cleanliness, ought to be of the most approved description.

Temporary extension of the accommodation may be provided in the summer and autumn by tents, and in the winter and spring by wooden huts. The tents recommended are, the regulation bell-tent of the War Department, 513 cubic feet space, and the regulation hospital marquee of 3000 cubic feet space. The former should not contain more than one patient, nor the latter more than three. The ground on which they are pitched should be kept dry by means of trenches around and between them; the floors should be boarded; the approaches paved or boarded; and the tents themselves should be everywhere distant from each other at least a diameter and a half. All slops and refuse matter should be carefully removed.

With regard to huts, "dryness of site is, as in the case of tents, of the first importance. Each hut should. be trenched round. Its floor should be raised a foot or a foot and a half from the earth, so as to permit the free under-passage of air; but care must be taken to prevent the lodgment of moisture or impurities beneath the floor. A distance not less than three times the height of a hut should intervene between any two huts, and each hut should be so placed as not to interfere with free circulation of air round other huts. In huts, as in permanent buildings, for the treatment of infectious diseases, not less than 2000 feet cubic space, with 144 square feet of floor, should be given to each patient. The ventilation of huts, also, is of equal importance with that of permanent hospital buildings. It is best secured by the combination of side-windows with roofopening, the latter protected from rain, and running the

whole length of the ridge of the roof. The windows, capable of being opened top and bottom, should not be fewer than one to each pair of beds, or in large huts, one to each bed, nor should be of less size than the sash-window in common use for houses. The ventilating opening beneath the ridge may have flaps, movable from within the tent by ropes and pulleys, so that the opening to windward can be closed, if necessary, in high winds. Doubled-walled wood huts may have additional ventilation by the admission of air beneath this outer and inner wall, and its passage into the interior of the hut through openings with movable covers at the top of the inner lining. The roof should be covered with waterproof felt; the edges of the felt fastened down by strips of wood, not by nails. The hut should be warmed by open fire-places, fixed in brickstove stacks placed in the centre of the floor, the flue being carried through the roof."

In places where no sewerage-system exists the excreta may be removed by the pail or dry-earth system, but in either case disinfectants should be used, and outside doors or flaps should be provided in the closetblocks to permit the removal of the excreta directly from the closets and not through the wards.

The following are ground-plans of a hospital hut for eight patients of each sex, having the same infectious disease (fig. 12), and of an extension of hut-hospitals where plenty of ground is available (fig. 13). Both plans are copied from the Memorandum of the Medical Department of the Local Government Board already referred to.

The majority of temporary hospitals erected by the London vestries have been made of corrugated iron

lined with match-wood.

In the Hampstead hospital the interval between the wood and iron is filled up with felt, a plan which adds greatly to the warmth of the hospital and prevents draughts.

Fig. 13.-A, Administrative Buildings (Kitchen, Stores, Offices, Nurses' Bedrooms, etc.); B, Laundry, etc.; C, Disinfection, Dead-house, etc.; D, Huts for 10 patients each, with Scullery and Bath-room at end, and Closet and Sink at other end of each; E, Open Corridors. The dotted lines show direction of farther extension.

At seaport towns it is proposed to use hospitalships of the "Dreadnought" type, but any hull of an old vessel, capable of floating and large enough, would suffice. Wooden huts erected on the upper deck would supply

the ward accommodation, while the body of the vessel could be utilised for the administrative department. The "Dreadnought" is fitted with a Warren's cooking-stove, which is well adapted for the requirements of any temporary hospital, inasmuch as it is complete in itself and very economical. Hospital-ships would prove of immense value in the event of cholera again visiting this country.

CHAPTER X.

REMOVAL OF SEWAGE.

THE term sewage may be conveniently used as indicating the excrementitious matter thrown off by the bowels and kidneys, and, indirectly, the refuse, whether solid or liquid, which is constantly accumulating in inhabited places, and requires to be constantly removed if cleanliness and health are to be maintained. A consideration of this subject will therefore have reference not only to the different methods of excretal removal, but also to scavenging.

SECTION I-MIDDENS, ASHPITS, AND CESSPOOLS.

In thinly-populated districts the disposal of the excreta and house-refuse is accompanied with little risk, provided they are not allowed to accumulate in close proximity to a house or near a well. The open midden, ashpit, or cesspool, under these circumstances, cannot be pronounced very objectionable from a sanitary point of view, because they can be cleaned out periodically without creating a nuisance, and any neglect in keeping them in order is seldom attended with serious consequences. In towns, however, the case is very different. These filth-accumulations, when no other system of removal is followed, are of necessity in close Q