The population of Cuba in 1877 was distributed as follows:— Spaniards, 977,992; foreign whites, 10,632; Chinese, 43,811; negroes, 489,249. The number of slaves from 1870 to 1877 decreased by 136,000. But the total number of inhabitants also decreased by 20,500 during the same period.

Spain is the only European state which still permits the existence of slavery in its colonies. A bill for the abolition of slavery in Porto Rico was passed by the National Assembly on the 23rd of March, 1873, while a bill for the gradual abolition of slavery in Cuba was laid before the Cortes in November 1879, supported by the government. The bill provides that on the promulgation of the law embodying it, all slaves from 55 and upwards shall become free. Slaves from 50 to 55 were to be liberated on September 17, 1880; from 45 to 50, in September 1882; from 40 to 45, in 1884; from 35 to 40, in 1886; and from 30 to 35, in 1888. Those under 30 will be emancipated in 1890. From the middle of 1880 to the middle of 1883, 28,055 slaves were freed under this law; according to a report of 1883 there were then only 137,500 slaves in Cuba. From 1880 a sum of 100,000 piastres was to be annually set apart in the Cuban budget for defraying the expense of the emancipation of the slaves, the price to be paid to the owners being fixed at 350 piastres for each slave.

Cuba is divided into three provinces, the S.E. and central being the richest and most populous, containing 22 cities and towns, and 204 villages and hamlets. The capital Havanna has 25,000 in

habitants. In Cuba and Porto Rico there are 3,300 miles of telegraph, and in Cuba about 900 miles of railway.

The total exports from the Spanish West India Islands, that is Cuba and Porto-Rico, to the United Kingdom in 1882 were of the value of 1,768,6371.; and the imports of British produce, of 2,299,6487.

The staple article of export from Cuba and Porto Rico to the United Kingdom is unrefined sugar, the value of which was 801,1617. in 1877; 922,6617. in 1878; 2,299,7647. in 1879; 770,6731. in 1880; 529,2807. in 1881; and 714,1247. in 1882. Next to sugar, the most important article of export to the United Kingdom is tobacco and cigars, the value amounting to 972,4781. in 1882. The British imports mainly comprise cotton and linen manufactures, the former of the value of 975,0187., and the latter of 303,7331. in 1882.

The chief articles of produce of the Philippine Islands are sugar, hemp, and tobacco. The total exports to Great Britain in 1882 were of the value of 2,307,1177., and the imports of British produce of 1,306,9497. The chief articles of exports to Great Britain in 1882 were unrefined sugar, of the value of 1,425,6887. and hemp, of 830,0331. Of the British imports in 1882 the value of 1,792,795l., or about two-thirds, was represented by cotton manufactures. The commercial intercourse between the Philippine Islands, as well as the rest of the Colonial Possessions of Spain, and the United Kingdom, has been in a very fluctuating condition for a number of years. The capital of the Philippines, Manilla, has 270,000 inhabitants (1880); there are 720 miles of telegraph in the islands.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF SPAIN IN GREAT BRitain.

Envoy and Minister.--Marquis de Casa Laiglesia, accredited March 31, 1875. Secretaries.-Marquis del Moral; P. J. de Zulueta.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SPAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Sir R. D. B. Morier, K.C.B., appointed June 22, 1881. Secretaries.-E. D. V. Fane; Sir G. F. Bonham, Bart.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Spain, and the British equivalents, are as follows:

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Since January 1, 1859, the French metric system of weights and measures has been introduced in Spain, with no other change than a slight one of names, the metre becoming the metro, the litre the litro, the gramme the gramo, and the are the area. But, beside these, the They are:

old weights and measures are still largely used.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Spain. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Censo de la Poblacion de España. 1877. Tomo I. Madrid, 1883.

Estadistica general exterior de España, con sus provincias de ultramar y potencias extrangeras; formada por la Direccion general de aduanas. 8. Madrid, 1883.

Estado General de la Armada para el año de 1883. Madrid, 1883.
Guia official de España. 1883. 8. Madrid, 1883.

Nomenclátor de los Pueblos de España, formado por la Comision de Estadís tica General del Reino. Publícase de órden de S. M. Fol. Madrid, 1878. Report by Mr. Hugh Wyndham on the finances of Spain, in Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part I. 1880. 8. London, 1880.

Report by Mr. Fane on the imports and exports of Spain for 1882; 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation.' Part V. 1883. London, 1883. Reports by Mr. Consul Barrie on the trade of Alicante; by Mr. Consul Prat on the trade and commerce of Barcelona; by Mr. Consul Young on the trade and industry of Bilbao and Biscay; by Mr. Consul Pauli on the trade and commerce of Cadiz; by Mr. Consul Wilkinson on the commerce and shipping of Malaga; and by Mr. Consul Mackenzie on the commerce of Manila: dated January-May, 1877; in Commercial Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1879. 8. London, 1879.

Reports by Mr. Consul-General Cowper on the commerce and agriculture of the Island of Cuba, and by Mr. Consul Palgrave on the trade and commerce of the Philippine Islands, dated August-September, 1877; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. 1878. 8. London, 1878.

