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son so effectual as that of silent forbearance. But only the most elevated souls are equal to such a course as this. Howard left me to my evils, but it was evident that his whole life was a prayer for me. I begged him to accompany me in my expedition to Canada line. He consented. Our journey by ordinary conveyance to the north of Vermont was sufficiently monotonous, and commonplace. But when we arrived at a little village some twenty miles from "the line," and were informed that the stage would not go over the mountain till the next week, there was some little prospect of adventure. We were just ten minutes too late for this week's stage. The village where we stopped was on an elevated plain, situated between the Green Mountains where they form a sort of double range. It boasted a meetinghouse, a town-house, and a doctor, besides some very pretty girls. A week was sufficient to make me acquainted with all these, and at the end of it I found myself desperately in love with one of the girls. I had no wish to hunt smugglers. It seemed to me a very vulgar business. Howard endeavored, unwisely enough, to bring me to my senses, and to make me think once more of the expedition I had entered upon with so much enthusiasm. But a tallow candle that has melted from the wick, and run down into the pan of the candlestick, is as capable of enlightening the good people who sit in darkness, as I was of any useful, or energetic exertion. I was melted down at the feet of my mountain enchantress. I forgot the world without me, I even almost forgot to take tobacco. Howard waited a most unreasonable time' for some sort of dénouement, and finally told me that he had made up his mind to leave the next morning. I had no intention of going with him. I should as soon have thought of "carrying myself in a basket" as doing any such thing.

But happily I did not tell him so; 1 wished to see what an agony my divine Caroline would be thrown into by the announcement of our departure. So I made my way with Howard to the parlor, and announced our intentions. The fair girl was netting very busily, and I looked to see her faint, or at least turn very pale; and drop her work, but she did neither. She looked up with the most earnest manner, and exclaimed, "you must not go to-morrow, for Will.

iam is coming to-morrow evening, and you must see him."

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I should be very happy to see your brother, or friend, whichever Martin William may be," said I She stopped me with a merry laugh, "My brother!" said she, and she clapped her little white hands in most gleeful style. "He is my husband, sir." Here was a dénouement with a vengeance! I had not been formally introduced to her, She looked younger than her sisters, and they all called her Caroline. I could have bit my tongue off with a relish. How I ever got out of that scrape, and found myself mounted on a ragged thistle-eating French horse, with his mane, tail and ears most unmercifully cropped by some brutal Canadian, his legs like posts, and his gait like the slow motion of a fulling mill, I cannot tell. One thing I know, at an early hour next morning all this had happened to me. Howard was enraptured with the scenery; I could not conceive how anything could look pleasant to anybody. Even the glowing flush of acres of pink ayalia, looked bloody to me, and the pure white blossoms of the same shrub seemed to mock me; my spirit was not white, why should the flowers be. I hated the ayalia. When a man hates flowers and children, he may as well love tobacco. The fiends have a mortgage of him, and ten to one they will foreclose, and take possession. Slowly and moodily we toiled up the mountain, without seeing any person till late in the afternoon. We were now weary and hungry, and began to look for some signs of humanity, with a very hungry interest. At last we met a boy, and inquired for a tavern. The little fellow hesitated, as though there really were no such place within the bounds of his knowledge, and then said, "Right down in the hollur there is Mr. Poorzes, where they kind o' entertains folks."

We rode on and soon found ourselves before a log house. An ugly fellow, with a fox-skin cap that looked as though it grew into the shape which it had taken by the aid of some rude manufacturer, a wolf-skin coat, and a person that corresponded exceedingly well with its outward adornings, took our horses. We entered the public room of the inn. It had a bar-this was indispensable; several men and dogs lay about on chairs, benches and the floor. The prospect for the night looked any

the spirit of the age admitted. Her Code of Wislica, given her by Casimir the Great, in 1347, anticipated the famous code of the German emperor by 13 years. By this constitution the king's power was limited, and personal freedom guarantied to all classes. At the same time schools were established throughout the country for the children of both the nobility and the peasantry, who, on graduating, if they were not before, became nobles de jure, and as such were entitled to all the rights of free citizens.

Already under Casimir Yagellon we find that Poland possessed a national representation. The law published in 1454 limiting the king's power, runs thus: "We (meaning the king) promise not to declare war or to make any law without the consent of the Diet," &c., &c. A law of 1468 ordained that every district should send to the Diet two representatives. Although the Magna Charta was granted four hundred years before the Habeas Corpus act was passed, yet the latter, the corner stone of British liberties, dates its existence from the 31st year of the reign of Charles II. Poland, however, enjoyed her law "Neminem captivabimus nisi jure victum, aut in crimine deprehensum," none shall be arrested unless legally indicted for crime, or taken in the act, as early as the beginning of the fifteenth century (1413).

