Tonquin, division of monarchy in, 177;
annual expulsion of demons in, 558
Toothache, transferred to enemies, 539;
remedy for, 544

Toradjas of Central Celebes, 18, 21, 68, 71,
75, 117, 197, 232, 416, 581
Torches, offered by women to Diana, 3; used
to mimic lightning, 77; used in expulsion
of demons, 548, 550, 554, 555, 557, 560,
562; in expulsion of witches, 560, 561;
processions with lighted, 610, 611, 647;
carried round folds, 631; applied to fruit
trees to fertilise them, 647
Torres Straits Islands, 604; magic in the,

18; personal names tabooed in, 250;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, 598
Tortoises in magic, 36; reasons for not
eating, 495

Totem, skin disease supposed to be caused
by eating, 473; supposed effect of killing,
689; receptacle for a man's external soul,
690; transference of soul to, 692, 700
Totem animal, artificial, 699; clans, 17,
504, 700

Totemism, in Australia and America, 533;
suggested theory of, 689

Totems, magical ceremonies for the multi-
plication of the, 17, 85-6
Toumbuluh tribe of North Celebes, 239, 240
Toxcatl, old Mexican festival, 587

Transmigration of human souls, into turtles,
504; into bears, 511; into totem animals,

691

the

Transubstantiation, 490
Transylvania, rain-making in, 71; festival
of Green George in, 126; continence at
sowing in, 138; saying as to sleeping
child in, 182; harvest customs in, 451,
452, 456; customs at sowing in, 530; story
of the external soul in, 672
Transylvania, the Germans of, 239;
Roumanians of, 191, 227, 341; the Saxons
of, 238, 306, 312, 316, 456, 530, 672
Travancore, the Rajah of, 543
Tree, that has been struck by lightning, 80,
708; decked with sham bracelets, etc.,
342; burnt in the Midsummer bonfire,
626, 628; external soul in a, 670, 680.
See also Trees
Tree-agates, 34

-spirit, represented simultaneously in
vegetable and human form, 125; repre-
sentative of, thrown into water to ensure
rain, 126; killing of the, 296-323; resur-
rection of the, 300; in relation to the
vegetation-spirit, 315-16; Attis as a, 352;
Osiris as a, 380; effigies of, burnt in bon-
fires, 651; human representatives of, put
to death, 652, 665

-spirits, 109-17; beneficent powers of,
117-20, 651; in human form or embodied
in living people, 125

-worship, 109;
among the ancient
Germans, 110; among European families
of the Aryan stock, 110;
among the
Lithuanians, 110; in ancient Greece and
Italy, 111; among the Finnish-Ugrian
stock in Europe, 111; notions at the
root of, 111; in modern Europe, relics
of, 120-35

Trees, worship of, 109; oracular, 110; re-
garded as animate, 111; sacrifices offered
to, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118; sensitive, 112;
apologies offered to, for cutting them
down, 113; bleeding, 113; threatened to
make them bear fruit, 113; married to
each other, 114; in blossom treated like
pregnant women, 115; animated by the
souls of the dead, 115; planted on graves,
115; demons in, 116; ceremonies at cut-
ting down, 116; grant women an easy
delivery, 120; sacred, 120; represented
on the monuments of Osiris, 380; in
relation to Dionysus, 387; evils trans-
ferred to, 545; burnt in bonfires, 612, 616,
626, 630, 651; lives of people bound up
with, 681, 682; passing through cleft trees
as a cure for various maladies, 682-3; fire
thought by savages to be stored like sap
in, 706

Tribute of youths and maidens sent to the
Minotaur, 280

Trinity, the Hindoo, 52

Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, 394, 396.
470

Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, 6
Trolls, 617, 625, 663, 707

Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, 600
Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, 26
Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, 66
Tsuen-cheu-fu, in China, geomancy at, 36
Tuaregs of the Sahara, 252

Tübingen, burying the Carnival near, 306
Tuhoe tribe of Maoris, 119

Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, 141, 158
Tumleo, island of, 43

Tuña, a spirit, expulsion of, 551
Turcoman cure for fever, 242

Turkestan, human scapegoat in, 543
Turks, exorcism practised by the,

195;

preserve their nail-parings for use at the
resurrection, 236; of Central Asia, 496
Turmeric cultivated, 434, 437

Turner's picture of the Golden Bough, 1
"Turquoise, Mistress of," at Sinai, 330
Turtle, magical models of, 18
Turtles, killing the sacred, 502;

transmi-

gration of human souls into, 504
Twanyirika, an Australian spirit, 693
Twelfth Day, ceremony of the King at
Carcassone on, 537; the Eve of, 561, 609.

647

Night, expulsion of the powers of evil
on, 561; the King of the Bean on, 586;
the Yule log on, 637

Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth
Night, precautions against witches during
the, 561; Nights, remains of Yule log
scattered over the fields during the, 637
Twins, 29, 227; taboos laid on parents of,
66; supposed to possess magical powers,
66-7; associated with salmon, and the
grizzly bear, 66; called children of the
sky, 67; water poured on graves of, 67;
parents of, thought to be able to fertilise
plantain trees, 137

"Two Brothers, The," Egyptian tale of, 674
Tycoons, the, 176

Typhon, or Set, the brother of Osiris, 363..
365, 475

Tyrol, the, witches in, 234; disposal of loose
hair in, 237; wedding-ring as amulet in,
243; customs at threshing in, 429; the
last thresher in, 449, 456; "burning out
the witches" in, 560, 622; Lenten fires
in, 612; Midsummer fires in, 625; fern-
seed in, 705

Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, 692
Uap, island of, taboos observed by fishermen
in, 218

Uea, one of the Loyalty Islands, 185
Uganda, 208; priest inspired by tobacco
smoke in, 95; taboos observed by father
of twins in, 227; king's brothers burnt in,
286; human scapegoats in, 543, 565; king
of, 543, 565, 593

Ukraine, ceremony to fertilise the fields on
St. George's Day in the, 137
Uliase, East Indian island, 191, 196
Ulster, taboos observed by the ancient kings
of, 173

Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, 158
Unconquered Sun, Mithra identified with
the, 358

Universal healer, mistletoe called, 659
Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, 693
Unreason, Abbot of, 586

Upsala, sacred grove at, 110; festival at,
279; sacrifice of king's sons at, 290;
human sacrifices at, 354

Upulero, the spirit of the sun, 14
Ur, the fourth dynasty of, 104

Urua, divinity claimed by the chief of, 98

Valerius Soranus, 262

Vampyres, need-fire kindled as a safeguard
against, 641, 649

Vancouver Island, 599

Vedijovis, she-goat sacrificed to, 392
Vegetable and animal life associated in the
primitive mind, 325

Vegetation, homoeopathic influence of per-
sons on, 29; spirit of, 124, 125, 127-129,
131; influence of the sexes on, 135-139;
men and women masquerading as the
spirits of, 140; marriage of the powers
of, 146; death and revival of the spirit of,
300, 315, 318-19; perhaps generalised from
a tree-spirit, 315-16, 339; growth and
decay of, 324, 385; decay and revival of,
in the rites of Adonis, 337; gardens of
Adonis charms to promote the growth of,
341, 342; Attis as a god of, 352; Osiris as
a god of, 381, 385; decay and growth of,
conceived as the death and resurrection
of gods, 385; ancient deities of, as ani-
mals, 464-79; Mars a deity of, 578; spirit
of, burnt in effigy, 651; reasons for burn-
ing a deity of, 651; leaf-clad representa-
tive of the spirit of, burnt, 652; view
that victims of the Druids represented
spirits of, 658

"Veins of the Nile," 371

Veleda, a deified woman, 97

Vendée, custom of threshing in, 406

Venison, ill effect of eating, 496

Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, 5, 7, 8

Venus, the planet, identified with Astarte,
346, 370

Vermin, from hair returned to their owner,
236; propitiated by farmers, 530; exor-
cised with torches, 647

Verres, Roman governor, 397
Vervain, 17, 623, 624

Vesta, temple of, 3, 704; perpetual fire of,
3, 665

Vestal fire, 3; at Nemi, 163, 164
Virgins, 3, 153, 235, 478, 493

Vestals, 4, 145

Victoria, Queen, worshipped in Orissa, 100
Victoria, aborigines of, 45, 252; sex totems
in, 688

Victoria Nyanza, Lake, 87

Vine, the cultivation of, introduced by
Osiris, 362, 380; in relation to Dionysus,
386

Vintage song, Phoenician, 425, 442

Violets sprung from the blood of Attis, 348
Virbius, 4, 5, 8, 141, 163, 164, 301, 476, 707
Virgin, the Heavenly, mother of the Sun,
358

Virgin Mary and Isis, 383

mothers, tales of, 347
Virgins, sacrifice of, 146, 370
Vitu Levu, Fijian island, 695
Vitzilipuztli, a great Mexican god, 488
Voigtland, locks unlocked at childbirth in,
239; bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, 622
Volga, sacred groves among the tribes of
the, 111

Vomiting, homoeopathic cure for, 16; as a
religious rite, 485

Vosges, the, disposal of cut hair and nails
in, 236; harvest customs in, 449; Mid-
summer fires in, 629, 645; cats burnt
alive on Shrove Tuesday in, 656
Vosges Mountains, the, May customs in,
121; "catching the cat" in, 453
Voyages, telepathy in, 24

Wadai, Sultan of, 200, 273
Wageia of East Africa, 215
Wagogo of East Africa, 23. 72, 85, 495
Wagtail, the yellow, in magic, 15, 16
Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, 288
Wajagga of East Africa, 237
Wakanda, a spirit, 216

Wakelbura of Australia, 180, 603
Wakondyo of Central Africa, 76
Walber, the, 126, 127

Waldemar I., King of Denmark, 89
Wales, belief as to death at ebb tide in, 35;
harvest customs in, 403; falling sickness
transferred to fowls in, 545; Beltane
fires in, 620; Midsummer fires in, 630,
646; Hallowe'en fires in, 635; mistletoe
in, 661, 663

Walhalla, mistletoe growing east of, 608
Wallachia, crown of last ears of corn worn
by girl at harvest in, 341

Walos of Senegambia, 660

Walpurgis Day in Upper Franken, 616

Night, witches abroad on, 560, 622;
annual expulsion of witches on, 561
Wambugwe of East Africa, 72, 84
Wandorobbo of East Africa, 219
Wanika of East Africa, 112

War, telepathy in, 25-7; rules of Ceremonial
purity observed in, 210; continence in,
210-12

Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, 668
Warramunga of Central Australia, 17
Warriors tabooed, 210, 594

Warts, transferred to ash-tree, 546
Warua, the, 198

Washing, forbidden for magical reasons, 21,
23, 68; practised as a ceremonial puri-
fication by the Jews, and by the Greeks,
473

Wataturu of East Africa, 85
Watchdogs, charm to silence, 31

Water, used in charms, 26, 63, 67, 71, 341;
kings of, 108; in Midsummer festival,
154, 625; of Life, Ishtar sprinkled with,
326; used to wash away sins, 543
Water-ousel, heart of, eaten to make eater
wise and eloquent, 496

-spirits, propitiation of, 127; women
married to, 145; sacrifices to, 146; danger
of, 192

Wawamba of Central Africa, 76

Wax figures in magic, 543-4

Weapon and wound, contagious magic of,
41-3

Weapons, prayers to, 27; of warriors, puri-
fication of, 214; sharp, tabooed, 226
Weariness, transferred to stones, 540
Weather, magical control of the, 60-83
Weaving, charm to ensure skill in, 32
Wedding ring amulet against witchcraft,
243

Weevils spared by Esthonian peasants, 530
Wells, cleansed as rain-charm, 67; men-
struous women kept from, 604, 606
Wends, the, 119, 402, 451; of Saxony, 708
Wennland in Sweden, treatment of strangers

on the threshing-floor in, 431; grain of
last sheaf baked in a girl-shaped loaf in,
480

Westermarck, Dr. Edward, 642, 643
Westphalia, the Whitsuntide Bride in, 135;
the last sheaf at harvest in, 401; the
Harvest-cock in, 451; Easter fires in, 615;
the Yule log in, 637

Wetar, East Indian island, stabbing people's
shadows in, 189; belief regarding leprosy
in, 473

