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The soil of the kingdom is divided among 947,010 proprietors. The division is greatest in the Rhenish Palatinate, namely, 228,976, and smallest in Upper Bavaria, viz. 109,195. Of the total population 50 per cent. are dependent on agriculture, and 28 per cent. on manufactures, mining, &c.

The population of the principal towns of the kingdom was as follows at the census of Dec. 1, 1880:

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Of the total area of Bavaria one-half is under cultivation, onesixth under grass, and one-third under forests; about 50,000 acres are under vines. The total value of its mining products and smelting works in 1881 was 1,334,0547. Beer is an important industry in Bavaria, the average quantity manufactured in 1881-82 being 264 million gallons; of this, however, only about 2 million gallons were exported.

In 1883, Bavaria had 3,073 miles of railway, of which 2,680 miles belonged to the State.

British Chargé d'Affaires.-Hugh G. MacDonell.

III. WÜRTTEMBERG.

(KÖNIGREICH WÜRTTEMBERG.)

Reigning King.

Karl I., King of Württemberg, born March 6, 1823; ascended the throne at the death of his father, King Wilhelm I., June 25, 1864. Married, July 13, 1846, to Queen Olga, born Sept. 11, 1822, daughter of the late Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia.

Sisters of the King.

I. Princess Maria, born October 30, 1816; married March 19, 1840, to Alfred Count von Neipperg; widow, November 16, 1865. II. Princess Catharine, born Aug. 24, 1821; married Nov. 20, 1845, to her cousin, Prince Friedrich of Württemberg; widow, May 9, 1870. Offspring of the union is a son, Prince Wilhelm, born Feb. 25, 1848; married Feb. 15, 1877, to Princess Marie of Waldeck, who died April 30, 1882, leaving a daughter Pauline, born Dec. 19,

1877.

III. Princess Augusta, born Oct. 4, 1826; married June 17, 1851, to Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar, lieut.-general in the service of Württemberg.

Cousins of the King.

I. Prince August, born Jan. 24, 1813, the son of Duke Paul of Württemberg; general of cavalry in the service of Prussia.

II. Prince Alexander, born Sept. 9, 1804, the son of Duke Ludwig of Württemberg, uncle of the king; married May 2, 1835, to Claudine, daughter of Count Rhéday of Transylvania, created Countess von Hohenstein; widower, Oct. 1, 1841. Issue of the union are three children:-1. Franz, Prince von Teck, born Aug. 27, 1837; married to Princess Mary of Cambridge, June 12, 1866 (see page 198). 2. Claudine, born Feb. 11, 1836. 3. Amelia, born Nov. 12, 1838; married Oct. 24, 1863, to Baron von Hügel, captain in the Austrian cavalry.

III. Princess Marie, born March 25, 1818, daughter of the late Duke Eugene of Württemberg; married Oct. 9, 1845, to Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Philippsthal; widow, Feb. 12, 1868.

IV. Prince Wilhelm, brother of the preceding, born July 20, 1828; general of infantry in the service of Austria.

V. Princess Alexandrine, sister of the preceding, born Dec. 16, 1829.

VI. Prince Nicolaus, brother of the preceding, born March 1, 1833; married May 8, 1868, to his cousin, Princess Wilhelmine of Württemberg, born July 11, 1844, daughter of the late Prince Eugene.

VII. Princess Agnes, sister of the preceding, born Oct. 13, 1835; married Feb. 6, 1858, to Prince Heinrich XIV. of Reuss-Schleiz. VIII. Prince Wilhelm Alexander, born Dec. 20, 1804, the son of Duke Alexander of Württemberg; married October 17, 1837, to Princess Marie of Orléans, daughter of Louis Philippe, King of

the French; widower, Jan. 2, 1839. Offspring of the union is a son, Prince Philipp, born July 30, 1838; married January 18, 1865, to Archduchess Marie Theresa of Austria, born July 15, 1845, the daughter of Archduke Albrecht of Austria, of which union there are offspring five children:-1. Prince Albert, born Dec. 23, 1865. 2. Princess Josephine, born Aug. 31, 1871. 3. Prince Robert, born Jan. 14, 1873. 4. Prince Ulrich, born June 16, 1877. The former duchy of Württemberg was erected into a kingdom by the Emperor Napoleon, by decree of Jan. 1, 1806.

the second king, granted a constitution. The civil list of the king amounts to 1,821,442 mark, or 91,0727., with an additional grant of 316,464 mark, or 15,8231., for the other members of the royal family.

Constitution and Government.

