Included in the births and deaths in 1881 are 35,254 still-born children, and in the births 82,927 illegitimate children, the former 3 per cent., and the latter 7.4 per cent., of the total births.

The following table shows the number of emigrants in the five years 1878-82, and the countries to which they went.

and other S. American States 10,105 19,701 13,979 12,056 16,500

The great mass of the people of Italy are devoted to agricultural pursuits, and the town population is comparatively small. The number of inhabitants of the principal cities and towns was as follows, at the census of December 1881:

Embraced in the area of Italy is the ancient independent republic, and one of the oldest States in Europe, San Marino. It has an area of 32 square miles and a population of about, 8,000. In 1872 it concluded a treaty of protective friendship with the kingdom of Italy.

Trade and Industry.

The commerce of Italy, like that of France, is divided into general and special. The following table shows the total special imports and exports of the kingdom in each of the five years from 1878 to 1882 :

The imports and exports for 1882 were distributed as follows:—

The leading imports in 1882 were colonial goods and tobacco, 4,300,000l.; cotton and cotton goods, 7,700,000l.; wool and woollen goods, 3,770,000l.; minerals and metals, 10,950,000l. ; grain and flour, 4,350,000l. The chief exports were spirits, wines, and oils, 6,280,000l.; silk and silk goods, 12,930,0007.; grain and flour, 5,540,000l.; animals and animal products, 8,130,000l. Of wine alone in 1882, the export was 29,130,000 gallons, and 19,461 bottles, of a total value of 1,888,0001.-about six times more than it was in 1877.

The commercial intercourse of Italy is mainly with France, the United Kingdom, and Austria, as the following table for 1882 shows:

The value of the commercial intercourse of Italy with the United Kingdom, according to the Board of Trade Returns, is shown in the subjoined tabular statement in each of the five years from 1878 to 1882:

The principal articles of export from Italy to Great Britain in the year 1882 were olive oil, of the value of 624,6631.; hemp, of the value of 284,0157.; oranges and lemons, of the value of 201,4017.; sulphur, of the value of 285,6047.; chemical products, of the value of 270,1527.; shumac, of the value of 156,2371.; wine, of the value of 123,9971.; flax, 91,015.; stones, 137,8721.; and iron ore, 284,0157. The staple articles of British produce imported into Italy are cotton fabrics, iron, coals, and woollen manufactures. The value of the most important article, cotton manufactures, imported from Great Britain in the year 1882, amounted to 1,887,7907. Next in importance to cotton manufactures stood iron, wrought and unwrought, of the value of 1,230,3761.; coals, of the value of 778,3571.; woollen manufactures, of the value of 569,1307.; machinery, of the value of 570,2681.; refined sugar, of the value of 259,1567.; imported in the year 1882 from the United Kingdom.

Of the total area of Italy 86.9 per cent. is productive and 131 per cent. unproductive. Of the total area 12 per cent. is under forest and 36 per cent. under culture. Of the area under crops, about 28 million acres, nearly one-half (12 million acres) is under wheat, the average yield being 140 million bushels, the import of

which, however, as well as of other kinds of grain, is generally greater than the export. Agriculture is generally in a primitive condition. Vineyards occupy about 5 million acres, and olivegroves about 2,200,000. Chestnuts are also an important object of culture, occupying about 1,225,000 acres. The average yield of

wine is over 605 million gallons, Italy standing next to France in quantity. Italy is the chief olive-producing country in Europe, the average yield of olives being over 9 million bushels, and of oil 3 million cwt.

In 1881 Italy had 4,783,232 cattle; 8,596,108 sheep; 2,016,307 goats. In 1881 Italy exported 65,944 and imported 39,887 cattle; exported 198,639 and imported 55,768 sheep; exported 41,529 and imported 18,908 swine. The wool product is not, however, sufficient for consumption, the export in 1881 being only 9,000 cwt. and the import 95,300 cwt.

