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adapted for the stage, took great pains in came famous. In rapid succession she played teaching her; he even, it is said, taught her Emilie in Cinna, Hermione in Andromaque, the very needful art of reading. He made Amenaide in Tancrède, Eriphile in Iphiher act in several tragedies in a private thea- genie en Aulide, Monime in Mithridate, and tre, and she acquitted herself in a manner Roxane in Bajazet. Her first appearance in which gave promise of future excellence, but the latter satisfied neither the critics nor the the bent of her own inclinations was towards public, but her second was a triumphant succomedy. At this theatre she was once seen cess. She repeated this round of characters by chance by M. Jouslin, director of the for some time, and then came out in Phèdre, Théâtre Français, and he was so pleased in which she produced a great sensation. with her talent, her fine tragic face, and her For four years she confined herself exclusplendid voice, that he caused her to be sent sively to the old classical tragedies, adding, to the Conservatoire de Declamation; but he however, to the parts mentioned those of specially prohibited her from thinking of Pauline, Chimène, Athalie, Bérénice, Agrip anything else but tragedy. This was in 1836. pine, and a few others. In 1842 she first Before long she was seen in a private per- appeared in a new play, Fredegonde, by a formance by M. Poirson, director of the modern author, M. Lemercier; and in followGymnase, and he thinking her a little pro-ing years she played in Madame de Girardin's digy, engaged her for £120 a year. He an- Judith, M. Latoue St. Ubar's Virginie, M. Sounounced her first appearance with a tremen- met's Jeanne d'Arc, M. Ponsard's Lucrece, and dous flourish of trumpets, and had a vaude- Horace et Lydie, Victor Hugo's Thisbé, Madville, called La Vendéenne, written especially ame de Girardin's Cleopatre, and Lady Tarfor her; but when she came out she was a tuffe, Alexander Dumas' Mdlle. de Belle-Isle, complete failure, or rather she made no im- M. Scribe's Adrienne Lecouvreur, and five or pression whatsoever on the public. Irritated six other pieces. But she never appeared to so at this check, the director gave her none but much advantage in modern as in the old tragethe most insignificant parts, and struck her dies; she seemed, in fact, to be born to revive name from the bills. Her wish was then to the admiration in which Corneille, Racine and enter the Théâtre Français, but her pro- their school were once held. She was richly fessor at the Conservatoire declined to recom- endowed for classical tragedy. In face and mend her, and one of the principal actors of person she was, to use the expression of a the theatre, Provost it is said, whom she French writer, "like an animated statue of consulted, told her that she had no chance Phidias;" her walk, poses, and gestures were of succeeding on the stage, and advised her full of mingled dignity and grace; she wore to take to some honest trade. In despair the Greek and Roman costume with consumshe applied to Samson, another eminent mate art; she had a silvery voice which none actor of the same theatre, and he, though at could hear unmoved; and, like all true first struck more by her singularly fine voice actors, she identified herself completely with than by her aptitude for the stage, gave her the part she was playing, and the position in lessons, and afterwards procured her an en- which she stood. Of all her characters she gagement at the Théâtre Français. On the was perhaps greatest in that of Phèdre; in 12th June, 1838, she came out at that house it she was really terrible, and none could in the part of Camille in Les Horaces. The witness her without profound emotion. Yet, theatre was almost empty, in the stalls of in spite of the extraordinary dramatic power the orchestra there were, it is said, only five she possessed, she was not strictly speaking persons; but one of the five was the famous a dramatic genius, for she did not create her Dr. Véron of journalistic, operatic, and quack-characters, but followed with extreme docility medicine-selling celebrity, and he, as he the lessons given her respecting them; she writes in his "Mémoires d'un Bourgeois," executed admirably what others conceived. was so surprised by her strange and expres- This is so true, that in the few rôles in which sive physiognomy, by the elegance of her she abstained from asking counsel, and relied gestures, by her general intelligence, and entirely on her own conception, she failed to especially by her voice, that he hurried for attain much success. Jules Janin, who was lounging in the saloon, Before she was engaged at the Théâtre and made him, though sorely against his will, Français, it was in anything but a prosperfor the weather was very hot, enter. Janin, ous condition; but afterwards she filled its in his turn, was surprised and pleased, and coffers, and for years was its main stay. She, in his next Monday's feuilleton in the Jour- however, took good care not to work for nal des Débats, he proclaimed that a great nothing. The moment her success was as actress had arisen. The theatrical critics of sured she exacted double salary, and almost the other newspapers said "ditto to Janin: " month after month she obtained augmenta -the public flocked to the theatre, and rati- tions; until at last, at the end of about two fied the judgment of the critics. Rachel be-years, she was in receipt, for salary and

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From The Examiner, 23 Jan.

