequently presented. It is this same tendency the delay and expense to suitors of this mode of adminis which is seen in monstrous oranges, in which this fruit is tering the law, that he published a yearly detail of these split up into the same number of parts as it possesses carpel-injurious results, which, together with his statements before lary leaves. [FLOWER.] a Committee of the House of Commons, finally put an end to those commissionerships. A new law was made (1 & 2 Wm. IV. c. 56), under which three judges constituted a Court of Review, and six commissioners exercised functions similar to those previously exercised by the commissioners under the great seal. Mr. Montagu was very much dissatisfied with the new law, but he accepted the office of accountant-general in bankruptcy, which he held during ten years. While in this office he demanded from the governors of the Bank of England interest for the bankruptcy moneys in their possession, which had never previously been paid. His demand was at first resisted, but ultimately he obtained 20,000l. for the bankruptcy fund. The most central organ of the plant is the Seed, and its development is the great object of the production of the flower. In the seed is the young plant. The seed is however but a changed bud, and during the process of its development it sometimes recurs to the condition of the leaf-bud, and produces instead of an embryo a branch. These instances will be sufficient to show how instructive the study of vegetable monstrosities really is. Many such have been recorded, and one of the best resumés of the whole subject will be found in Moquin Tandon's Teratologie Vegetale.' [METAMORPHOSIS OF ORGANS.] MONTACUTA, a genus of Acephalous Lamellibranchiate Mollusca, belonging to the family Kelliado. The shell is small, thin, equivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong or obliquely oval, surface smooth or concentrically striated, or rarely radiatingly furrowed; beaks inflected; inner margins smooth; hinge-margin with a trigonal incision and cartilage pit, and a pair of diverging laminar teeth in one or both valves; ligament internal; muscular scars suborbicular; pallial impression simple; animal oblong, its mantle freely open in front with simple margins, not furnished with siphonal tubes posteriorly; a single siphonal orifice, or none; foot, very large, strong, and broad, furnished with a byssal groove. Such are the characters of this somewhat unsatisfactory genus as given by Messrs. Forbes and Hanley. They enumerate three species as British-M. ferruginosa, M.bidentata, M. substriata. MONTAGU, BASIL, Queen's Counsel, was born April 24, 1770, in London. He was a natural son of John Montague, fourth earl of Sandwich, and was brought up in his house. His mother was Miss Ray, who was shot in 1779 The works and compilations by which Mr. Montagu is best known to general readers are the following:-Selections from the works of Taylor, Hooker, Hall, and Lord Bacon, with an Analysis of the Advancement of Learning,' 12mo, 1805. The analysis is carefully executed, and very useful for those who wish to study Lord Bacon's treatise. The Opinions of different Authors on the Punishment of Death, 3 vols. 8vo, 1809-13. In furtherance of these 'Opinions," he formed a society for "the diffusion of knowledge upon the punishment of death." His efforts for the abolition of hanging for forgery and other crimes without violence, in conjunction with those of Sir Samuel Romilly, Mr. Wilber force, and others, were at length rewarded by complete success. Inquiries into the Effects of Fermented Liquors, by a Water-Drinker,' 8vo, 1814. The Works of Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor of England, 16 vols. 8vo, London, 1825-34. This work was commenced while he was at the university by the translation of Bacon's Latin works, in which he was assisted by Archdeacon, Wrangham and others. 6 The 16th volume, in 2 parts, contains Montagu's 'Life of Bacon,' which, though not distinguished by much power of thought or beauty of style, is a useful exhibition of the leading events and labours of Bacon's life, active and contemplative. Essays and Selections, by Basil Montagu,' 12mo, 1837. He published altogether about 40 volumes, and is stated to have left about 100 volumes of manuscripts, a Memoir of himself and his contemporaries, and a Diary. Basil Montagu assisted in the establishment of several mechanics institutes, and frequently gave lectures in them. He seems to have been not only an industrious and useful lawyer, but an honest, liberal-minded, and benevolent man. He died November 27, 1851, at Boulogne, in France. At the age of thirty-five he had been twice a widower, both wives having died in childbirth, leaving him four children. In 1808 he married the widow of Thomas Skipper, Esq., who survives him, and by whom he had four children. Of his eight children only a son and daughter are living. His daughter-in-law, Miss Ann Skipper, is the wife of Mr. Procter (Barry Cornwall). MONTEREY. [CALIFORNIA, S. 2.] MONTGOMERY, JAMES, was born at Irvine in Ayrshire, where his father was a Moravian preacher, on November 4, 1771. When only four years of age his parents removed to Grace Hill in the county of Antrim, Ireland, where he was first placed at school. In 1778 he was sent to the Moravian settlement at Fulneck near Leeds, in Yorkshire, to complete his education, and in 1783 his father and mother went to the West Indies as missionaries, where they died in 1790. At Fulneck the instruction was excellent, but the seclusion was monastic, and James Montgomery, during his ten years' residence there, distinguished himself for nothing "but indolence and melancholy." He had taken a fancy for poetry, which was utterly forbidden in the school; he had clandestinely read 'Robinson Crusoe,' which had greatly interested him; and he wrote, when only thirteen, some poor imitations of Moravian hymns. Though characterised by his teachers as indolent, he had contrived to procure and read a copy of Cowper's poems, and these he thought he could excel, so he wrote a mock-heroic poem of a thousand lines, and commenced a serious epic, to be called 'The World,' and this before he was fourteen. He also wrote other small poems; but his teachers, who wished him to become a Moravian preacher, were dissatisfied with his inattention to his studies. In the school-diary of July 3, 1787, it is recorded that, as "J. M., notwithstanding repeated admonitions, has not been more attentive, it was resolved to put him to a business, at least for a time." A situation was soon afterwards found for him with a shopkeeper at Mirfield. He was probably not much more attentive there, for it is stated that he continued to write poetry and compose music till June 1789, when he ran away. He had only a trifle of money when he started; but on reaching Wentworth, he presented one of his smaller poems to Earl Fitzwilliam, who gave him a guinea. He then settled for a twelvemonth at Wath-upon-Dearne as assistant in a general shop. The brethren at Fulneck discovered him, and wished him to return; but he refused. He continued in this situation, silent and recluse, but no doubt pondering over thoughts for which as yet he wanted fitting powers of expression. He continued to write, and at the end of the year having sent a volume of manuscript poetry to Mr. Harrison, the publisher in Paternoster-row, London, followed it himself. Mr. Harrison declined publishing the poems, but engaged him as shopman. In London he led the same solitary and retired life as in the country. His sole amusement was writing, and he is stated to have never entered a theatre, or even the British Museum, to which it might have been thought his habits and disposition would have led him. While in London his first production, a tale in prose, entitled 'The Chimera,' appeared in The Bee,' an Edinburgh periodical work, in November 1791. He also wrote a novel, which he offered to Mr. Lane, of Minerva-press celebrity, who declined it, because the characters swore too much. The novel was never published, but the objection greatly hurt the religious feelings of Montgomery, who thought he had only imitated Fielding and Smollett. This disappointment made him resolve to return to his old shopkeeping occupation at Wath. He did go, but not to remain long. Towards the end of 1792 (having replied to an advertisement for a clerk), he entered the service of Mr. Joseph Gales of Sheffield, who was printer, bookseller, auctioneer, and editor, publisher and proprietor of a newspaper, 'The Sheffield Register,' which advocated principles at that time designated as revolutionary. Montgomery formed an attachment to his employer; wrote political articles for the paper; and when Gales, learning that a warrant had been issued to apprehend him for treason, fled to America, he started a new weekly paper, on "peace and reform " principles. The first number of The Sheffield Iris,' appeared on July 4, 1794, which he continued to edit till September 27, 1825, and it maintained its existence, with a few changes, till January 1857. The 'Iris' was at first very successful, but it was a singular position for Montgomery to fill, with his recluse habits, his mild and almost timid feelings, his dislike to the practical details of business, and his poetical and refined taste. He evidently felt it to be So. "I hate politics," he said, "and would as soon meet a bear as a ledger." Almost immediately after starting the newspaper, a poor man employed him to print a few quires of a ballad, for which he was charged eighteen-pence. It was On the Fall of the Bastille,' as mere doggrel as can be well conceived; but the attorney-general, Sir John Scott (afterwards Lord Eldon), discovered it to be seditious, indicted the printer, and in January 1795 he was tried at Doncaster, found guilty, fined twenty pounds, and sentenced to three months' imprisonment. He gave an account in his newspaper of a riot in Sheffield, to quell which the military had been called in and had fired on the people; for this, in 1796, he was again tried, again found guilty of sedition, fined thirty pounds, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. During his confinement, which was in York Castle, he wrote a small volume of poems, entitled 'Prison Amusements,' which was published in 1797. After his release from prison his life flowed smoothly to its end. His honest sincerity, his gentle manners, and perhaps his increasing literary celebrity, won him the regard of even his political opponents, and secured him the esteem and love of the rest of his townsmen. He continued to write short poems, several of which are very pleasing; and in 1806 he published The Wanderer in Switzerland '—a work of which he thought so little himself, that he occupied three years in printing it at his own press, but which obtained so great a popularity, that a second and third edition were quickly demanded. His own estimate was probably juster than that of the public, and the 'Edinburgh Review,' in noticing the third edition, characterised it as very weakly, very finical, and very affected." This censure is overcharged; the poem has not much power, but it cannot justly be styled affected, and it is very melodious. In 1809 The West Indies' was published-a great advance on the former-containing some exquisite descriptive passages, and others of considerable power and pathos. In 1812 appeared The World before the Flood,' a work which enjoyed a great and deserved popularity; and in 1810, having by this time rejoined the Moravian community, he wrote Greenland,' commemorating their exertions in that desolate establishment, which contained much of beauty and of pathos. In 1827 The Pelican Island and other Poems' was published, which fully maintained his poetic character. In 1836 a collected edition of his poems was issued in three volumes; another in four volumes in 1849; and another in one volume in 1851. In 1853' Original Hymns, for Public, Private, and Social Devotion,' concluded the series of his poetical works. Of the smaller poems contained in the collected works, many are of great excellence. His restricted education, and his early habit of writing had given him a dangerous fluency; and the ideas, though frequently original, are generally too much expanded his imagination seldom soars, nor does his fancy sparkle; but his sympathies with all that is good and holy are ever ardent and sincere; his pathos is touching, and his style melodious, though in his longer poems occasionally too ambitious and magniloquent. Such faults as they have are least likely to occur in his shorter poems; and in some of them, as 'The Common Lot,' and The Prayer,' they entirely disappear. 、 We have pursued Mr. Montgomery's poetical career to the end in order to give a collected view of it. We now return to the few remaining events of his life. His publication of 'The Wanderer in Switzerland' led to an engagement on the Eclectic Review.' He had few qualities for an able critic-indeed none but a poetical taste and good principles. His praise or blame depended more upon his feelings than his judgment of the character of the work or its literary attributes; consequently one of his earliest reviews was an onslaught on Moore's early poems, whom he termed in a private letter "a deliberate seducer." This feeling led him later in life to decline being introduced to Moore, who sought |