exports from Upper Burma to British Burma were valued at 2,000,8807. in 1879, 1,303,375l. in 1882, and 1,670,000l. in 1883; the exports from British Burma to Upper Burma were valued at 1,775,4917. in 1879, at 1,485,8861. in 1882, and 1,580,000l. in 1883. By a treaty of 1867 British steamers are permitted to navigate the Irrawaddy.

Burma has a currency modelled on that of British India. For small weights seeds of the Abrus precatorius are used, varying from one to two grains; 2 seeds = 1 rhine-kye, 4 rhine-kye = a great pal, 4 great pal = 1 mut, 4 mut 1 kyap, 130 kyap = 1 piktha or viss = 3.6516 lbs. Avoirdupois.

A British Resident was maintained at Mandalay until 1882, when he was withdrawn.

Books of Reference.

1. OFFICIAL.

Report on the Administration of British Burma during 1881-2. Rangoon, 1882.

Statistical Abstract of British India, 1872-73 to 1881-82. London, 1883.

2. UN-OFFICIAL.

Anderson (Dr. J.), Expedition to East Yunnan. London, 1871.
Anderson (Dr. J.), Mandalay to Momien. London, 1876.

Bastian (Adolf), Reisen in Burma in den Jahre 1861-62. Berlin, 1866.
British Burma Gazetteer. 2 vols. Rangoon, 1878.

Colquhoun (A. R.), Across Chryse. 2 vols. London, 1883.

Cor (Captain H.), Journal of a Residence in the Burmese Empire. London,

1821.

Fytche (General), Burma, Past and Present. 2 vols. London, 1878.

Hunter (Dr. W. W.), Imperial Gazetteer of India; article, 'Burma, Independent.' London, 1882.

Laurie (Colonel), Our Burmese Wars and Relations with Burma. London, 1880; Ashé Pyee, The Superior Country. London, 1882.

London, 1876.

McMahon (A. R.), The Karens and the Golden Chersonese.
Phayre (Sir Arthur), History of Burma. London, 1883.
Snodgrass (Major), Narrative of the Burmese War. London, 1827.
Sangermano (Rev. Father), Description of the Burmese Empire, Rome,

1833.

Shway Yoe, The Burman, His Life and Notions. 2 vols. London, 1882. Yule (Colonel H.), Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava. London,

1858.

CEYLON

Constitution and Government.

THE present form of government of Ceylan was established by Letters Patent of April 1831, and supplementary orders of March

1833. According to the terms of this constitut

on, the administration is in the hands of a Governor, aided by an Executive Council of five members; viz. the Officer Commanding the Troops, the Colonial Secretary, the Queen's Advocate, the Treasurer, and the Auditor-General; and a Legislative Council of 15 members, including the members of the Executive Council, four other officeholders, and six unofficial members.

Governor of Ceylon.-Hon. Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, G.C.M.G., born 1830, a younger son of the Earl of Aberdeen; Lieut.-Governor of New Brunswick, 1861-66; Governor of Trinidad, 1866-70; Governor of Mauritius, 1870-74; Governor of Fiji, 1875-80; Governor of New Zealand, 1880-82. Appointed Governor of Ceylon, November 1883.

The Governor has a salary of 8,000l., and the Colonial Secretary of 2,2001.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The public revenue and expenditure of the colony, in each of the ten years 1873 to 1882, were as follows:

The principal sources of revenue are the customs, of an average produce of 300,000l.; licences, including the arrack monopoly, returning 220,0001.; and sales, with rents of public lands, producing together about 230,000l. per annum. The civil and judicial establishments of the colony cost nearly 370,000l., and the con

tribution to military expenditure amounts to 124,000l. annually. For public works, from 200,000l. to 250,000l. have been expended in recent years, and about 45,000l. for education.

The revenue for 1883 is estimated at 1,235,000l., and for 1884 at 1,241,300l.

The public debt of the Colony amounted in 1882 to 1,687,4771., mostly incurred for the construction of railways.

Population.

The island of Ceylon was first settled in 1505 by the Portuguese, who established colonies in the west and south, which were taken from them early in the next century by the Dutch. In 1795-96, the British Government took possession of the foreign settlements in the island, which were annexed to the Presidency of Madras; but two years after, in 1798, Ceylon was erected into a separate colony. In 1815 war was declared against the native Government of the interior; the Kandyan King was taken prisoner, and the whole island fell under British rule.

The extreme length of the colony from north to south, that is, from Point Palmyra to Dondera Head, is 266 miles; its greatest width, 140 miles from Colombo on the west coast to Sangemankande on the east; its area is 25,364 English square miles.

The following table gives the area and population of the seven provinces of Ceylon, according to the last census, taken Feb. 17, 1881:

In 1871 the total population amounted to about 2,406,695, showing an increase of 354,701 in ten years.

Of the total population enumerated, at the census of 1881, there were 4,836 British; 17,866 other whites of European descent, and the rest coloured. The census returns stated 644,284 persons, or about one-fourth of the population, to be engaged in agriculture.

The principal religious creeds were returned as follows:-Buddhists, 1,698,070; Mohammedans, 197,775; Christians, 147,977.

On January 1, 1883 there were 1,253 government and aided schools, with a nominal attendance of 89,439.

Trade and Industry.

The declared value of the total imports and exports of the colony, including bullion and specie, was as follows in each of the five years, 1878 to 1882:

Hitherto coffee has been the staple export from Ceylon, but disease has in recent years greatly reduced the produce. The quantity exported has fallen from 824,509 cwt. in 1879, to 260,053 cwt. in year ending September 30, 1883. The value of the total export in this year was only 1,040,000l., the lowest since 1853. Tea cultivation has been growing in recent years; 75,000!. worth was exported in 1883; also Cinchona bark 350,000l.; cocoanut oil, 460,0007.

The commercial intercourse of Ceylon is mainly with the United Kingdom and India. The amount of trade with the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement, in each of the five years from 1878 to 1882:

The principal article of export from Ceylon to the United Kingdom is coffee, of the declared value of 3,942,6647. in 1877; of 2,508,8937. in 1878; of 3,001,0757. in 1879; of 2,571,5467. in 1880; of 1,524,7467. in 1881; and of 1,632,6287. in 1882. Besides coffee, other exports are cinchona, 25,1877. in 1878, 91,2931. in 1881, and 256,6017. in 1882; cocoa-nut oil, 215,1301. in 1881,

L

94,1351. in 1882; cinnamon, 106,2307. in 1881, 87,7881. in 1882; plumbago, 43,4927. in 1881, 90,0307. in 1882; tea, 1207. in 1878, 11,5877. in 1881, 35,8667. in 1882; cordage and twine, 68,8681. in 1882. Manufactured cotton goods, of the value of 262,3821. in 1882, iron, wrought and unwrought, 83,5051., coals 85,5797., form the staple articles of British imports into Ceylon.

Ceylon had 136 miles of railway open for traffic at the end of 1883, and 42 miles in course of construction.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The weights and measures of Ceylon are the same as those of the United Kingdom. The money of the country is the rupee of British India. For value see page 780.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Ceylon.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Census of Ceylon, 1881. Colombo, 1882.

Colonial Office List, 1883.

Report of Governor Sir Hercules Robinson, dated Colombo, September 14, 1871; in Reports on the Past and Present State of H.M.'s Colonial Possessions.' Part II. London, 1872.

Report on the revenue, trade, &c., of Ceylon, in 'Papers relating to H.M.'s Colonial Possessions.' London, 1883.

Statistics of Ceylon; in 'Statistical Abstract for the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom.' No. XIX. 8. London, 1883.

Trade of Ceylon with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1882. Imp. 4. London, 1883.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Baker (S. W.), Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon. 8. London, 1855. Ceylon being a General Description of the Island, Historical, Physical, Statistical. By an Officer, late of the Ceylon Rifles. 2 vols. 8. London, 1876.

Duncan (George), Geography of India. Part II. Ceylon. 8 Madras,

1865.

Ferguson (A. M. & J.), The Ceylon Directory and Handbook. 8. London,

1883.

Pridham (C.), Historical, Political, and Statistical Account of Ceylon. 2 vols. 8. London, 1849.

Ransonnet-Villez (Baron E. von), Ceylon: Skizzen seiner Bewohner, seines Thier- und Pflanzenlebens. Fol. Brunswick, 1868.

Schmarda (L. K.), Reise um die Erde: Zeilon. Vol. i. 8. Braunschweig,

1861.

Sirr (H. C.), Ceylon and the Cingalese. 2 vols. 8. London, 1851. Tennent (Sir James Emerson), Ceylon: an Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical. 5th ed. London, 1860.