The freedom of her institutions is still farther illustrated by the fact that in the sixteenth century, when her population did not exceed fifteen millions, she numbered four hundred and eighty thousand voters; while France, at this period, after all the blood she had shed for liberty, with a population of thirty-five millions, numbers scarcely two hundred thousand electors.

That the mild precepts of Christianity bore their fruit early in Poland, we learn from the fact that in 1100 a charitable association was established at Cracow, In 1303 another institution, called Mons Pietatis was established, whose object was to lend money to the poor at three per cent. interest. Towards the close of the fourteenth century a school for indigent children was organized, where they received assistance. And in 1773 Poland was the first to establish an administrative department of education, having appropriated for the benefit of her people all the confiscated estates of the Jesuits after their expulsion.

a night of St. Bartholomew, of a Thirty Years' War, or a Holy Inquisition, but have always protected the persecuted for conscience sake.

When the Jews were persecuted elsewhere, they found an asylum in Poland, and received important privileges as early as the thirteenth century (1264). When in England the fires of Smithfield were blazing, when Germany was gorged with the blood of Lutherans, and when in France rivers of Huguenot blood flowed, Poland protected the sacredness of the human conscience, and for greater security, the Diet in 1573 passed a law guarantying forever freedom of worship to all religious denominations; and enacted that the Polish people, both Catholics and Protestants, should mutually be considered as Dissenters in matters of faith: thus anticipating in religious toleration not only the rest of Europe but even the founders of Rhode Island and of Maryland.

When Henry de Valois was called to the Polish throne, before he could be crowned he was forced to intercede with his brother in favor of the French Protestants. When Sigismund III. sent to Ferdinand II. of Germany eight thousand Cossacks against the Protestants, the Diet unanimously passed an act, declaring all the Cossacks who should remain with the Emperor, traitors to their country. And be it remembered that the Diet passing such laws consisted of a large majority of Catholics, several Bishops among the number.

When the crowned heads of Europe were crouching before the Pope, and Gregory VII presumed to excommunicate the Poles for dethroning their King; the clergy spurned the edict, and refused to publish the excommunication, giving His Holiness to understand that the church has no right to meddle with affairs of state: and when the German armies invaded Poland to enforce the excommunication, they paid dearly for their hardihood.

We shall see that Poland, not only in political institutions but also in literature, was in advance of her neighbors. Before the sun of English literature reached its meridian; before the era of Louis XIV. had dawned upon France; before Germany could enjoy the privilege of reading the Bible in her vernacular tongue, Polish literature had reached already its Augustan age under the reign of the Sigismunds

The Poles never enacted the horrors of father and son.

Vitelio Ciolek was the first to point out the laws of light as early as the thirteenth century, (1230.) Copernicus, in 1530 revealed to the incredulous world the courses of the earth and stars. Zaluzianski, long before Linnæus was born, demonstrated the sexual organization of plants in his Methodus Herbaria," published at Prague in the seventeenth century.

The names of John Ostrorog, Fred. Modrzewski, Cardinal Hosius, Bishop Kromer-the Polish Livy, Rey, Janicki, Kochanowski, Gornicki, Simonowicz, Sarbiewski-poets and philosophers, are known to the learned world as the ornaments of Polish literature. John Glogowezyk, (Glo-gov-chick,) who lived in the latter part of the fifteenth century (b. 1440, d. 1507), has the merit of having written on Craniology, now known as Phrenology. Lord Bacon will waive his claims to priority in the path of inductive philosophy to Gregory of Sanok, who died towards the end of the fif teenth century (b. 1400, d. 1477), as a Professor at Cracow. History must render justice to the memory of the master of Copernicus, the celebrated mathematician, Albert Brudzewski (Broo-dzevsky) the author of the Gregorian calendar, and who was the first to expunge the astrological nonsense from the al

manac.

Such was the nation that was sacrificed to the rapacity of infamous kings.

After the third partition of Poland, the three political vultures enjoyed the blood of their prey quietly for a time. Poland was too much exhausted to struggle any longer, but her limbs ceased not to quiver, though in the grasp of this hideous trio. The Poles that were obliged to flee their country under the wings of the French eagle then soaring in Italy, made a nucleus of future Polish legions at Milan, on the 7th of January, 1797, and they adopted the beautiful motto "Gli nomini liberi sono fratelli." Freemen are brothers. Their commander was the brave General Dombrowski (Dom-brov-sky). These legions were the only representatives of the Polish nation abroad. After this time they became inseparable companions of Napoleon's fortunes; faithful to him even in his reverses. They fought with him in Italy, Egypt, Spain, Germany, Russia; even some of them were sent to St. Do

mingo by the French, to quell the insurrection of the famous Toussaint.

The Poles fought in the cause of the French, for they believed it to be that of freedom, and because by the success of the French arms they hoped to deliver their own country. Sensible of their service, Napoleon encouraged their hopes; they, however, found out, though too late, that they were deceived. After he had humbled Prussia, by the battle of Jena, and Russia by that of Friedland, and made the Treaty of Tilsit, (7th of July, 1807,) he raised a part of Poland, containing about 4,000,000 of inhabitants, into the Duchy of Warsaw. This the Poles thought to be a prelude to the complete restoration of Poland, and they embraced the French interest with more ardor. Seventy thousand Poles, headed by Prince Poniatowski, marched in the colossal army led by Bonaparte against Russia in 1812. The battles of Mir, Smolensko, Borodino, Kaluga, attested their valor, and they shared honorably in the horrors of the passage of the Beresina. The survivors in this memorable campaign followed Napoleon in his disastrous retreat, to fight desperately the battle of Leipzig, (Oct. 19, 1813.) And here they lost their brave chieftain Poniatowski, who by his valor and patriotism washed out the stain of his family. He met his death in the river Elster, which, after being twice wounded, he attempted to cross. The Poles followed Napoleon to France, and saw their enemies enter Paris in 1814.

The number of sons Poland lost in all Napoleon's wars, amounts to 200,000 men; added to this, the sufferings the country itself experienced since Germany and Russia were made battle-grounds, and it will make the amount contributed to the French interest, for which the Poles received in return the appellation of brave Polonais. May this teach the Poles wisdom for the future! Their independence must be the work of their own hands; kings will be always ready to take advantage of their criminal credulity by fine promises. It is high time that they, as well as the world at large, should remember that kings are natural enemies of the people. They are the visible vice-gerents of Satan, impeding the development of that divine idea of progress which every nation received from God at its birthday.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.*

THE misfortune of those deprived of hearing and speech requires no reflection to awaken sympathy. There has even been, in times past, a tendency to exaggerate the depth and the hopelessness of their calamity. Within a comparatively recent period, and through the successful accomplishment of their education, the prejudice which long consigned them to neglect, has given place to a more genial sympathy, to an interest higher than mere compassion, and pleasing rather than painful. The condition of the deaf mute uneducated, needs not the aid of exaggeration to make it appear indeed deplorable. It is not, that he is cut off from the pleasures proper to the sense of hearing that nature with her thousand voices is silent to him--that for him there is no voice of man or woman, no sound in childhood's mirth, none of those expressive tones which awaken responding vibrations upon the chords of emotion; that he knows nothing of the melody of song or the harmony of verse-nor even, that he is to such a degree, debarred the mere enjoyment of social intercourse. His calamity strikes deeper, as affecting his intellectual and moral being. Having capacities of soul, not inferior to those of other men, but deprived of the instrument of communication which they employ, he is, as a consequence of this isolation, bound to a condition of perpetual infancy-with the germs of intellect and elevated feeling unquickened; with no share of the inheritance we receive in the history and the accumulated wisdom of the past, in the results of ages of mental progress, handed down in a language of words; without the assistance which a cultivated language renders in aiding and developing thought; with knowledge limited to the range of his vision, and confined to the visible surface of what he sees; science and religion having for him no existence; the rites of worship

and many customs and institutions of society to him a mystery; not merely the revelations of Christian truth, but the existence of God, of the soul, and of a future beyond the grave, absolutely unknown-a heathen in a Christian land, and in the bosom, it may be, of a Christian family!

The education of deaf mutes is a subject, of the first importance to at least one in every two thousand of the popu lation of these United States; of deep concern to their friends, and to every friend of humanity. It is also full of interest for the curious and the philosophic inquirer. It is highly important in its relations to the science of mind, the philosophy of language, and the subject of education in general.