Iron is found in considerable quantities in Sardinia, Elba, and Lombardy, partly worked in Italy, and partly exported. The average output of the mines is 215,000 tons, valued at 75,000l. The total annual value of the iron and steel produced in Italy is 850,000l. Copper, zinc, and lead are also worked in considerable quantities. The chief mineral product is sulphur, 359,540 tons having been produced in 1880; the average annual value being 1,250,000l. The quarries of Italy, especially its marble quarries, employ about 20,000 men; the annual output being valued at a million sterling. In 1880 the number of hands employed in all mines was 44,215, and the total value of the output 2,375,0001.

In 1878 there were 2,030 silk factories in Italy, employing 15,992 men, 120,226 women, and 76,384 children, producing over 5 million lbs. of raw silk. The total weight of the cocoon harvest in 1881 was 91,683,000 lbs., and in 1882, 69,581,844 lbs. ; the estimated product of the raw silk in 1882 was 5,214,000 lbs.

On the 1st of January 1883, the total number of sailing vessels and steamers making long voyages was 7,720, of 990,004 tons, the tonnage of steamers alone being 104,719 tons. According to an official return, the kingdom of Italy had a registered seafaring population, that is individuals whose names were inserted in the Inscription Maritime,' of 181,381 at the commencement of 1883. The total number of vessels which entered Italian ports in the year 1882 was 110,015, of 17,559,956 tons, of which 26,271 were steamers, of 14,111,111 tons. Of the total 16,352 (10,123 Italian), of 5,140,581 tons (1,523,795 Italian), were sea-going vessels, and the remainder coasters. There cleared the Italian ports during the same year 109,334 vessels, of 17,485,090 tons, of which 26,202, of 14,064,758 tons, were steamers. Of the total 4,715, of 3,991,151 tons, were sea-going vessels, and the remainder coasters. The total length of railways opened for traffic on the 1st of

January 1882 was 5,484 English miles, of which about one-fourth belonged to the State.

In the sessions of 1878 and 1879 the Italian Parliament passed bills for the construction of additional 3,739 miles of railway, to complete the existing system. The new lines are to be built within a period of fifteen years, at a total cost of 40,000,000l., with a State contribution of 26,000,000l., paid in annual instalments of 2,000,000. The total expenditure in the construction of railways up to the end of December 1881 was 107,131,3927.

The number of post-offices in the kingdom at the commencement of 1882, was 3,420. In the year 1881 the post conveyed 168,878,086 letters and postcards, 154,562,446 newspapers and printed matter; and of money-orders 4,022,308, for the value of 20,147,8057. The revenue in 1881 was 29,787,318 lire, and the expenditure 25,980,398 lire.

The length of telegraph lines in 1883 was 17,258 English miles, nearly two-thirds of the whole belonging to the Government. There were, at the same date, 1,747 telegraph offices, exclusive of railway and private offices. The number of telegrams forwarded in the year 1882 throughout the kingdom was 6,454,942, including 373,807 official telegrams. The revenue in 1882 amounted to 469,9247., and the total expenditure to 344,8271.

Italy has a station on the bay of Assab, on the African coast of the Red Sea, opposite Aden. It has an area of 243 square miles and a population of 1,193 on December 31, 1881.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. Of Italy in Great Britain.

Ambassador.-Count Nigra, accredited January 19, 1883.
Secretaries.-Chevalier Tommaso Catalani; Guilio Silvestrelli.
Attachés. Emmanuele Prinetti; Guido Cagnola; Guilio Desme.
Naval Attaché.-Capt. Raphael Noce.

2. Of Great Britain in Italy.

Ambassador.-Sir J. Savile Lumley, K.C.B., born in 1825; Chargé d'Affaires in Russia, 1862 and 1865; Envoy to Saxony, 1866-67; to Switzerland, 1867-68; to Belgium, 1868-83; appointed to Italy, August 29, 1883. Secretaries. Hugh Fraser, Hon. Hugh Gough, W. N. Beauclerk. Naval Attaché.-Capt. Kane, R.N.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Italy are the same as those of France, the names only being altered, the Franc changing into the Lira, divided into 100 centesimi, the Kilogramme into the Chilogramma, the Mètre into the Metro, the Hectare into the Ettaro, and so on. The British equivalents are: