population in 1880 was 516,742, and the country population 1,463,517. The population is almost entirely Scandinavian; at the last census, of the foreign-born population 33,152 were Germans (including 22,007 born in Schleswig), 24,148 Swedes, 2,823 Norwegians, 454 English.

The population of the capital, Copenhagen (Kjöbenhavn), in 1880, was, including suburbs, 273,323; Aarhuus, 24,831; Odense, 20,804; Aalborg, 14,152; Randers, 13,457.

The following table gives the total number of births, deaths, and marriages, with the surplus of births over deaths, in each of the five years from 1878 to 1882:

There were besides on an average 2-8 per cent. of the total births still-born; 10 per cent. of the births were illegitimate.

Emigration carried off, chiefly to the United States, 3,906 persons in 1871; 6,893 in 1872; 7,241 in 1873; 3,322 in 1874; 2,088 in 1875; 1,581 in 1876; 1,877 in 1877; 2,972 in 1878; 3,118 in 1879; 5,667 in 1880; 7,985 in 1881; and 11,614 in 1882.

The soil of Denmark is greatly subdivided, owing partly to the state of the law, which interdicts the union of small farms into larger estates, but encourages, in various ways, the parcelling out of landed property, and leaves the tenant entire control of his land so long as the rent is paid. It was found at the last census that out of an average of 1,000 people, 442 live exclusively by agriculture, 210 by manufacturing industries, and 81 by trade and navigation. Trade and Industry.

The commerce of Denmark is carried on mainly with Germany and Great Britain. The following table shows the declared value, according to official returns, of the imports and exports for each of the five years, from 1877 to 1881:

The imports of the year 1881 came to the value of 5,063,4127. from Germany; and of 3,276,1121.-including colonial goods, as well as home produce-from Great Britain; while of the exports there were sent 3,435,2351. in value to Germany; and 3,542,2261. to Great Britain. With Sweden there were 1,300,000l. imports and 1,500,0007. exports; Norway, 360,000l. imports and 1,000,0007. exports; with the Danish Colonies 350,0007. imports and 260,0007. exports. The Danish trade with the United States has grown from 800,0001. imports in 1877 to 1,100,000l. in 1881, and 2,6001. exports in 1877 to 900,000/. in 1881.

The chief exports of Denmark are grain and flour, live stock, and butter, which form two-thirds of the total export. About half as much grain (1,000,0007.) is imported as is exported; the other chief imports are woollen goods, sugar, coals, timber, minerals and metals.

The commercial intercourse between Denmark, including Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland, and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement in each of the five years, 1878 to 1882:

It will be seen that according to the British returns the exports from Denmark were considerably higher in 1881 than according to the Danish returns.

The exports of Denmark to the United Kingdom consist almost entirely of agricultural produce, the principal of them butter, corn, and live animals. The exports of butter rose from 767,1901. in 1870, to 1,850,5867. in 1882. The total exports of corn and flour amounted to the value of 886,3701. in the year 1882; of live animals to the value of 1,925,958l., comprising 998,7861. for oxen and bulls; 668,2221. for cows and calves; 235,9187. for sheep; and 19,6577. for horses. The export of eggs has risen from 67,6547. in 1878 to 131,5607. in 1882. Of British imports into Denmark, the principal are cotton manufactures, coals, iron, and refined sugar. Of cotton manufactures the imports amounted to 383,2877., of coals to 396,8251., of iron, wrought and unwrought, to 246,2447., and sugar, 231,3057. in the year 1882.

Of the total area of Denmark 75 per cent. was productive in 1880; about one-sixth of the unproductive area is peat bogs. Of the productive area 6 per cent. is forest, and of the remainder about onehalf is arable and one-half pasture and meadows. The leading crops are rye, barley, and oats (about four-fifths of the arable area), and wheat. The total value of all crops in 1879 was 12 millions sterling, besides hay and straw, 1,850,000l.

Cattle-rearing is becoming increasingly important in Denmark. In 1871 there were 1,238,898 cattle of all kinds, and in 1881, 1,470,0797. In 1881 only 2,126 cattle were imported, while 84,586 were exported. In 1881 there were 347,561 horses and 1,548,613 sheep, the latter on the decrease. Of sheep 16,988 were

imported and 72,487 exported in 1881, and 9,800 cwt. of wool imported and 22,300 cwt. exported. In 1871 there were 442,421 swine, and in 1881, 527,417; the import in 1881 was 17,438 and export 253,294.

