The number of inhabited houses in England and Wales in 1881 was 4,831,519, and uninhabited, 386,676; building, 46,414 ; against 4,259,117 inhabited; 261,345 uninhabited; building, 37,803 in 1871.

More than one-fourth of the total urban population, and more than one-sixth of the total population of England and Wales is concentrated in the metropolis. The limits of the metropolis were defined by the Registrar-General in the census returns of 1881, as consisting of an Inner Ring' and an 'Outer Ring,' the former subdivided into a 'Central Area' and 'Rest of Inner Ring.' The following table gives the results of both censuses in 1871 and in 1881:

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The night population of the City of London proper, within the municipal and parliamentary limits, was only 50,652, on the night of April 4, 1881; in 1871, it was 74,897. The day population at the date of the last census was 261,061.

The following is the division of the population according to occupation:

Twenty-eight cities and towns have been selected for the publication of the rates of mortality. Those comprised, in 1881, a total population of 9,310,933, being more than a third of the entire population of England and Wales. The increase of population in the decennial period from 1871 to 1881 amounted to 16.9 per cent. The population of these twenty-eight cities and towns (municipal boroughs) was as follows in 1881 and 1883.

The town population in 1871 was 12,910,647, and in 1881, 15,445,296; the rural population in 1871 was 9,801,619, and in 1881, 10,529,143. The rate of increase of the former during the decade was 19.63 per cent., and of the latter only 7.42 per cent. Subjoined is the birth, death, and marriage rate of the population of England and Wales, for the ten years from 1873 to 1882, the estimated population for the middle of each year:

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The average proportion of illegitimate births in 1882 was 4.9 per cent.; the minimum being 3.5 per cent. in Essex, and the maximum 8.4 in Westmoreland.

The proportion of male to female children born in England is as 104,810 to 100,000. But as the former suffer from a higher rate of mortality than the latter, the equilibrium between the sexes is restored about the tenth year of life, and is finally changed, by emigration, war, and perilous male occupations, to the extent that there are 100,000 women, of all ages, to 94,900 men in England. The number of paupers, exclusive of vagrants and 'casual poor,' in receipt of relief in the several unions and parishes, was as follows, on the 1st January, for the ten years from 1874 to 1883:

The number of criminal offenders committed for trial, and convicted, in England and Wales, was as follows in the ten years from 1873 to 1882:

In 1842, the number of criminal offenders committed for trial was 31,309, and of those convicted 22,733, and the number continued increasing till 1854. Subsequently there was a decrease both in the number of persons committed for trial and convicted, attributed in part to the Criminal Justice Act of 1855, which authorised Magistrates to pass sentences for short periods, with the consent of the prisoners. The number convicted in 1868 was 15,033; during the last ten years the number has kept on the average at 11,500.

2. Scotland.

Scotland has an area of 29,820 square miles, including its islands, 186 in number, with a population (including military in barracks and seamen on board vessels in the harbours), according to the census of 1881, of 3,735,573 souls, giving 125 inhabitants to the square mile. More than three-fourths of the surface of the country is sterile, consisting of mountains, morasses, and other waste lands. Out of the total, computed at 19,084,659 acres, only 5,613,310 acres were cultivated in 1882.

The country is divided into 33 civil counties, grouped under eight geographical divisions. The following table gives the results of the census of 1881, the numbers of population excluding the military in barracks and the seamen on board vessels in the harbours on the 4th of April, 1881 :