Reports by Mr. Vice-Consul McPherson on the commerce of Cadiz and Sevilla; by Mr. Vice-Consul Pentington on the trade of Gijon; by Mr. Vice-Consul Diaz on the trade of Huelva; by Mr. Consul Wilkinson on the commerce of Malaga; and by Mr. Vice-Consul Suter on the wine culture of Xeres, dated December, 1877; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1878. 8. London, 1878. Report by Mr. Consul Turner on the trade of Corunna, dated January, 1878; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1878. 8. London, 1878.

Report by Consul Perry on the trade and commerce of Cadiz in Part II.; by Consul Prat on Barcelona in Part IV.; by Consul Perry on Cadiz; ViceConsul Lapurth on Linares mining district; Consul Honey on Manila in

Part XIV.; by Consul Young on Bilbao; and Vice-Consul March on Santander in Part XV. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1882.

Reports by Consul Dupuis on Teneriffe in Part II.; by Consul Prat on Barcelona, and Vice-Consul Carden on Havanna in Part III.; by Consul Wilkinson on Manila in Part IV.; by Consul Bidwell on Malaga in Part VII.; by Consul Dupuis on Teneriffe in Part VIII.; by Consul Young on Bilbao, Consul Perry on Cadiz, and Vice-Consul March on Santander in Part IX. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' 1883. London, 1883.

Trade of Spain with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1882.' Imp. 4. London, 1883.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Almanaque Politico-economico de El Dia para el año 1884. Madrid, 1883.. Davillier (Baron Ch.), L'Espagne. 4. Paris. 1873.

Figuerola (D. Laureano), Memoria relativa al estado general de la hacienda. 8. Madrid, 1870.

Garrido (Fernando), La España Contemporanea. 8. Barcelona, 1865.
Jagor (F.), Reisen in den Philippinen. 8. Berlin, 1873.

Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1883.

Lestgarens (J.), La Situation économique et industrielle de l'Espagne en 1860. Bruxelles, 1861.

Madoz (Pascal), Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, y Histórico de España y sus provincias de ultramar. 16 vols. 4. Madrid, 1846-50.

Mazade (Ch. de), Les révolutions de l'Espagne. 8. Paris, 1869.

Polin (D. José Lopez), Diccionario Estadistico Municipal de España. 4. Madrid, 1863.

Reclus (Elisée), Géographie Universelle. Vol. I. Paris, 1879.
Ségoillot (H.), Lettres sur l'Espagne. 18, Paris, 1870.

Vidal (J. L.), L'Espagne en 1860. État politique, administratif, législatif; Institutions économiques; Statistique générale de ce Royaume. 8. Paris, 1861.

Villa-Atardi (Baron de), Consideraciones sobre el Estado Administrativo y Económico de España. 4. Madrid, 1865.

Willkomm (Heinrich Moritz), Das pyrenäische Halbinselland. 8. Leipzig, 1886.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

(SVERIGE OCH Norge.)

Reigning King.

Oscar II., born January 21, 1829, the third son of King Oscar I. and of Queen Josephine, daughter of Prince Eugene of Leuchtenberg. Succeeded to the throne at the death of his brother, King Carl XV., Sept. 18, 1872. Married June 6, 1857, to Queen Sophia, born July 9, 1836, daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm of Nassau.

Children of the King.

I. Prince Gustaf, Duke of Wermland, born June 16, 1858. Married Sept. 20, 1881, to Princess Victoria, born Aug. 7, 1862, daughter of the Grand Duke of Baden. Issue, a son, Prince

Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Scania, born Nov. 11, 1882.

II. Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland, born Nov. 15, 1859.

III. Prince Carl, Duke of Westergötland, born Feb. 27, 1861. IV. Prince Eugen, Duke of Nerike, born Aug. 1, 1865.

Sister of the King.

Princess Eugenia, born April 24, 1830.

Niece of the King.

Princess Lovisa, only child of King Carl XV., born Oct. 31, 1851; married July 28, 1869, to Prince Frederik, eldest son of the King of Denmark.

King Oscar II. is the fourth sovereign of the House of Ponte Corvo, and grandson of Marshal Bernadotte, Prince de Ponte Corvo, who was elected heir-apparent of the crown of Sweden by the Parliament of the kingdom, Aug. 21, 1810, and ascended the throne Feb. 5, 1818, under the name of Carl XIV. Johan. He was succeeded at his death, March 8, 1844, by his only son, Oscar. The latter died July 8, 1859, and was succeeded by his eldest son Carl XV., at whose premature death, without male children, the crown fell to his next surviving brother, the present King.

The royal family of Sweden and Norway have a civil list of 1,338,000 kronor, or 74,3331., from Sweden, and 433,922 kronor, or 24,1061., from Norway. The sovereign, besides, has an annuity of 300,000 kronor, or 16,666l., voted to King Carl XIV. and his successors on the throne of Sweden.

The following is a list of the kings and queens of Sweden,

with