Between 1878 and 1882 the number of sailing vessels had decreased from 3,041 of 213,201 tons, to 2,999 of 198,911 tons; while the steamers had increased from 188 of 45,124 tons, to 227 of 61,454 tons (including colonies), besides 10,000 vessels under 4 tons. In 1881, 23,077 vessels, of 1,305,192 tons, entered, and 22,633, of 458,020, cleared the Danish ports, besides 2,025 coasting vessels entered and 21,098 cleared.

On the 1st of January 1881 there were railways of a total length of 1,105 Engl. miles, open for traffic in the kingdom. Of this total, 932 Engl. miles belonged to the State, the total cost of which up to March 31, 1882, had been 7,225,1627.

The Post Office in the year 1881 carried 30,555,009 letters and postcards, and 28,753,909 newspapers. Receipts, 240,3331.; expenses, 225,2441. The Telegraphs in the same year carried 1,186,444 messages, of which 513,830 were internal, 647,526 international, and 25,088 official. The total length of telegraph lines belonging to the State, at the end of 1881, was 2,206 Engl. miles, and the length of wires 5,840 Engl. miles. At the same date, there were 287 telegraph offices, of which 155 belonged to railway companies, and 132 to the State. Receipts, 37,426/.; expenses, 45,6127.

Colonies.

The colonial possessions of Denmark consist of the following territories, chiefly islands, in Europe and America. The area and population are given after the census return of February 1, 1880:

The possessions in the West Indies alone are of any commercial importance. The inhabitants, mostly free negroes, are engaged in the cultivation of the sugar cane, exporting annually from 12 to 16 million pounds of raw sugar, besides 1 million gallons of rum. The value of the total exports from St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John to the United Kingdom amounted to 100,6501., and that of the imports of British produce to 200,7431., in the year 1882. The chief article of export in 1882 consisted of unrefined sugar, valued at 98;7557., while the British imports in 1882 were mainly cotton goods, of the value of 67,1607., and coals, 30,1731.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF DENMARK IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Baron Christian Frederik von Falbe, accredited June 28, 1880. Secretary.-W. Count de Sponneck. Attaché. Christian August Gosch.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN DENMARK.

Envoy and Minister.-Hon. Hussey Crespigny Vivian, C.B., formerly Envoy to the Swiss Confederation. Appointed Envoy, July 1, 1881.

Secretaries.-Audley Gosling, Sir Francis C. E. Denys, Bart., Arthur S.

Raikes.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Denmark, and the British equivalents, are as follows:

MONEY.

Under a law which came into force on January 1, 1875, the decimal system of currency was introduced in Denmark, the unit being the Krone, or Crown, divided into 100 öre.

Danmark's Statistik. Statistiske Meddelelser, Tredie Raekke. Udgivet af det Statistike Bureau. Kjöbenhavn, 1883.

Kongelig Dansk Hof og Statscalender. Kjöbenhavn, 1883.

Sammendrag af Statistiske Oplysminger. No. 1-8. Statistiske Meddelelser. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1877-80.

Statistisk Tabelvaerk. Tredie Raekke. Indeholdende Tabeller over Kongeriget Danmarks Vare-Indförsel og Udförsel samt Skibsfart m. m. Udgivet af det statistiske Bureau. 4. Kjöbenhavn. 1872-82.

Report by Mr. J. G. F. Russell, Secretary of Legation, on the finances and the commerce of Denmark, dated Copenhagen, December 31, 1878; in 'Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part II. 1879. 8. London,

1879.

Report by Consul Harris on the Trade and Commerce of Denmark in 1881, in Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. London, 1883.

Report by Mr. Gosling on Denmark generally in Part I., and on Trade and Shipping in Part IV. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' London, 1883.

Reports by Mr. Consul Palgrave and by Mr. Vice-Consul Du Bois, on the Commerce of the Colonies of St. Croix and St. Thomas, dated Jan.-Feb. 1876; in Reqorts from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part IV. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Report on Denmark as a grain-producing country by Consul Ryder, in 'Reports of the Consuls of the United States,' August, 1883. Washington, 1883. Trade of Denmark with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1882.' Imp. 4. London, 1883.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Baggesen (A.), Den Danske Stat i Aaret 1860. Fremstillet geographisk og statistisk, tillige fra et militairt Standpunkt. 2 vols. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1860-63. Falbe-Hansen (V.), and Scharling (Wm.), Danmark's Statistik. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1878-79.

Otté (E. C.), Denmark and Iceland. 8vo. London, 1881.

Petersen (C. P. N.), Love og andre offentlige Kundgjorelser, &c., vedkommende Landvaesenet i Kongeriget Danmark. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1865.

Rainals (Harry), The State of Agriculture in Denmark. In Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,' vol. xxi. 8. London, 1866.

Trap (J. P.), Statistisk-topographisk Beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark, 2nd ed. 4 vols. 8. Kjöbenhavn, 1872–78.