strong movement towards concentration of the population in the towns. At the census of 1875, the percentage of the population living in the 1,517 towns of more than 2,000 inhabitants was 40.2 and that of the rural communes 59.8 per cent. In 1880 the percentage in the former case was 42.6 and in the latter 57.4. While the town population increased at the rate of 2 per cent. per annum between 1875 and 1880, the country population decreased at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum.

About one-half, or twelve millions of the population of the kingdom, are dependent on agriculture, as sole or chief occupation. The number of agricultural enclosures, each cultivated by one household, was, on June 5, 1882, 3,040,196, with a population numbering, altogether, 11,678,383, of whom 4,625,893 were actively engaged on the farms. Of these farms, 1,456,724 were under one hectare (2.47 acres) each; 1,178,625 ranged in size from 1 hectare to less than 10; 653,941 from 10 hectares to less than 100; and 24,991 from 100 hectares upwards.

Trade and Industry.

The direct trade of Prussia with foreign countries is carried on mainly through the ports on the Baltic, and the amount of exports and imports shipped through harbours on the North Sea is comparatively unimportant. A very large portion of exports from and imports into the kingdom pass in transit through Hamburg and Bremen. The commercial intercourse of Prussia with the United Kingdom is included in that of Germany. (See p. 195.)

The mineral riches of Prussia are very considerable. The coalmines especially have developed greatly during the last halfcentury. The output in 1838 of coal, exclusive of lignite, was 2,901,713 tons; in 1857-61 the annual average was 13,031,015 tons; in 1871 it was 32,843,288 tons; in 1881, 43,780,000 tons; in 1883, 49,500,000 tons; and in 1884, 50,800,000 tons. The value of the output in 1884 was 13,028,570l., besides 11,800,000 tons of lignite, valued at 1,587,1037. The coal raised in Prussia amounts to 93 per cent. of the total coal products of Germany, and is found mostly in Silesia, Westphalia, and the Rhine province; lignite being mainly worked in Saxony. Considerable quantities of iron are also raised in Prussia, chiefly in the Rhine province, Westphalia, Silesia, Hanover, and Hesse-Nassau. The total quantity of iron ore raised in 1884 was 3,960,000 tons, valued at 1,254,1321. Copper, zinc, and lead are also found, the total value of the mining products (excluding salt) in 1884 being 18,000,000l. In 1884, 2,600,000 tons of pig-iron were produced, valued at 6,552,0201.

Prussia has a very large and complete system of railways.

In the middle of 1885, the length of the system open for traffic was as follows:

In 1878 the lines owned by the State had a length of only 4,939 kilomètres, while those owned by private companies extended to 12,880 kilomètres.

All the lines of the former territories of Hanover, Hesse, and Nassau are owned by the State, and the whole of the railways of Prussia will in time become national property. As will be seen from the budget statement a very large revenue is derived by the State from the railways.

II. BAVARIA.

(KÖNIGREICH BAYERN.)

Reigning King.

Ludwig II., born August 25, 1845, the son of King Maximilian II.; succeeded to the throne at the death of his father, March 10, 1864.

Brother of the King.

Prince Otto, born April 27, 1848.

Mother of the King.

Queen Marie, born October 15, 1825, daughter of the late Prince Wilhelm of Prussia; married to Prince Maximilian, Crown-prince of Bavaria, subsequently King Maximilian II., Oct. 12, 1842; widow, March 10, 1864.

Uncles and Cousins of the King.

Prince Luitpold, born March 12, 1821; married April 15 1844, to Archduchess Augusta of Austria, Princess of Tuscany

who died April 26, 1864. Offspring of the union are four children:

I. Prince Ludwig, born Jan. 7, 1845; married Feb. 20, 1868, to Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, of the branch of Modena, born July 2, 1849, of which marriage there are issue nine children:-1. Prince Ruprecht, born May 18, 1869. 2. Princess Adelgunda, born October 17, 1870. 3. Princess Marie, born July 6, 1872. 4. Prince Karl, born April 1, 1874. 5. Prince Franz, born October 10, 1875. 6. Princess Matilda, born Aug. 17, 1877. 7. Prince Wolfgang, born July 2, 1879. 8. Princess Hildegard, born March 5, 1881. 9. Princess Wiltrud, born Nov. 10, 1884.

II. Prince Leopold, born February 9, 1846; married April 20, 1873, to Archduchess Gisela of Austria-Hungary, eldest daughter of the Emperor-King Franz Joseph I.; offspring of the union are :— 1. Princess Elizabeth, born January 8, 1874. 2. Princess Augusta, born April 28, 1875. 3. Prince George, born April 2, 1880. 4. Prince Konrad, born Nov. 22, 1883.

III. Theresa, born November 12, 1850.

IV. Arnulph, born July 6, 1852, Major-General in the infantry of the Bavarian army; married April 12, 1882, to Princess Theresa of Liechtenstein. Offspring, Prince Heinrich, born June 24, 1884.