Whale, solemn burial of dead, 223

Whale's ghost, fear of injuring, 220
Whalers, taboos observed by, 217, 220, 221
Whales, ceremonies observed at the slaughter
of, 523

Wheat and barley, the cultivation of, intro-
duced by Osiris, 363; discovered by Isis,
382

Wheat Bride, 408; -cock, 451; -cow, 457;
-dog, 448, 449; -goat, 454; -man, 428;
-mother, 400; -pug, 449; -sow, 460; -wolf,
449, 450

Wheel, effigy of death attached to a, 311;
fire kindled by the rotation of a, 627,
639, 644; as a symbol of the sun, 644
Wheels, burning, rolled down hill, 612, 613,
615, 622-4, 626, 641, 643, 645, 646; rolled
over fields at Midsummer to fertilise them.
629, 647; perhaps intended to burn
witches, 649

Whit-Monday, custom observed by Russian
girls on, 128; the Leaf King at Hildes-
heim on, 130; the king of Bohemia on,
130; the king's game on, 132; pretence
of beheading a leaf-clad man on, 297: pre-
tence of beheading the king on, 298-9
Whitsun-Bride in Denmark, 133
Whitsuntide, races at, 124, 129; contests
for the kingship at, 129, 132; drama of
Summer and Winter at, 317

Whitsuntide Basket, 129; Bride, 132, 133,
135; Bridegroom, 133; crown, 132, 133;
customs, 121, 124, 128-35; King, 129,
132, 133, 298-9; -lout, 128; mummers,
296-301; Queen, 131, 132, 299

Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe,
654; burnt in summer bonfires, 655
Widows and widowers, mourning customs
observed by, 207

Wife, the Old, name given to the last corn
cut, 403

Wife's infidelity thought to injure her absent
husband, 23, 25

Wild animals, propitiated by hunters, 518-
532

Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, 467
Willow, mistletoe growing on, 660
Willow-tree, 683; at festival of Green
George among the gypsies, 126-7
Winamwanga of Northern Rhodesia, 708
Wind, the magical control of the, 80-83; of
the Cross, 81; in the corn, sayings as to
the, 399, 448, 454, 457, 459, 460, 463
Winds, charms to calm the, 80; sold to
sailors, 81; tied up in knots. 81; kept in
jars, 170

Wine, the sacramental use of, 498
Winnowing basket, image of snake in, 535

fan, in rain-making, 73; used to scatter
ashes of human victims, 378, 443; an
emblem of Dionysus, 388

Winter, ceremony at the end of, 551; gen-
eral clearance of evils at the beginning or
end of, 575

and Summer, dramatic battle of, 316-
317
Witch, burnt in Ireland, 56; burnt at St.
Andrews, 243; name given to last corn
cut after sunset, 403; Old, burning the,
429. See also Witches
"Witch-shots," 649

Witchcraft, dread of, 194, 236; strangers
suspected of practising, 194; practised in
Scotland, 542; protections against, 610,
620, 626-8, 648, 656, 663, 666, 702, 707;
need-fire, a sovereign remedy for, 641;
ailments attributed to, 649; fatal to milk
and butter, 663

Witches, 44; raise the wind, 80, 81; make
use of cut hair, 234, 237; protections
against, 243, 620, 627; expulsion of, 560;
burning of, 560, 561, 621, 635, 658; shoot-
ing the, 561; effigies of, burnt in bonfires,
610, 612, 613, 648, 658; charm to protect
fields against, 615; cast spells on cattle,
620; steal milk from cows, 620, 627, 628,
648; abroad on Walpurgis Night, 622;
driving away, 622; resort to the Blocks-
berg, 625; steal milk and butter, 628;
abroad at Hallowe'en, 634; cause hail and
thunderstorms, 649; burning missiles

thrown at, 649; brought down from the
clouds by shots and smoke, 649-50; thought
to keep their strength in their hair, 680-81;
tortured in India, 681; animal familiars
of, 684

Witchetty grubs, 17

Wives, taboos observed by, 21-5

Wizards, 43; Finnish, 81; capture human
souls, 187, 188; thought to keep their
strength in their hair, 680-81; animal
familiars of, 683, 684

