facturing proprietors and 1,541,287 workers; 185,405 traders with 124,668 assistants. In Hungary there were 1,451,707 farm-proprietors, 23,393 tenant-farmers, and 1,373,768 farm-labourers, or over 2,720,000 people directly engaged in agriculture; 173 mining proprietors and 25,732 miners; 380,786 engaged in manufactures with 385,630 workers; 97,300 engaged in trade with 79,995

assistants.

The following were the populations of the principal towns of Austria-Hungary in 1880:

The commerce of Austria-Hungary, comprising imports and exports of merchandise, but not bullion, for the whole of the empire, except the province of Dalmatia-not within the Imperial line of customs-was as follows in each of the ten years 1875 to 1884.

The share of Hungary in the exports of 1883 was 72,447,800 florins. The following table shows the routes by which the commerce of 1883 left the country:

:

The following table shows the value of the leading articles of export in 1883:

The value of gold, silver, and bullion exported in 1883 was 4,154,080 florins.

About two-thirds of the whole commerce of the Austrian Dominions, both as regards imports and exports, is carried on with Germany. The next important market for Austria is Roumania, the importations of which into Austria-Hungary average 4,000,000l. in value, and the exports to which are about 5,000,000l. sterling; Roumania is followed by Italy and Russia. Of the total commerce six-sevenths is by land and the remainder by sea, mainly through Trieste.

The special trade of Hungary amounted in 1884 to 484,439,487 florins for imports, and 393,694,494 florins for exports. Of the imports 83 per cent. were from Austria, and of the exports, 72 per cent. went to Austria. Of the imports, 33 per cent. consisted of textiles; the remainder being chiefly iron and ironwares, corn, rice, machinery, and leather goods. Of the exports corn and flour constituted 33 per cent. ; cattle, 16 per cent.; wine and other beverages, 6 per cent.; altogether 70 per cent. of exports are agricultural produce.

The commercial intercourse of Austria with the United Kingdom is comparatively small, and appears in the official returns even smaller than it is in reality owing to the geographical position of the Empire, which necessitates the transit of many Austrian goods destined for the British market, and vice versa, through other countries, as the imports or exports of which they come to figure. In the Board of Trade Returns only the direct imports and exports are given. The declared real value of the direct exports and imports in the ten years from 1875 to 1884 is shown in the following table:

The staple article exported to the United Kingdom from Austria is corn and flour, the total value of which, in the year 1884, amounted to 1,485,6521. This comprised barley, valued 174,6987., and wheat flour, valued 1,310,9277.

The principal imports of British and Irish produce into Austria are cotton manufactures and iron, the former of the value of 169,5467., and the latter of 98,9297. in 1884. Among the minor articles of British imports are jute manufactures, 26,5301.; machinery, 89,2371.; oil-seed, 108,9601.; coals, 24,6967.; and woollen goods, 33,4137.

Of the total area of Austria-Hungary 94 per cent. is productive. The total cultivated acreage of Austria Proper was 336,900,000 acres in 1883, of which 25,700,000 acres were arable; 7,476,000 meadowland; 521,000 vineyards; woods and forests cover 23,000,000 acres. In 1883 the leading agricultural products were as follow:

In 1880 Austria possessed 1,463,282 horses (owned by 649,880 proprietors), 8,584,077 cattle (2,122,931 proprietors), 3,841,340 sheep (408,867 proprietors), 2,721,541 swine (1,111,540 proprietors), and 1,006,675 goats (500,126 proprietors); the total value of the live-stock being estimated at 48,699,2487.

Of the total cultivable area of Hungary in 1883, 52,800,000 acres were devoted to agriculture, including grass, meadows, and pasture; 1,062,500 to vineyards; and the remainder, including Transylvania, to woods and forests. The agricultural returns are as follow for 1885:

Hungary in 1880 had 1,819,508 horses, 4,597,543 cattle, 9,252,123 sheep, and 236,352 goats. The number of properties in Hungary and Transylvania in 1885 was 2,486,245 (1,922,827 in Hungary), classed as follows:

The following table shows the quantities and values of the leading minerals and of the furnace products of Austria in 1884 :

:

The total number of persons engaged in mining in 1884 was

91,453, and in metal works 12,621.

The total value of the mining products of Hungary, raw and worked, in 1883 was 2,144,353 florins; in addition to which, the product of the salt-mines was valued at 1,224,931 florins; the number of persons engaged in mining and iron-works in 1883 was 46,489. An official estimate issued in 1884 of the annual value of Austrian manufacturing industries in 1880 gave it at over 100 millions sterling.

The following are the railway statistics of Austria-Hungary for January 1, 1885:

In the Austrian budget for 1885-6 the sum of 12,885,000 florins is devoted to the construction of new State lines, and in the course of 1884, new lines to the extent of 909 kilomètres, or 568 English miles, were opened for public traffic. The work of the Post Office in Austria-Hungary in the year 1883, was as follows:

The declared value of the parcels transmitted in Austria by post in 1883 was 5,069,621,400 florins; the number of postal and money orders transmitted was 26,348,324, and their value 777,950,896 florins. On the 1st of January 1885, there were 4,191 Post Offices in Austria Proper, and in 1884 3,169 in the kingdom of Hungary. The following are the telegraph statistics of Austria for 1884 (receipts and expenses 1883), and Hungary for 1883: