On the peace-footing there are besides, 17,867 officers, and in war, 32,785; in peace 50,362 horses, in war 211,462.

2. NAVY.

The navy of Austria in all its branches is under the supreme command of the head of the Naval Department of the Ministry of War. The naval forces consisted, in the year 1885, of 10 ironclads, 2 unarmoured frigates, 5 corvettes, 6 torpedo vessels (including the Panther and the Leopard) 14 vessels for coast defence (3 flush-deck corvettes, 8 gun-boats, 5 paddle-steamers), 5 transport and service ships, 2 river-monitors, 18 torpedo-boats (16 of the first class), besides a number of tenders, school ships, and hulks. The following table gives the list of the 12 armour-clad ships, in similar arrangement to that describing the British ironclad navy.

Two other armour-plated vessels (steel), the Kron Prinz Erzherzog Rudolf, a central citadel barbette ship, and the Erzherzog Ferdinand Max, a barbette belted ship, are now in process of construction. It is reported that the former will carry 12-inch armour, and have a speed of 16 to 17 knots; her displacement will be 6,900 tons, and her engines 6,500 indicated horse-power. The latter will have armour of less thickness, (9-inches) a displacement of 5,100 tons, and engines of 8,000 indicated horse-power.

The Custozza, first in the list of sea-going cruisers, launched in 1872, is a central battery broadside ironclad, 302 feet in length, and 58 feet in extreme breadth, armed with Krupp guns. Likewise a broadside ship, and with an armoured citadel, an addition of the latest improvements, is the second ironclad, the Tegetthoff, 287 feet long, and 71 feet broad. The Tegetthoff, constructed in 1876-78 at the 'Stabilimento Technico,' Trieste, having a belt of iron armour

14 inches thick, and armed with six 11-inch Krupp guns, weighing 27 tons, is considered the strongest ironclad for aggressive warfare. The ship third in the list, the Erzherzog Albrecht, launched in 1872, is 285 feet in length, and 56 in extreme breadth, also armed with Krupp guns. At the present time (Jan. 1886) two torpedo cruisers of very high speed and novel construction, designed by Mr. W. H. White, now Assistant Controller and Director of Naval Construction H.M.Navy, are being constructed at Sir W. Armstrong's works. They are the only Austrian vessels of war built abroad for many years.

The personnel of the navy consists in peace of 1 admiral, 2 viceadmirals, 6 rear-admirals, 16 captains of ships-of-the-line, 19 captains of frigates, 22 captains of corvettes, 150 lieutenants, 318 ensigns and cadets, and 9,230 sailors. In war the sailors number 13,752, and the officers are proportionately augmented. The navy is recruited partly by a general levy from the seafaring population of the Empire and partly by voluntary enlistment. The term of service in the navy is ten years, three in active service and seven in the

reserve.

The following are the chief territorial defences:-In Bohemia and Moravia: Theresienstadt citadel and extensive camp; Olmütz, Galicia and Buckowina: Cracow fortified and intrenched camp at Przemysl. Hungary and Transylvania: on the left of the Theiss, Karlsburg, Arad, and Temesvar; Kronstadt on Transylvanian Alps; Szegedin on the Theiss; on the Danube, Comorn, Budapest (Blocksberg), Peterwardein and Orsova; on the Drave, Essegg. Croatia and Dalmatia; Brod, Gradiska, Agram on the Save, Karlstadt on the right of that river. Fiume and Zeng on the coast; in Dalmatia are the coast fortifications of Zara, Ragusa, Cattaro, Sebenico, Budua and Lissa island; in Ischia are Trieste and Pola, naval harbours. The Alpine frontiers in Tyrol have numerous defences on all the routes, and also between Tyrol and the Adriatic. Between the Inn and the Danube are Salzburg and Pass-Lueg; and on the Danube are Linz and Postlingberg. In Bosnia and Herzegovina are numerous old fortifications. The Austrian capital, Vienna, is undefended. Pola, the chief naval port, is strongly fortified, both towards sea and land, and has been recently enlarged, so as to be able to accommodate the entire fleet, while Trieste is the great storehouse and arsenal of the Imperial navy. The land frontier of Austria-Hungary is 5,000 miles in extent, and the sea boundary 1,395 miles.

Area and Population.

The Austrian dominions-exclusive of the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have been under the administration of Austria since 1878, but have as yet not been formally incorporated with it-have an area of 240,942 English square miles, with a

population at the last census, December 31, 1880, of 37,883,226, or 160 per square mile. At the preceding census the population was 35,884,389. The increase during the period, embracing eleven years, amounted to 8.5 per cent. for the Cisleithan monarchy, but only to 1.24 per cent. for Hungary. In Transylvania there seems to have been an actual decrease of about 70,000 in the eleven years. In Austria the density of the population is 191 per square mile, and in the rest of the empire 135 per square mile. The density in both divisions varies much; in Lower Austria it is over 300 per square mile, and in Salzburg less than 60. As a rule the density declines from west to east, the industrial districts of the north-west being most thickly populated.

The following table gives the area, and total number of inhabitants, of the various provinces of the Empire-Monarchy, after the returns of the census of December 31, 1869, and the census of December 31, 1880::

Including military, the total population was 37,883,226 in 1880.

In Austria there were 10,819,737 males and 11,324,507 females; in Hungary 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 females.

The total civil population of Austria Proper on January 1, 1885, was 22,701,683, and of the Hungarian lands was 16,117,288.

It was decided at the Congress of Berlin that the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Bazar should be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary.

Of the total number of inhabitants in Bosnia and Herzegovina 492,710 are Mohammedans, 571,250 Greek-Orthodox, 265,788 Roman Catholics (with 3 bishoprics), 5,805 are Jews, and the rest belong to different faiths. The Mohammedans have increased by about 44,000 since 1879.

Practically belonging to the Austro-Hungarian empire, though not incorporated with it by any treaty, is the small principality of Liechtenstein, enclosed in the Austrian province of Tyrol and Vorarlberg, with an area of 68 English square miles, and a population of 9,124 in 1880, nearly all Roman Catholics. The inhabitants of the principality pay no taxes, nor are they liable to military service. The following table exhibits the number of births, deaths, and marriages, with the surplus of births, in both Austria Proper and the lands of the Hungarian Crown, for a quinquennial period, according to the latest official returns:—

Included in the above in 1884 there were 24,450 still-born,

or 27 per cent. of the total births. Of the total births 133,587, or 14:80 per cent., were illegitimate. In Carinthia, in 1883, nearly one-half the births were illegitimate; in Lower Austria, Salzburg,

Styria, one-fourth; in Upper Austria, one-fifth; the lowest was in Dalmatia, 3 per cent. At the end of 1882 there were 11,737 criminals in the prisons of Austria. In institutions for the poor in 1882 there were 210,012 persons.

Included in the number of births in 1882 there were 10,164, or 1.6 per cent. children still-born. Of the total births 51,182 were illegitimate, or 8.3 per cent. of the whole.

According to official statement only 7,366 persons emigrated from Austria in 1883; but according to the returns from Hamburg and Bremen, 18,851 Austrians left those ports, in addition to 14,839 Hungarians, in 1883.

The ethnical elements of the population are as follow on the basis of language :

In Austria 2,275,117 of the population were returned as farming their own lands, 90,036 as tenant-farmers, and 3,739,421 as farm-labourers; or 6,000,000 people directly engaged in agriculture; with their families they form nearly 60 per cent. of the population of Austria. The number of large land-owners (paying over 1,000 florins of land tax to the collector of one district) had risen from 1,110 in 1880 to 1,133 in 1883. There were in 1880 1,305 mining proprietors and 116,565 workers; 575,811 manu

* Including Croatia-Slavonia and Fiume.