Criminals shorn to make them confess, 680 Cripple Goat, last sheaf called, 455 Crocodile, girl sacrificed to a, 145 Crocodiles, Malay charm to catch, 19; spared by savages out of respect, 518 Cronus, his sacrifice of his son, 293 Crops, charms to promote the growth of the, 28, 288, 610, 613, 614, 624, 645; intercourse of the sexes to promote the growth of the, 136; human victims sacrificed for the, 355, 431; superstitious devices to get rid of vermin in the, 530; supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, 604, 606
"Cross of the Horse," first sheaf called, 460 Cross-road, fever deposited at, 544; offer-
ings at, 557; ceremonies at, 561; Mid- summer fires lighted at, 625
"Crying the Mare" in Hertfordshire, 459 "Crying the neck" in Devonshire, 445 Crystals, magic of, 38, 76, 85 Cumanus, the inquisitor, 681 Cumont, Professor Franz, 584 Cup-and-ball as a charm, 80
Cybele, Mother of the Gods, 347; worship of, 348
Cynaetha, festival of Dionysus at, 390 Cyprus, sacred prostitution in, 330 Cytisorus, son of Phrixus, 290, 291
Cyzicus, council chamber at, 225
Daedala, festival of the, 143
Dahomey, the king of, 172, 199, 257
Dairi, the, or Mikado of Japan, 168, 169 Dairies, sacred, of the Todas, 175 Dalai Lama of Lhasa, 103
Dalmatia, belief as to the souls of trees in, 112
Damia and Auxesia, 7
Dams, continence at making, 220; in Egypt, 369, 370
Danae, the story of, 602
Dances, of women while men are away fighting, 26, 27; to make hemp grow, 28; for rain, 64; round sacred trees, 118; round the May-pole, 122, 124, 126; round bonfires, 122, 610-12, 614, 620, 621, 625, 628-30; to fertilise gardens, 137; of king, 200; of successful head- hunters, 212; to propitiate souls of slain foes, 212; of victory, 213; of harvesters, 401, 427, 460; at festival of first-fruits, 486; at burial of the wren, 537; masked, 542
Danger Island, snares for souls in, 187 Danish magic of footprints, 44
Danzig, disposal of cut hair at, 235; last sheaf at harvest at, 400
Daramulun, a mythical being, 692, 693 Darfur, Sultan of, 200; people of, believe the liver to be the seat of the soul, 497 Date-palm, artificial fertilisation of the, 582 Day of Blood, in rites of Attis, 350; of Atonement, 569
De Barros, Portuguese historian, 277 Dead, the, homoeopathic magic of, 30; spirits of, 47; making rain by means of, 71; trees animated by the souls of, 115; sacrifices to, 175; taboos on persons who have handled, 205; names of, tabooed, 251-6; appear to the living in dreams, 256; festival of, 373, 633; worship of, 414; ghosts of, 551 Dead Sunday, 302 Death, pretence of, 16;
125, 302, 307-16, 577, 613, 614; at ebb tide, 167, 168; mourners forbidden to sleep in a house after a, 182; custom of covering up mirrors after a, 192; from imagination, 204; ritual of, and resurrection, 691-711 Deir el Bahari, paintings at, 142
Deities duplicated through dialectical differ- ences in their names, 164, 165; of vege- tation as animals, 464-79
Deity, savage conception of, 92 Demeter, married to Zeus at Eleusis, 142; and Persephone, 393-8, 420; etymology of her name, 399; in relation to the pig, 469; horse-headed, of Phigalia, 471; Black, 471
Demetrius Poliorcetes, deified, 97
Demons, of trees, 116; abduction of souls by, 186; and ghosts averse to iron, 226; deceived by effigies, 492; of disease exor- cised, 542; omnipresence of, 546; of cholera, 549, 551; men disguised as, 562; conjured into images, 568
Déné Indians, the, 208
Denmark, Whitsuntide customs in, 133; Yule Boar in, 461; Midsummer fires in, 625
Departmental kings of nature, 106-9 Depilation, 681
Deputy, expedient of dying by, 278, 289 Devil-dancers, 542
Devils. See Demons
Devonshire, harvest customs in, 445. Dharmé, the Sun-god, 145
DI, Aryan root meaning "bright," 164 Diana, 1, 3, 8; the Tauric, 2, 3, 6; goddess of childbirth, 3, 141; goddess of fertility, 139-42, 163; and Dianus, 161-7
"Diana's Mirror," 1, 711
Dianus and Diana, 161-7
Dieri of Central Australia, the, 64, 65, 115, 548, 603
Dinkas, the, 269, 565
Diodorus Siculus, 365
Dione, wife of Zeus at Dodona, 151; the old consort of Zeus, 165
Dionysus, 142, 265, 378; god of the vine, 386; god of trees, 387; the Flowery, 387; god of agriculture and the corn, 387; and the winnowing fan, 388; horned, 390; live animals rent in the rites of, 390, 391; as a goat, 390, 464; human sacri- fices in his rites, 392; torn in pieces at Thebes, 392; as a bull, 464, 465; rela- tions to Pans, Satyrs, and Silenuses, 464; his resurrection perhaps enacted in his rites, 468
Disease, demons of, expelled, 196, 542; transferred to other people and to effigies, 539; sent away in little ships, 563 Divination, 256, 634, 635
Divine animal, killing the, 499; as scape- goat, 570, 576
"Divine Consort, the," 142
Divine Husbandman, in China, 468 Divining rods, 705
Divinities, human, bound by many rules, 262 Divinity of kings, 162; growth of the con- ception of the, 162, 163
Divorce of spiritual from temporal power, 175-8
Dobrizhoffer, Father M., 254, 255 Dodona, oracular spring at, 147; Zeus and Dione at, 151; oracular oak at, 159 Dodwell, E., 397
Dog, black, sacrificed for rain, 73; used to stop rain, 75; prohibition to touch or name, 174; corn-spirit as, 448; of the harvest, 449
Dramas, magical, 140, 324; sacred, 374 Dreams, absence of soul in, 181; belief of savages in the reality of, 181; festival of, 553
Drenching people with water as a rain- charm, 69, 70, 341, 342
"Drink, Black," an emetic, 486
Drinking and eating, taboos on, 198, 199; modes of drinking for tabooed persons, 199, 208, 211, 219
Drought, supposed to be caused by the unburied dead, 72; chiefs and kings punished for, 86; supposed to be caused by a concealed miscarriage, 209
Druidical festivals, so-called, 617
Druids, 110, 249, 653, 654, 657, 659; of Ireland, 621; and the mistletoe, 709, 710 Duchesne, Mgr., 360
Dugong fishing, taboos in connection with, 217
Dulyn, the tarn of, on Snowdon, 76 Dunkirk, the Follies of, 654 Durian-tree, the, 113
Dusuns of Borneo, the, 225, 566 Dyaks, of Borneo, 14, 16, 25, 182, 248, 249, 413, 496, 518; of Landak, 682; of Pinoeh, 679; of Sarawak, 498; Sea, 239, 531; of Tajan, 682
Eagle, the bird of Jove, 149 Eagle-hunters, 21, 22
Eagle-owl worshipped by the Ainos, 515 Earth, inspired priestess of, 94; marriage of the Sun and, 145; image of, praying to Zeus for rain, 159; Lithuanian prayers to the, 480; the priest of, 594
Earth demons, 492; goddess, 396, 434-7 Earthworms eaten by dancing girl, 497 East, ascetic idealism of the, 139
East Indian Islands, magic in the, 18, 21; epilepsy transferred to leaves in the, 539; demons of sickness expelled in little ships, 564
East Indies, pregnant women forbidden to tie knots, 238; reluctance of persons to tell their own names, 246; bringing back the Soul of the Rice, 372; the Rice- mother in the, 413
Easter, resemblance of the festival of, to the rites of Adonis, 345; assimilated to the spring festival of Attis, 359; contro- versy as to the origin of, 361 Easter Eve, ceremonies on, 400, 560; Satur- day new fire on 614; Sunday ceremony observed by gypsies on, 568; Monday, festival on, 126; candle, 614; fires, 614 Eating, out of sacred vessels, 169; together, 202; and drinking, taboos on, 198; eating the god, 479-94, 498; the soul of the rice, 482
Ebb tide, death at, 35
Eclipse, ceremonies at an, 78
Ecuador, human sacrifices in, 431 Edgewell Tree, the, 682
Effigies, 468, 491, 492, 539, 568, 609, 612- 614, 622, 624. 625, 630, 648, 650, 655, 658; of Carnival, 302; of Death, 307, 311; of Judas, 615; of Kupalo, Kostroma, and Yarilo, 318; of Osiris, 376, 382; of Shrove Tuesday, 305
Efugaos, the, of the Philippines, 498 Egbas, the, of West Africa, 273 Egeria, water-nymph, 4, 8, 147, 151, 152, 164
Egerius Baebius or Laevius, 5 Egg-shells, the breaking of, 201 Egypt, the Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice in, 358; in early June, 369; the gods flee into, 391; the corn-spirit in, 443