The late Prince Adalbert, brother of Prince Luitpold, married to Princess Amelia, Infanta of Spain, left the following issue:1. Prince Ludwig Ferdinand, born October 22, 1859; married April 2, 1883, to Maria della Paz, Infanta of Spain; offspring, a son, Ferdinand, born May 10, 1884. 2. Prince Alphons, born January 24, 1862. 3. Princess Isabella, born August 31, 1863; married April 14, 1883, to Prince Tommaso of Savoy, Duke of Genoa. 4. Princess Elvira, born November 22, 1865. 5. Princess Clara, born October 11, 1874.

United with the Royal Family of Bavaria is the branch line of the Dukes in Bavaria, formerly Palatine princes of ZweibrückenBirkenfeld. The head of this house is

Maximilian, Duke in Bavaria, born December 4, 1808; married September 9, 1828, to Princess Ludovica of Bavaria. Issue of the marriage are the following children-namely, 1. Prince Ludwig, born June 21, 1831; married, in 'morganatic' union, May 28, 1857, to Henrietta Mendel, elevated Baroness von Wallersee, born July 31, 1833. 2. Princess Helena, born April 4, 1834, married August 24, 1858, to Prince Maximilian of Thurn-undTaxis; widow, June 26, 1867. 3. Princess Elisabeth, born December 24, 1837, married April 24, 1854, to Franz Joseph I., Emperor of Austria. 4. Prince Karl Theodor, born August 9, 1839; married Feb. 11, 1865, to Princess Sophie of Saxony, who died March 9, 1867, leaving a daughter, Amalia, born December 24,

1865; married in second nuptials, April 29, 1874, to Princess Maria Josepha of Braganza, born March 19, 1857, of which union there are offspring, Sophie, born Feb. 22, 1875, Elisabeth, born July 25, 1876, Marie, born Oct. 9, 1878 and Ludwig, born Jan. 17, 1884. 5. Princess Mathilde, born September 30, 1843, married June 5, 1861, to Louis of Bourbon Count di Trani. 6. Princess Sophie, born February 22, 1847; married September 28, 1868, to Prince Ferdinand of Orléans, second son of the Duc de Nemours. 7. Prince Maximilian, born December 7, 1849; married September 20, 1875, to Princess Amalia, born October 23, 1848, daughter of the late Prince Augustus, uncle of the reigning duke of Saxe-CoburgGotha, and brother of King Ferdinand of Portugal; offspring of the union Siegfried, born July 10, 1876, and Christopher, born April 22, 1879.

The members of the royal house of Bavaria are descendants of the ancient Counts of Wittelsbach, who flourished in the twelfth century. Duke Maximilian I. of Bavaria was elevated to the rank of Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, in the Thirty Years' War; and Elector Maximilian Joseph was raised to the rank of king by Napoleon I. in 1805.

The civil list of the king, and allowances to other members of the royal family, are fixed at present at 5,340,576 mark.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of Bavaria dates from May 26, 1818; but since that time various modifications have been introduced. The Crown is hereditary in the male line. To the king belongs the sole executive power; but his ministers are responsible for all his acts. The legislative functions are exercised jointly by the king and Parliament, the latter consisting of an Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House-Chamber of 'Reichsräthe,' or councillors of the realm -is formed of the princes of the royal family, the crown dignitaries, the archbishops, and the heads of certain old noble families, all these being hereditary members; to which are added a Roman Catholic bishop and a Protestant clergyman nominated by the king, and a limited number of other members appointed by the Crown. Lower House, or Chamber of Representatives, consists of deputies, chosen indirectly, the people returning Wahlmänner,' or electors, 1 for every 500 of the population, who nominate the deputies. To be a deputy, it is necessary to be past thirty, and to be in possession of an assured income, from funds, a trade, or profession; to be on

The

the electoral lists, it is required to be twenty-five years of age, and to be rated at a minimum of 20 mark, or 17. per annum. The representation of the country is calculated at the rate of one deputy to 31,500 souls of the whole population. The Lower House is composed of 159 representatives.

The executive is carried on, in the name of the king, by a 'Staatsrath,' or Council of State, consisting of seven members, besides the Ministers and one prince of the blood-royal; and by the Ministry of State, divided into six departments, namely, of the Royal House and of Foreign Affairs, of Justice, of the Interior, of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, of Finance, and of War.

Church and Education.

Rather more than seven-tenths of the population of Bavaria are Roman Catholics. The population varied very little, as regards the proportion between Roman Catholics and Protestants, during the last quarter of a century; but during the whole of this period the number of Jews diminished gradually, and there was also a slight decrease in other sects. At the census of December, 1875, the total number of Roman Catholics in the kingdom was 3,573,142, and of Protestants 1,392,120, the proportion being 712 Roman Catholics to 277 Protestants in every 1,000 of the population. At the following census of December, 1880, there were 3,748,032 Roman Catholics, and 1,477.312 Protestants, the proportion being 709 Roman Catholics to 279 Protestants in every 1,000 of the population.

The religious division of the population in each of the eight provinces of the kingdom was as follows at the last census taken December 1, 1880:—