SIR COLIN CAMPBELL. FOR three long years the people of England have been looking out for a general; and they have found one at last, not among the aristocracy, but in the ranks of the middle classes, or among themselves. We propose to give our readers a brief account of Sir Colin Campbell, who has already acquired so much reputation, and is likely, if his life is spared, to gain many an additional laurel.

allowances, of £2400 a year-an exhorbitant |
sum at the Théâtre Français, exceeding by
one-third that obtained by Mdlle. Mars.
She besides constrained the theatre to employ
at liberal salaries all her brothers and sisters.
She subsequently got more advances and
more favorable conditions, and eventually
received a fixed salary of £1680 for playing
only twice a week for six months in the year,
with, besides, a certain sum for each per-
formance, and a share in the general profits
of the theatre: also a right to a pension. This soldier of fortune, who has raised him-
During the time she was not engaged at the self to the head of his profession by pure
Français she accepted engagements in the merit, possessing many friends, but no pat-
provinces, or visited foreign countries, Eng-rons, is properly a native of one of the re-
land being the first foreign country to which
she went, and the United States the last.
Her average earnings for many years are
stated to have been about £16,000. In ad-
dition, she was constantly receiving most val-
uable presents. The city of Lyons once gave
her a crown of gold, and almost every sove-
reign and pretty nearly every prince in
Europe offered her cadeaux worthy of their
rank and her renown.

mote Hebrides, the island of Islay, in the county of Argyle, his birth in the city of Glasgow having been purely accidental. At eight years of age he came to England for his education, so that he is more indebted to England than to Scotland for the eminence he has since attained. One of his uncles died a colonel in the English army; another a gallant youth, after whom he is named, lost his life in our piteous contest with America, scalped by the Red Indians, a foe less savage than the Sepoys, for they kill only in battle.

Rachel, though the idol of the public, was not popular with the theatrical fraternity. In spite of the liberality of the Théâtre Français towards her, she was often engaged Of Sir Colin's pedigree, although with such in unseemly quarrels and lawsuits with the a man the matter is one of the smallest conmanagement: and in spite of her wealth, the sequence, we shall say a few words, chiefly instances in which she lent a helping hand because it is in itself rather curious. At to a brother or sister performer are rare in- the period of the Revolution the Highland deed; whilst, unfortunately, those in which clans were still troublesome, and two of she treated her confrères with indifference, them the Macdonalds and Macleans, fought harshness, contumely, and even positive a pitched battle for the possession of Islay, cruelty, are said to have been very numer- the fairest of the Hebrides, as well as for In fact, she appeared to have made it the adjacent island of Jura. The govern a rule never to give anything to anybody ment of the Revolution made short work under any circumstances. To her parents with the combatants by confiscating the two. and to her brothers and sisters she was, how-isles in dispute, and handing them over to ever, generous.

ous.

As a theatrical performer may, in Paris at all events, be said to live in a glass house, there is no impropriety in mentioning what all Paris knows, and what Rachel herself made no attempt to disguise-that, though never a wife, she was the mother of three or four children.

James Campbell of Calder, a near relation of the Argyle. This powerful chieftain, like a feudal conqueror, took possession of the islands, planting in them a colony of Campbells, his kinsmen and clansmen, and partitioning among these the best lands on a tenure, at that time nearly equal in value to the fee simple. Among the foremost of the Attempts were made several times by families so planted were the forefathers of ladies of rank, and by bishops and clergymen, Sir Colin Campbell, and thus, as far as such to convert her from Judaism, in which she a pedigree can confer the distinction, he is of was born and nurtured, to Christianity. On" gentle blood."

one or two occasions she talked as if she Let us, if only for mere curiosity's sake,
was willing to be converted, and more than
once announcements of her conversion went
abroad without her contradicting them. But
she never did change her religion, and never,
it may safely be said, had the slightest inten-
tion of so doing. On her death-bed she was
attended by a rabbi, and she gave orders
that she should be interred in the Jews'
burial-ground at Paris.

follow up the history of the place of Sir Colin's nativity. Sir James Campbell of Calder, the ancestor of the present Earls of Cawdor, unable to get from the two islands sufficient revenue to pay his quit-rent of £500 a year to the Crown, sold them to a prosperous trader of Glasgow, also a Campbell, for the sum of £12,000 which is about one half the amount of their present rental!