Egypt, ancient, theocratic despotism of, 48; magicians in, 52, 261; confusion of magic and religion in, 53; ceremonies for the regulation of the sun, 78; kings blamed for the failure of the crops in, 87; sacred beast responsible for the course of nature in, 87; human gods in, 96, 265; kings of, 104, 142, 174, 238, 333, 378; queen of, 142; personal names in, 245; reapers' lamentations and invocations to Isis in, 338, 371, 424, 443, 444; sacrifice of red- haired men in, 378, 379; human sacrifices in, 443; religious attitude to pigs in, 472; rams, sacred in, 500; bulls as scapegoats in, 571; story of the external soul in, 674
Empedocles, his claim to divinity, 96 Emu-wrens, 689
Encounter Bay tribe, 603 Endymion, 4, 156
England, belief as to death at ebb tide in, 35; anointing the weapon instead of the wound in, 42; May-trees and May-bushes in, 121; village May-poles in, 123; Jack- in-the-Green in, 129; undoing locks and bolts at a death in, 243; Harvest Queen in, 405; harvest customs in, 406, 459, 460; killing the wren in, 536; the Yule log in, 637; the mistletoe in, 662, 663; birth-trees in, 682; cure for rupture or rickets in, 682
Epilepsy transferred to leaves, 539 Epiphany, 359, 462, 561
Ergamenes, king of Meroe, 266
Erman, Professor, 377
Escouvion or Scouvion, in Belgium, 610 Esne, festal calendar of, 373
Esquimaux, 20, 82, 179, 244, 317, 529; of Alaska, 551, 679; of Baffin Land, 552; of Bering Strait, 193, 220, 221, 227, 526, 606; of Iglulik, 79
Esthonia, Shrove Tuesday customs in, 315; harvest customs in, 456, 460; Christmas Boar in, 462; Midsummer fires in, 628
Esthonians, 81, 225, 228, 307, 481, 530 Ethiopia, kings of, 200, 273 Eubuleus, legendary swine-herd, 469, 470 Eucharist, 488
Eudoxus of Cnidus, 474 Eunuch priests, 349, 352 Europe, dancing or leaping high to make crops grow in, 28; the Hand of Glory in, 30; belief as to death at ebb tide in, 35; treatment of the navel-string and after- birth in, 40; contagious magic in, 44; confusion of magic and religion in, 53, 54; belief in magic in modern, 56; rain- making ceremonies in, 69; the May-pole or May-tree in, 119, 120; Midsummer festival in modern, 153; fear of having one's likeness taken in, 194; belief as to consummation of marriage being impeded by locks and knots, 240; the Corn-mother in Northern, 399-412; comparison between the Lityerses story and harvest customs in, 426-31; "hunting the wren' in, 536; transference of evil in, 543-6; annual expulsion of demons among the heathen of, 559; annual expulsion of witches in Central, 560; expulsion of embodied evils in, 568; the mistletoe in, 661; super- stitions as to menstruous women in, 606; fire-festivals of, 609-41; Midsummer fires in, 622; need-fire in, 638
Felkin, Dr. R. W., 534 Feloupes of Senegambia, 74
Female kinship or mother-kin defined, 152; indifference to paternity of kings under, 154; at Athens, 155; among the Aryans, 155
Fernando Po, taboos observed by the kings of, 172, 238
Fertilisation, artificial, 114, 378, 580, 582; of barren women, 581
Fertility, Diana as a goddess of, 8; of women, magical images designed to ensure the, 14 Fetish kings in West Africa, 177 Feuillet, Madame Octave, 306 Fever, cures for, 343-5
Fig, artificial fertilisation of the, 378; human scapegoat beaten with branches of the wild, 579
Fig-tree, the sacred, 136; artificial fertilisa- tion of the, 580, 582
Fiji Islands, the, conception of the soul in, 179; notion of the absence of the soul in dreams in, 182; catching away souls in, 187; supposed effect of using chief's dishes or clothes in, 202; custom at cutting a chief's hair in, 233; birth-trees in, 682; drama of death and resurrection in, 695 Finland, cattle protected by the woodland spirits in, 141
Finnish-Ugrian peoples, sacred groves of the, 111
Finnish wizards and witches, 81 Finns, 521
Fire, the god of, 23; kept burning for the sake of absent warriors, 26; supposed to be subject to Catholic priests, 53; used to stop rain, 64; as a charm to rekindle the sun, 78; and Water, kings of, 108, 176, 266; kindled by friction, 161, 534, 617, 618, 620, 627, 639, 644, 707; purifi- cation by, 197, 198, 213, 648; "new," 485, 614; sacred, 486, 534; "living," 638; "wild," 638; made by means of a wheel, 639; of heaven, 644; extinguished by mistletoe, 659, 662, 706; primitive ideas as to the origin of, 707. See also Bonfires, Fires, Need-fire.