The constitution of Württemberg bears date Sept. 25, 1819. It vests the legislative power in a Diet, or Landtag, consisting of two Houses, called together every three years, or oftener if necessary. The Upper Chamber, or House of Standesherren, is composed of the members of the royal family, the heads of the principal noble families of the country, the representatives of certain territories and estates possessing formerly a vote in the extinct German Diet, and a number of members nominated by the king for life, which number, however, must not exceed one-third of that of the whole House. The second Chamber, or House of Deputies-Abgeordneten-consists of 13 members of the nobility, elected by the Ritterschaft, or landowners of the kingdom; 6 deputies of the Protestant clergy; 6 deputies of the Roman Catholic clergy; the chancellor of the university of Tübingen; and 70 deputies of towns and rural districts elected by the citizens by secret ballot. All the members of the second Chamber are chosen for six years, and they must be thirty years of age; property qualification is not necessary. To be a member of the first Chamber it is sufficient to be of age. The president of both Houses is appointed by the king; for the Upper House without restriction of person, and for the Lower, from among three members elected by the deputies. The debates of the second Chamber are public, and have to be printed and distributed among the various constituencies. Whenever Parliament is not sitting, it is represented by a committee of twelve persons, consisting of the presidents of both Chambers, two members of the Upper, and eight of the Lower House. A special court of justice, called the Staats-Gerichtshof, is appointed guardian of the constitution and of the rights and privileges of the Houses of Parliament. It is composed of a president and twelve members, six of whom, together

with the president, are nominated by the king, while the other six are elected by the combined Chambers.

The executive of the kingdom is in a Ministry of State and a Privy Council, composed of six ministerial departments, and presided over by the President of the Ministry of State. The heads

of the six departments are the Ministers of Justice; of the Interior; of Public Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs; of War; of Foreign Affairs and the Royal House; and of Finance. There are besides the members of the Ministry a number of special Privy Councillors, whom the sovereign has the right to consult on all occasions.

Church and Education.

The census of Württemberg, taken December 1, 1880, stated the religious creed of the inhabitants as follows:-Evangelical Protestants, 1,361,559; Roman Catholics, 590,183; Dissenters of various denominations, 6,045; and Jews, 13,331. According to the census of 1875, the Protestants formed 69 per cent. of the population, and the Roman Catholics 30 per cent. The Evangelical Protestant' Church of Württemberg was formed in 1823 by a union of the Lutherans and the Calvinists, or Reformers. The administration of the Protestant Church is in the hands of a consistorium of six general superintendents, at Ulm, Ludwigsburg, Reutlingen, Hall, Heilbronn, and Tübingen. In the king is vested, according to the constitution, the supreme direction as well as the guardianship-obersthoheitliche Schutz und Aufsichtsrecht-of the Evangelical Protestant Church, which is considered, though not formally declared, the religion of the State. The Roman Catholics, most numerous in the eastern part of the kingdom, comprising the circle of the Danube, are under a bishop, dependent of the Archbishop of Freiburg, in Baden, who has his seat at Rottenburg, but who, in all important matters, has to act in conjunction with a Catholic church-council-Kirchenrathappointed by the government. The Jews likewise are under a special board, nominated by the minister of ecclesiastical affairs.

Education is compulsory in Württemberg, and there must be a public school in every community of 30 families. According to recent official returns, there is not an individual in the kingdom, above the age of ten, unable to read and write. There are about 2,500 elementary schools, attended by 350,000 pupils; four Protestant and two Roman Catholic training establishments for ministers, and seven colleges, providing a classical education, at Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Ulm, Ellwangen, Ludwigsburg, Hall, and Rottweil. The whole educational system is centred in the university of Tübingen, founded in 1477. (See Germany, p. 104.)

Revenue and Expenditure.

Nearly one-half of the public revenue of the kingdom is divided from domains, including vast forests, and other State property, such as railways, telegraphs, and mines.

The financial year, which formerly ended with the month of June, was changed in 1878 to finish with March. The estimated revenue for the year 1881-2 was 2,600,1947., and expenditure 2,608,553!.; for 1882-3, revenue 2,610,1817.; expenditure 2,601,8827.; for 1883-4, revenue 2,705,4487.; expenditure 2,705,446. The estimated revenue and expenditure for the year ending March 31, 1885, were as follows:

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The estimated income from the railways alone in 1883-4 is 12,841,600 marks, and from domains of forests, 5,703,005. Of the direct taxes, the larger portion is the produce of the land-tax, 8,723,315 marks, while on incomes the total taxation was 4,545,000.

The public debt of Württemberg more than doubled within the last twenty years, owing to the establishment of the railway lines of the kingdom, nearly the whole of which are State property. The capital of the public debt was 423,931,708 mark, or 21,196,5857.

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