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758

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RESULTS OF THE MARRIAGE.

In the family of this individual, a very dis- | owed up by his forced marches that enatinguished one, the principal island contin- bled him to repair the errors of a lieutenant ued for five generations, but a few years ago by defeating an enemy flushed by a moment's it was again purchased by a London mer- success, numbering double his own force. chant, the late highly intelligent Mr. James Military men will, we think, be prepared to Morrison, like Colin Campbell, sprung from admit that in the conduct of these enter-. the people, and the founder of his own great prises Sir Colin Campbell has displayed an fortune. The sum paid for it was £450,000 amount of strategic skill perhaps never be which is about seven and thirty-fold what it fore exhibited in our Indian warfare, from fetched about 140 years ago. the sublime of Clive and Coote down to the The Campbells, we may add, were always opposite profound of Gough and Ellenbor a very loyal, very Presbyterian, very diffusive, ough. We except only the two battles of even very intrusive brood. They were origi- Sir Charles Napier, but not the one battle of nally, or at least their chiefs were, French or the Great Captain, who wanted when he Norman invaders, who, coming through fought it, for it was his first, the quarter of England, seized all they could lay hold of a century's longer experience of Napier and in Perth, and nearly posssessed themselves of all Argyle. In both counties they became quasi Highlanders, speaking good vernacular, and by way of accomplishment, now and then bad Scotch, and worse English. No country comes amiss to the Campbells. One of their chiefs, the descendant of the aforesaid Campbell of Calder, is now a Welshman. A good many of them are at present English, even to the height of being Peers and Chief Justices, while many are Yankees, Canadians, Australians, and AngloIndians.

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But to return from this digression to the man who is now engaged in suppressing the mutiny and rebellion of 100,000 trained soldiers, and in putting down insurrection over an area of a million and a half of square miles. Sir Colin is now sixty-four, with the constitution and activity of forty. He entered the army in 1808, and his first feat of arms was at San Sebastian; he led the forlorn hope in the assault of that place on the 25th of July 1813.

"I beg (says Lord Lynedoch, in his despatch to the Duke of Wellington), to recommend to your lordship Lieut. Colin Campbell, of the 9th who led the forlorn hope, and who was severely wounded on the breach.

Lieut. Campbell's section consisted of twenty-five, and, with one exception, every man of it was either killed or wounded.

Campbell. Our Indian battles, indeed, have too often consisted in the mere hurling of British battalions against artillery in position, the reliance being on the heart and arm of the soldier, and not in the head of the gen eral. The pluck of our forefathers, before the invention of gunpowder, would have enabled them to win such fights as these with Asiatics, even with cross-bow, the pike, or the broad-sword.

Sir Colin has done already a great deal, but he has much more to accomplish; he has not only to conquer a kingdom more popu lous and incomparably more full of resources than his own native country, swarming with a warlike population and bristling with fortresses. He has, moreover, to raise, organize, and discipline a loyal and effective army in the room of one that was formidable only to its employers. The country prays for the preservation of a life so valuable, and perhaps rather too freely exposed to danger. The popular vows are the more earnest, as if Sir Colin Campbell should unhappily fall, it is impossible to see, far or near, a commander worthy to succeed him.

From The Economist, 23 Jan. THE SOCIAL AND THE POLITICAL

RESULTS OF THE ROYAL MARRIAGE. THE alliance about to be formed between England and Prussia is a subject for hearty In the long period of five-and-forty years congratulation, not only to the young Prince which have since elapsed, Sir Colin Campbell himself, but to both the great nations whose has served his country in almost every quar- sympathies and interests will be drawn closer ter of the globe,-during fourteen of them by the union. There are few of the great in India and China. How he led his column continental nations whose natural temper at the Alma, spared his men, and defeated and character are really so much in harthe enemy opposed to him, is fresh in the mony with our own as the people of Northrecollection of the public, as is also his con- ern Germany. No doubt we admire and duct at Balaclava. These achievements, how- envy the French more for the possession of ever, have been far surpassed by his relief a class of talents and capacities totally dif of the garrison of Lucknow, his retreat from that place in the face of an organized force of fifty thousand men posted exactly in the position most favorable to native tactics. These masterly movements are instantly fol

ferent from our own; we envy the poignancy of their wit, we delight in the piquancy of their tastes; but when we come to the essentials of life which lie beneath the surface of society, we find ourselves entirely out of uni

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SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RESULTS OF THE MARRIAGE.