Wolf, track of, in contagious magic. 44;
corn-spirit as, 448; last sheaf at harvest
called, 449, 450; beast-god of Lycopolis
in Egypt, 500; ceremonies at killing a,
520, 521; the Green, 628, 652, 664
Wolf society among the Nootka Indians,
rite of initiation into, 699

Women, taboos observed by, 20, 25, 26;
dances of, 26-8, 64; employed to sow
fields on the principle of homoeopathic
magic, 28; plough as a rain-charm, 70;
worshipped by ancient Germans, 97;
married to gods, 142-5; tabooed at men-
struation and childbirth, 207-10, 603;
not allowed to mention husbands' names,
249; influence of corn-spirit on, 410;
thought to have no soul, 497; ceremonies
performed by, to rid fields of vermin. 531;
put to death in the character of goddesses
in Mexico, 589; impregnated by the sun,
603; dread of menstruous. 603

barren, charms to procure offspring,
14; sterilising influence ascribed to, 29,
137; thought to conceive through eating
nuts of a palm-tree, 119; fertilised by
trees, 119, 120; thought to blight the
fruits of the earth, 137; fertilised by
being struck with a certain stick, 581
- pregnant, forbidden to spin or twist
ropes, 21; not to loiter in the doorways
where there are, 22; employed to fertilise
crops and fruit-trees, 28

Wonghi tribe of New South Wales, 692
Wood, King of the, at Nemi, 1, 3, 8, 106,
140, 147, 163, 164, 167, 269, 296, 300,
301, 586, 593, 703, 710
Wood-spirits in goat form, 465

Woodmen, ceremonies observed by, at felling
trees, 112, 113

Words, tabooed, 244-62; savages take a
materialistic view of, 247

World, as regarded by early man, 91
Wotjobaluk tribe in Victoria, 43, 687
Wotyaks, the, of Russia, 143, 559
Wound and weapon, contagious magic of,
41-3

Wrach (Hag), name given to last corn cut
in Wales, 403, 404
Wren, hunting the, 536-7
Wünsch, R., 344

Würtemberg, bushes set up on Palm Sunday
in, 125; the thresher of the last corn at
Tettnang in, 456; effigy of goat at Ell-
wangen in, 456; leaf-clad
Midsummer in, 653

Wurunjeri tribe of Victoria, 183

Xerxes in Thessaly, 290

Xnumayo tribe of Zulus, 257

mummer at

Yabim tribe of New Guinea, 213, 597, 694
Yakut shamans and their external souls,
683

Yakuts, 80

Yams, feast of, 200; ceremony at eating
the new, 483

Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, 598
Yarilo, the, funeral of, celebrated in Russia,
318

Year, the fixed Alexandrian, 373; the
Caffre, 483; the Egyptian, a vague year,
368; the old Roman, 577; the Slavonic,
577

Years, cycle of eight, in ancient Greece, 279;
the King of the, in Tibet, 573, 574
Yellow colour in magic, 15

Yezo or Yesso, Japanese island, the Ainos
of, 505, 507

Zeus, rain made by, 71; the priest of, makes
rain by an oak branch, 77; mimicked by
King Salmoneus, 77; marriage with
Demeter at Eleusis, 142; and Hera, 143,
159; and Dione, 151, 165; as god of the
oak, the rain, and the thunder, 159; his
oracular oak at Dodona, 159; prayed to
for rain, 159; Greek kings called, 159;
surnamed Thunderbolt, 159; his resem-
blance to Donar, Thor, Perun, and Per-
kunas, 160-61; the grave of, 265; his
oracular cave on Mount Ida, 280; his
intrigue with Persephone, 388; said to
have transferred the sceptre to young
Dionysus, 388; father of Dionysus by
Demeter, 389; his appearance to Her-
cules in the shape of a ram, 500; and
Danae, 602

Zeus, the Descender, places struck by light-
ning consecrated to, 159; Heavenly, at
Sparta, 9; Lacedaemon, at Sparta, 9;
Laphystian, 290-92; Lightning, sacrificial
hearth of, 159; Polieus in Cos, 466
Zimbas, or Muzimbas, of South-east Africa,
97

Zoganes, temporary king at Babylon, put to
death after a reign of five days, 282