Silver (S. W.), Handbook for Australia and New Zealand. 8. London, 1880. Smith (R. Murray). The Finances and Public Debt of the Colony of Victoria. London, 1882. Smythe (Mrs.), Ten Months in the Fijian Islands. London, 1864. Todd (A.), Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies. 8. London, 1880. Topinard (Dr. P.), Étude sur les races indigènes de l'Australie. Instructions présentées à la Société d'Anthropologie. 8. Paris, 1872. Trollope (Anthony), Australia and New Zealand. 8. London, 1873. New Ed. 1875. Walch (G.) and Turner (C.), Victoria in 1880. Melbourne, 1881. Waterhouse, Fiji: its King and People. London, Westgarth (Wm.), The Colony of Victoria: its History, Commerce, and Goldmining; its Social and Political Institutions. 8. London, 1864. Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison), Fish and Fisheries of New South Wales. 8. Sydney, 1882. Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison), History of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia. 2 vols. 8. London, 1866. V. OCEANIA. HAWAII. (HAWAII-NEI.) Reigning King, Constitution, and Government. Kalakaua I., born November 16, 1836, son of the Chiefess Keohokalole and Kapaakea, is of pure Hawaiian blood, and akin to the ancient royal family, was elected king by the Parliament on Feb. 12, 1874, on the death of Lunalilo I.; crowned February, 1883: married to Queen Kapiolani, born December 31, 1834. The heir to the throne is the Princess Lydia Kamakeha Liliuokalani, the eldest sister of the king, born September 2, 1838; married to His Excellency John O. Dominis, governor of Oahu. Under Kaméhaméha I. the Hawaiian, or Sandwich Islands, were united into one kingdom. The second king of the name and his queen died in England, 1823. Under Kaméhaméha III. the integrity of the kingdom was recognised by England, France, and the United States, and subsequently by other Governments. This king gave his subjects a constitution in 1840, which was revised and extended in 1852, and on his death in 1854 was succeeded by his nephew, Kaméhaméha IV., the husband of Queen Emma, who died in 1863. His brother, Kaméhaméha V., succeeded, and proclaimed a revised constitution, August 20, 1864. On his death in 1872, without issue, Prince Lunalilo was chosen, on whose death in 1874 the present king was elected. The Government is a limited monarchy; there is a house of Nobles, consisting of members appointed by the king; and a house of 28 Representatives. The two houses sit together, forming, with the king's Ministers, the Legislative Assembly. Electors must be able to read and write, have land of the value of 301., or an income of 127. Representatives are elected for two years. There is a Ministry or Cabinet, consisting of a Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Premier), of the Interior, Finance, and an Attorney-General. There is also a Privy Council, and a Governor for each of the principal islands. In general, the Government is modelled after that of the old constitutional monarchies. There is an army of 60 men and several volunteer corps. Revenue, Expenditure, and Population. 915 The budget is voted for a biennial period. The revenue for each of the periods 1878-80, was 1,703,736 dollars; 1880-82, 2,070.256 dollars; 1882-4, 3,092,085 dollars. The expenditure for each of the periods 1878-80 was 1,795,697 dollars; 1880–82, 2,282,599 dollars; 1882-4, 3,216,406 dollars. Estimated revenue, 1884-6, 2,336,870 dollars; expenditure, 3,856,755 dollars; deficit, 1,519,885 dollars. The revenue is largely derived from customs and internal taxes, while the largest item of expenditure is for the interior. The debt on April 1, 1884, was officially stated to be 898,800 dollars. The interest varies from 6 to 9 per cent. The total area of the islands is 6,677 square miles. to the census of 1878 the population was 57,985-34,103 males According and 23,882 females; and according to the census of 1884, 80,57851,539 males, 29,039 females. Of the population in 1884, 40,014 were natives, 4,218 half-castes, 2,170 born in Hawaii of foreign parents, 17,939 Chinese, 12,237 foreigners (2,066 Americans, 1,282 English, 9,377 Portuguese, 1,600 Germans, 192 French, 116 Japanese, 767 Polynesians). The native population is closely allied to the Maoris of New Zealand. discovery of the islands, upwards of a century ago, the population At the time of Captain Cook's numbered probably 200,000. Since then the natives have rapidly decreased, and since the census of 1878 there has been a decrease in the native population of 4,084. The foreign element is, however, rapidly increasing. The total arrivals in 1883 were 11,194; departures, 3,535; the immigration in 1884 was 7,654, and emigration 4,941, being a total of 2,713 arrivals. island, but the capital, Honolulu (20,487 inhabitants), is in the Hawaii is the largest island Oahu. All forms of religion are permitted and protected. Nearly all the natives are Christians. The king belongs to the Church of England, of which there is a bishop at Honolulu; there is also a Roman Catholic bishop, and ministers of various denomination". Schools are established all over the islands, the sum allotted for public instruction in 1884-86 being 191,720 dollars yearly. Commerce and Industry. The islands are to a great extent mountainous and volcanic, but the soil is highly fertile and productive. Sugar and rice are the staple industries, while coffee, hides, wool, whale oil, and bone are also exported. The value of the exports in 1884 was 8,185,000 dollars, and imports 4,638,000 dollars. 1884 were 552,000 dollars. The principal imports are textiles and The customs' receipts in clothing, provisions, hardware, and machinery. The number of vessels which entered in 1884 was 241, 187,826 tons, besides 23 whalers. of Steamers connect the islands with the American continent, Australasia, and China. In the inter-island traffic 12 steamers and a great number of schooners are constantly engaged. In 1884 there were 53 vessels belonging to the islands, of 9,826 tons. There are about 32 miles of railway in the islands of Hawaii and Maui. There are telegraphs in the islands of Maui and Hawaii, and nearly every family in Honolulu has its telephone. In 1883-4 the total number of letters, &c., transmitted and received by the post office was 1,505,571.; there were 55 post offices in 1884. Diplomatic and Consular Representatives. 1. OF HAWAII IN GREAT BRITAIN. Chargé d'Affaires and Consul-General.--Manley Hopkins. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN HAWAII. Commissioner and Consul-General.-Major Wodehouse. Currency. Hitherto, gold and silver coins of all nations have passed current in the Hawaiian Islands as legal tender, either at their real or nominal value; but from Dec. 1, 1884, only gold coins of the United States are legal tender for more than 10 dollars, and only Hawaiian and United States silver coins for smaller amounts. Paper money is not in use, except in the form of treasury certificates for coin deposited there. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Hawaii. 1. OFFICIAL. Biennial Report of the Minister of the Interior. Honolulu, 1884. Bastian (Adolf.), Zur Kenntniss Hawaii's. Berlin, 1883. Brassey (Lady), A Voyage in the Sunbeam. London, 1880. Bowser (G.), Hawaiian Kingdom, Statistical Directory, &c. San Francisco, 1880. Ellis (W.), Tour through Hawaii. London, 1827. Ellis (W.), Polynesian Researches. 4 vols. London, 1831. Fornander (C.), Origin of the Polynesian Nations. London, 1881. Gordon Cumming (Miss C. F.), Fire Fountains: the Kingdom of Hawaii. 2 vols. London, 1883. Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1886. Honolulu, 1885. Honolulu Almanac and Directory for 1885. Honolulu, 1885. Hopkins (Mauley), History of Hawaii. 2nd edition. London, 1866. Jarvis (J. J.), History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, 1847. Monnier (Marcel), Un printemps sur le Pacifique. Iles Hawaii. Paris, Vangrey (C. De), Quatorze ans aux îles Sandwich. Paris. |