759

It

son with French modes of thought and feel- | pose that any Court influence, however ing. The ground of our daily thoughts, the strong, could have altered the course of Engsubstance of our daily ambition, the world of lish statesmanship during the Russian war,— our poets and novelists, the ideal life of our simply because the leaning of Prussia was in middle class, the passion for liberty among a different direction,-is to suppose that that all classes, are of a totally different type in war was the result of ministerial and not England and in France. But with the peo- popular resolve. The truth is obvious, that ple of Northern Germany we have far more in any alliance of this kind, whichever of the in common. If we find less to admire, it is two States is by its position and resources because we find far more to understand and the most independent, may naturally hope to love. There we find a simplicity of manner give rather than to receive support. That the and feeling surpassing even the simplicity of cordiality between Prussia and England will England,-less enterprise and more light be quickened by the close alliance between hearted content,-less reserve and more hu- the heads of the Executive Government, we mility,-less success in practical life, but cannot doubt; and whether that increased even more diligence and caution,-less auda- cordiality will tend rather to increase Ruscity and self-confidence in external things, sian influence in England, or to decrease Rusmore boldness and self-confidence in theo- sian influence in Prussia, is not, perhaps, a retic pursuits, less freedom of action, more question that is very difficult to answer. freedom of thought,-less faith, more spon- is, for example, in all probability, quite imtaneous and child-like feeling. All these possible to over-estimate the influence which characteristics are so closely allied to our English institutions and habits of friendship own, and yet so different, that when fairly with English public men, have had in helpknown, they form the natural ground of a ing the King of Belgium to establish on a very permanent bond between the two types secure foundation the political institutions of of national character; and it is easy to see that youthful kingdom. We have lately had that German literature and thought has reason to admire the firmness, the tact, the taken a far deeper, though at present a nar- energy with which he held the reins of Govrower, hold of the English mind than the ernment during a conflict of no slight magFrench literature and thought could ever nitude, which threatened either to overthrow take. The defects of the English mind are the constitutional rights of the laity or to not the defects of the German, and yet both plunge the State into civil war. No one can nations respect the same qualities of charac- doubt that it was Leopold's familiarity with ter-two conditions without either of which English political traditions and English hisno cordial and lasting sympathy can exist. tory which at once enabled him so to rule It is the accident of language and imperfect Belgium, as to render constitutional and intercourse which has alone isolated us so moderate measures at that crisis decisive completely from Germany;-and we may be with the people, and which taught him what sure that closer intercourse will tend-not those measures ought to be. And can we perhaps, as in the case of France, to make doubt that the same spectacle of English German habits and tastes admired and fash- politics, and the same close connection with ionable amongst us-but, what is of far English statesmen, will produce a similar higher importance, to foster hearty mutual effect on the mind of the young Prince of esteem between the great middle classes of Prussia, and confirm in him the habits of a the two nations. constitutional monarch far more effectually than all the historical and legal lore of his German University training? All the politi cal philosophy of Bonn and Berlin would never endear to him the constitutional freedom of Prussia, as will his personal experience of English politics and politicians,-his knowledge how real is the national life of England, and how much more real than it could ever have been had not kings and ministers known how to yield to the people as well as how to guide them.

