In the budget estimates for the year ending March 31 1886, the sources of revenue were given as follows: The expenditure in the financial estimates of Prussia is divided into ordinary (fortdauernde) and extraordinary (einmalige und ausserordentliche) disbursements. The ordinary is subdivided into working expenditure (Betriebs-Ausgaben), administrative expenditure (Staatsverwaltungs-Ausgaben), and charges on the consolidated fund (Dotationen). In the estimates for the financial year ending March 31, 1886, the branches of expenditure were as follows: The total expenditure amounts to a little more than 21. per head of population. The direct taxes amount to 5s. 3d. per head. The income-tax averages about 18. 2d. per head of population. The expenditure for the army and navy is not entered into the budget of Prussia, but forms part of the budget of the Empire. (See p. 107.) The public debt of the kingdom, inclusive of the provinces annexed in 1866, was, according to the budget of 1885-6, as follows: 2. National debt not bearing interest:- The charges for interest, amortisation and management of the debt amounted to 180,063,510 mark in the financial year 1885-86. The debt amounts to 71. 2s. per head of population, and the interest to 6s. 7d. per head. The clear income from the State railways alone in 1885-6 would more than pay for the yearly interest and management of the debt. The gross income from railways increased from 18,457,5277. in 1882-3 to 33,959,0637. in 1885-6. Army. The military organisation of the kingdom, dating from the year 1814, is based on the principle that every man, capable of bearing arms, shall receive military instruction and enter the army for a certain number of years. The conditions of service have been already described under Germany. Area and Population. The area of Prussia extends over 6,311 German, or 137,066 English square miles. At the census of Germany, taken December 1, 1880, the kingdom had 27,279,111 inhabitants. Prussia is administratively divided into twelve provinces, which again are subdivided into thirty-five government districts (Regierungsbezirke), with the principality of Hohenzollern, cradle of the royal family. The following table gives the area and population, according to the census of December 1, 1880: The census returns of December 1, 1875, showed that at that date there were in Prussia 12,692,370 males and 13,050,034 females, being an excess of only 357,664 females, or less than in most other European states; in 1880, 13,414,866 males and 13,864,245 females. The legal population of Prussia in 1880 was 27,223,917. At that date the number of foreigners (exclusive of other Germans) resident in Prussia was 98,958, of whom 24,159 were Austrians, 22,770 Danish, 15,843 Dutch, 10,814 Russian, 5,221 English, 4,343 Swedes, 3,484 Swiss, 3,015 Americans, 2,732 Belgians. The estimated population in 1883 was 27,577,884. The total population of the kingdom in 1819 was 10,981,934. In December 1858 the population had augmented to 17,739,913, showing an increase 61.34 per cent. for 39 years, or of 157 per cent. per annum. At the next census, taken December 3, 1861, the population was found to have risen to 18,491,220, being an increase of 4.27 per cent. in three years. In 1866 the limits of the kingdom were enlarged from 107,757 to 137,066 English square miles, and at the next following census, taken December 3, 1867, the population amounted to 23,971,462. At the census of December 1, 1871, the population had risen to 24,639,706, showing an increase at the rate of but 0.69 per annum, the decline being accounted for by the losses of the Franco-German war of 1870-71. During the nine years from December 1, 1871, to December 1, 1880, the ratio of increase amounted to 1.13 per cent. per annum. The emigration from Prussia by German ports and Antwerp was 145,886 in 1881, in 1882 it was 129,894, 104,167 in 1883, and 93,622 in 1884. In 1883 there were in Prussia 220,748 marriages, 1,070,999 births, and 753,410 deaths, the excess of births over deaths being thus 317,589. Included in these numbers were 42,031 still-born, while 8.09 per cent. of the total births were illegitimate, the rate varying from 2.77 per cent. in Westphalia to 13:43 per cent. in Berlin. The census of 1880 gives the average density of the population at 199 per English square mile. The variation, however, is considerable, the density being highest in the manufacturing districts of Düsseldorf, in the Rhine province, where it is nearly four times the average, and smallest in the district of Köslin, Pomerania, where it amounts but to three-fifths of the average. There are a great number of towns-1,287 officially enrolled as 'Städte' in 1880-most of them of very limited population, spread all over the kingdom. The following table gives the population of the principal towns at the census of December 1, 1880, and of several for that of 1885 : As in nearly all other states of Europe, so in Prussia there is a |