Fire-festivals of Europe, the, 609; inter- pretation of, 641; solar theory of, 642, 643; purificatory theory of, 642, 647; at the solstices, 643; a protection against witchcraft, 648; their relation to Druidism,
Fires, perpetual, 3, 161, 163, 665, 704; the Lenten, 609; Easter, 614; Beltane, 617; Midsummer, 622; Hallowe'en, 632, 635; Midwinter, 636; extinguished before light- ing the need-fire, 639; burning of effigies in the, 650; burning of men and women in the, 652; the solstitial, perhaps sun- charms, 706
First-fruits, 170, 177, 396, 431, 467, 479, 482, 487
Fish, magical image to procure, 18; sacred,
473; treated with respect by fishing tribes, 527; external soul in a golden, 676
Fishers tabooed, 216
Fishing, homoeopathic magic in, 18
Flamen Dialis, the, 151, 235, 244; rules of life prescribed for, 174
Flaminica, the, 151; rules observed by, 174 Flanders, Midsummer fires in, 630, 646; the Yule log in, 637
Flax, homoeopathic magic at sowing, 28; prayers of old Prussians for the growth of, 288; giddiness transferred to, 545; leaping over bonfires to make it grow tall, 613, 624, 626
Flax-mother, 399
Flight of the king, at Rome, 157 Flowers, goddess of, 588
Flute, magical, made from human leg-bone, 30; skill of Marsyas on the, 354 Folk-customs, the external soul in, 678-701 Folk-tales, the external soul in, 667-78
Food, homoeopathic magic for supply of, 17; eaten dry, 21, 29, 68; tabooed, 21, 22, 238; taboos on leaving food over, 200
Fools, Bishop of, 586
Footprints, contagious magic of, 44, 45 Foreskins used in rain-making, 65
Fowler, W. Warde, 709
Foxes, burnt in Midsummer fires, 656, 657; witches turn into, 657
Framin in West Africa, dance of women at, 26
France, contagious magic in, 44; peasants ascribe magical powers to priests, 53, 54; images of saints dipped in water as a rain- charm in, 77; kings of, touch for scrofula, 90; custom of the Harvest-May in, 118; May customs in, 121; the May-pole in, 124; harvest customs in, 341, 448-50, 453, 455, 457-9; the Corn-mother in, 401; the dough man in, 480; hunting the wren in, 537; the King of the Bean in, 586; ex- pulsion of witches in, 561; Lenten fires in, 610; Midsummer fires in, 628-30, 645; the Yule log in, 637; wicker-work giants burnt in, 655; mistletoe in, 662; birth- trees in, 682
Franche-Comté, dances in, to make hemp grow, 28; the goat at threshing in, 456 Frey, the Scandinavian god of fertility, 143 Fricktal, Switzerland, the Whitsuntide Lout in, 128; the Whitsuntide Basket in, 129 Friction, fire kindled by. See under Fire Friesland, East, the clucking hen at threshing in, 451
Frigg, the Norse goddess, and Balder, 607 Frog in magic, 31, 73, 131; maladies trans- ferred to frogs, 544
Frog-flayer, the, in Whitsuntide pageant, 130 Frosinone in Latium, burning an effigy of the Carnival at, 302
Fruit-trees, fertilised by fruitful women, 28; homoeopathic magic in relation to, 29; threatened to make them bear fruit, 113; worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure, 380; wrapt in straw as a precaution against evil spirits, 561; fires lit under, 632; fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 641; fertilised by burning torches, 647 Fuegian charm to make the wind drop, 80
Fumigation, with laurel, 95; of flocks, 478; with juniper and rue, 560; of fruit-trees and nets, 641; of crops, 645
Funeral customs, 185, 190, 227, 542; rites, 367, 375
Gaboon, theory of the external soul in the, 684
Gabriel, the archangel, 13, 241
Galela, dread of menstruous women in, 604 Galelareese of Halmahera, 19, 29-31 Galicia, harvest customs in, 451 Gallas, 98, 118; kings of the, 10
Galli, the emasculated priests of Attis, 348 Gamesa, the image of, 482 Gardens of Adonis, 341-7 Garos of Assam, 72, 568
Gascon peasants, their belief in the magical power of priests, 54 Gatschet, A. S., 255
Gaul, ancient, human sacrifices in, 653; the mistletoe in, 659
Gauri, harvest goddess, 420 Gayos of Sumatra, 141
Gazelle Peninsula, 251; the Ingniet society in the, 680
Geomancy in China, 36
Germany, contagious magic in, 39, 42, 45; worship of women in ancient, 97; tree- worship in, 110; Harvest-May in, 118; use of May trees in, 119; Midsummer trees in, 122; races at Whitsuntide in, 124; worship of the oak in, 160; belief as to the escape of the soul in, 182; super- stition as to cut hair in, 234; the Corn- mother in, 399; the Old Woman in, 400; names given to the last sheaf in, 401; harvest customs, 402, 408, 427, 449, 451, 453, 454, 458-60; the Corn-spirit in, 448; the harvest cock in, 451, 479; pigs' bones in connection with sowing in, 461; Lenten fires in, 612; Easter fires in, 614; Mid- summer fires in, 623; the Yule log in, 637; need-fire in, 641; mistletoe in, 662, 702; oak-wood for cottage fires at Midsummer in, 665; stories of the external soul in, 672; birth-trees in, 682
Gerontocracy in Australia, 83
Getae, human god among the, 97 Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, 571 Ghosts, 84, 185, 190, 207, 216. 226, 253, 491, 551; of the slain, 212-15, 227; of animals, dread of, 223, 520-24, 526
Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, 668, 673; mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, 695 Giants, wicker-work, 654, 655
Giddiness, cure for, 545
Gilyaks of the Amoor, 510-14, 517, 530 Gingiro, king of, 270
Gippsland blacks, 248
Girl, annually sacrificed to cedar tree, 112; sacrificed to a crocodile, 145; sacrificed for the crops, 432; and boy, need-fire kindled by, 640
Girls, married to nets, 144; used in rain- making, 210; seclusion of, at puberty, 595-607
Glory, the Hand of, 30
Gnabaia, an Australian spirit, 693 Goajiros of Colombia, 252
Goat, blood of, sucked by priest as means of inspiration, 94; sacrificed, 356, 391, 436; in relation to Dionysus, 390, 464; corn- spirit as, 454; last sheaf in form of a, 454; killed on harvest-field, 455; effigy of a. 456; sacred animal of a Bushman tribe, 474; relation of, to Athena, 477; evils transferred to, 540; as scapegoat, 565 God, savage ideas of, 92; the killing and resurrection of a, 301, 538; the Dying and Reviving, 386; killed in animal form, 391; the animal enemy of, originally identical with the god, 391, 469. 475; eating the, 479-94, 498; dying, as scape- goat, 539, 576; killing of the, in Mexico, 587-92. See also Gods
God-man, a source of danger, 202 Goddesses, of fertility served by eunuch priests, 349; personated by women, 589 Gods, appeal to the pity of, as a rain-charm, 75; incarnate human, 91-106, 162; con- ception of, slowly evolved, 91; and god- desses, dramatic weddings of, 140; the marriage of the, 142-5; created by men in their own likeness, 260; their names tabooed, 260-62; mortality of the, 264-5; death and resurrection of, 385-6, 388; dis- tinguished from spirits, 411
Gold Coast, negroes of the, 118; expulsion of demons on the, 550, 554, 555 Golden Bough, 3, 593, 701-11
Goldi, bear-festivals of the, 514 Goliath, straw man stabbed at Whitsuntide, 133
Gonds of India, the, 433, 571
Good Friday, ceremony in Greek churches on, 345; expulsion of witches on, 560 Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, 685
Gossips of St. John, 344
Gouri, Indian goddess of fertility, 343 Gout, remedy for, 196; transferred to trees, 546
Gran Chaco, Indians of, 182, 601 Granada, youthful rulers secluded in, 595 Grandmother, name given to last sheaf, 401 Grannas-mias, torches, 611
Grannus, a Celtic deity, 611 Grass king, the, 130, 299
Grass knotted as a charm, 242
Grasshoppers, in homoeopathic magic, 37; sacrifice of, 541
Grave, soul fetched from, 185; of Zeus, 265; of Dionysus, 265, 389; of Osiris, 365, 378; dance at initiation in a, 693
Grave-clothes, homoeopathic magic of, in China, 35; no buttons in, 243
Graves, rain-charms at, 67, 71; trees planted on, 115
Greasing the weapon instead of wound, 41 Great Mother, last sheaf called, 401 Grebo people of Sierra Leone, 174
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