But it is not simply as promoting the social alliance of the two nations that we may congratulate ourselves on the marriage of the Princess Royal. That indeed is the deepest, but it is not the most obvious and tangible result which this alliance will have on English affairs. We may, without vanity, believe that it will extend the influence of England on the Continent, and tend to wean from exclusive bias to Russian interest one of Russia's most powerful neighbors. Those who, when this alliance was first suggested, seemed to fear that it might tend to weaken the independence of England, and indirectly draw her diplomatists into the jealousies and intricacies of German politics, far underrated we think, the substantial dependence of English statesmen on the national will. To sup

And, last of all, we cannot doubt for a moment that the alliance just about to be formed will be a real security for the peace of Europe. The misunderstandings which arise because there is no cordial spirit between the Executive Powers in different countries are numerous; the misunderstand

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ings which, having arisen, are not removed, of the time when the same policy extended but fostered into actual conflict, because there its shelter to himself. And, indeed, the reis no such cordial spirit at work in the mu- mark fell with little fitness from the President tual explanations that take place, are perhaps of a French Legislative Assembly, who ought more numerous still. More than once lately to have still vividly before his mind the mul we have beheld how a cordial understanding titudes of all political opinions whom State between France and England has either persecution has driven within the last seventy averted disagreement or subdued disagree-years to take refuge on the shores of Eng ment in its earliest stage. So, too, it will land,-some of them Royalists, and some of doubtless be between England and Prussia. them Republicans, some of them partisans Frank good-will is the first essential of po- of a constitutional assembly, some of them litical concord; and frank good-will must advocates of a Socialist anarchy. Certainly ever exist where the heads of the Executive France is not the nation to complain of the would look upon war as a personal grief. refuge which England affords to political They would know, indeed, that if the politi- exiles. Count de Morny must well know cal purposes of the two nations were ever that England cannot act in one way at one directly to cross each other, no power in the time, and in another way at another time. Executive could prevent a conflict: but they If she is to apprehend on suspicion,-to overwould be resolved that no merely apparent hear every word of conspiracy, to track variance should be the occasion of so painful every thought of resistance to established a struggle: and thus, by taking care to re- authority which is cherished on her soil, she move all the false conceptions of diplomacy must alter her policy towards Royalist and they would remove the grounds of every merely Republican, Legitimist and Anarchist alike. formal strife. We may feel completely satisfied, She cannnot shelter the Napoleonist and imtherefore, that, on public as well as on person- prison the Bourbon; she cannot set spies on al grounds, the marriage of our Princess is a the leaders of the Red Republicans unless subject of mutual congratulation to Germany she also set spies on the leaders of the Or and England; and indulge ourselves with leanists,-nay, should the Imperial dynasty the hope that for once, a source of private of France ever cease to be the one in power, happiness is to be also a source of perma- unless she also set spies on all its adherents nent political gain. who may be suspected of organizing a return to power upon our shores. Unless England is to cease to be what she has been to all the parties which have so long divided France,-Royalists, and Girondists, and BuoALL Englishmen must rejoice heartily in napartists, and Orleanists, and Socialists-she the failure of the detestable plot to assassi- cannot undertake or attempt to destroy these nate the Emperor of France. There is, per-"nests of assassins." Without shackling the haps, no man living whose life is of so much liberty of the exile, there is no mode of either value to France and Europe, as that of the discovering or preventing secret conspiracy; Emperor of the French. Not that we sym- and Count de Morny must well know that it pathize with his system, or greatly admire is impossible in England to apply one policy his régime; but because his is at least a firm and sensible government,- -a fixed centre of order amid the fluctuating waves of French political opinion, a strong and sagacious administration, amidst much weakness and folly -a government, in short, that actually governs and knows its own mind. But Count de Morny is not content with expressing his conviction on these subjects,-on which he would command the sympathy, not only of France, but of England, he adds a foolish and impertinent sarcasm on the policy of England, because she has "not the power to destroy these nests of assassins," because she does not violate the "laws of hospitality" in the case of men who turn out to be less men than "wild beasts." We do not believe that this imprudent and impudent reflection on the traditional policy of England, can have found any approval in the mind of the Emperor, who retains, we doubt not, a generous and cordial recollection

From The Economist, 28 Jan.

COUNT DE MORNY'S ATTACK ON
ENGLAND.

to one set of exiles and another policy to another. Yet if ever there were a country that as a whole owes gratitude to the generous traditions of English hospitality, that country is France. Hither came the Hugue nots during the time of Louis the Fourteenth, and hither came the priests in the time of the Revolution. The old nobles, whose chateaux were forfeited by the Convention, came to England to bide their time; the quiet middle classes followed during the Reign of Terror; those who made themselves obnoxious to the first emperor found refuge here; those who adhered to his policy and dreaded his successors were equally welcome; twice has a French king recently found hospitality in England; and French statesmen of every class have turned to England in their need. Does Count de Morny suppose that, if England adopted a different policy, such infamous plots as these could be sup

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