The means are not wanting for an experimental basis of inquiry. Since the opening of the school at Paris by the Abbé de l'Epée, in 1760, the foundation of the institution at Leipsic, under Heinicke, in 1778, and the commencement of instruction, in Edinburgh, by Braidwood, in 1764, which led to the establishment of the London Institution in 1792, there have sprung from these beginnings, more than one hundred and sixty schools and institutions now existing in Europe, and ten in the United States. The earliest established in this country, was the American Asylum at Hartford, through the agency and under the direction of the Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, opened in 1817. During the two centuries preceding this period, several pioneers in this work appeared, in different countries and at different times, who taught a few deaf mutes with success. The most noted are, Peter Ponce, a Spanish Benedictine monk who died in 1584, and who has the credit of being the earliest successful educator of deaf mutes; John Paul Bonet, who flourished in Spain not many years later; Dr. John Wallis, of Oxford, in England; and John Conrad Amman, a

The Twenty-Ninth Report of the Directors of the American Asylum, at Hartford, for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb; and Mr. Weld's Report, &c. Twenty-Sixth Annual Report and Documents of the New-York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, &c. New York. 1845.

The census of 1840 makes the proportion 1 to 2,123. That the returns fall far short of the actual number is unquestionable. See the Eighteenth and the Twenty-Third Annual Reports of the New York Institution. In the latter the proportion is estimated at about 1 to 1,650.

physician, in Holland, who died in 1724. Bonet, Wallis and Amman, left treatises on the art. In later times, the subject has employed able pens, and given birth to many and voluminous productions, particularly in France and Germany. It engaged the earnest and long-continued attention, and the profoundest study, of such a mind as that of the late Baron Degerando, whose work in two octavo volumes, entitled De l'Education des Sourd-muets de Naissance, will probably long retain its place, as the great repository of facts and principles in relation to the subject.

The voluminous pamphlets named at the head of this article, comprise documents, which form an addition, not only of especial immediate interest, but of great permanent value, to the literature of this subject. The Hon. Horace Mann, Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, in his Seventh Annual Report, embra cing the results of his examination of European educational institutions, represented the schools for deaf mutes in Prussia, Saxony and Holland, as "decidedly superior to those in the United States;" because there, "incredible as it may seem, they are taught to speak with the lips and tongue," while here, the deaf mute, "as soon as he passes out of the circle of those who understand the language of signs, is as helpless and hopeless as ever."!! Mr. Mann had been well known as an able, eloquent and efficient promoter of common school education, and his opinion, thus put forth and zeal ously defended, could not be without influence. The ignorance of the general subject, and particularly of the mode of instruction here prevailing, apparent upon the face of these statements, and the manifest marks of hasty and superficial observation, of an unquestioning, eager credulity, and of an exaggerating imagination, were indeed such as could be easily exposed; as was immediately and effectually done, in an article in the North American Review of Nov., 1844. The two modes of instruction had also been in practice, and been the subject of ardent controversy, from the earliest establishment of schools for deaf mutes. The one introduced here from France, by Mr. Gallaudet, had been preferred, only after thorough inquiry into the merits of the other. Yet it was desirable, for the general advancement of the cause, as well as for the satisfaction of the public mind, that an extensive personal examination

of European schools for deaf mutes, should be made by one or more competent persons. This has now been done, by two gentlemen-Lewis Weld, Esq., Principal of the American Asylum at Hartford, and the Rev. George E. Day, once a Professor in the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb-under commissions from these institutions respectively; and their reports occupy the greater portion of the pamphlets named above. In addition to the indispensable qualifications of an acquaintance with deaf mutes, with their mental and physical characteristics, their natural language of signs, and with the subject of their education, possessed by both, Mr. Day had also a familiar knowledge of the German tongue, and Mr. Weld enjoyed the best assistance to make up for the want of this advantage. They each devoted several months wholly to the object; proceeding separately, and thus giving to the results greater value; and favored, with scarcely an exception, with every desirable facility at the schools they visited. The attention of both was directed particularly to the German schools. Mr. Day's observations were mostly confined to these. Mr. Weld visited also Belgium and Holland, and took time for a thorough examination of the principal schools in Great Britain and France. Mr. Day has produced a complete, well-digested, and most able view of the subject of deaf mute instruction in Germany, derived from published writings as well as his own observations. An excellent guide to the various points of inquiry, had been furnished him in the Letter of Instructions by Mr. Peet, then Principal, now President, of the New York Institution. Mr. Weld, following more of the journalizing method, has given with scrupulous fidelity and in an interesting manner, the results of his judicious inquiries; his conclusions deriving weight from his high character and long experience as an instructor. Both made it their aim to report facts bearing upon the general subject, and especially upon the question in relation to articulation, sufficient in number and variety, and in particularity of detail, to enable the reader to draw conclusions for himself. In this they have fully succeeded, and with such evidence of careful and thorough observation, skillful experiment, and candid and fair inquiry on their part, as is in the highest degree satisfactory. We propose to direct our

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