6

added about 1885, by the present owner baugh but brandy was a later introduction, (1905). An open gothic parapet which once nor has the latter term been found earlier adorned the court entrance to the Derby than 1671. According to Nares, it was Nunnery (erected by W. Pugin in 1846) on formerly in use as a general term for ardent the Nottingham Road, now stretches along spirits, and Ben Jonson terms a seller of the weir wall between the two fishponds, drams an aqua-vitæ man." SeeThe with pretty effect. The kennels just below | Alchemist,' i. 1, Cunningham's 'Revels Acare reminiscences of the late Edward Degge counts,' p. 146, 'Witts, Fittes, and Fancies, Wilmot Sitwell, who kept a few braces of 1595,' p. 128. According to the N.E.D.' good greyhounds here for his favourite the term "brandy is found somewhat pastime of coursing. earlier than Halliwell states. WM. SELF WEEKS.

Essex Lodge, Ewell.

LEONARD C. PRICE.

THE AQUA VITA MAN (12 S. vii. 150).This query is answered by the following extract from 'Old English Social Life as told by the Parish Register,' by T. F. Thistleton Dyer (London, Elliot Stock, 1898).

Speaking of the "aquavity-man or seller of drams,' the author says:

"In days past the term aqua vitæ was in use as a general phrase for ardent spirits, and as such Occurs in Twelfth Night' (Act II. Sc. V.), where Maria asks, Does it work upon him?' to which Sir Toby replies,' Like aqua vitæ with a midwife.'

According to Fosbroke, aqua vitæ was made and sold by barbers and barber surgeons. Ben Jonson speaks of selling "the dole beer to aqua-vitæ men.' and in Beaumont and Fletcher's Beggar's Bush' the cry of the aqua-vitæ man is "Buy any brand wine, buy any brand wine,' It is such a person who is indicated in the following entry from the register of St. Giles's, Cripplegate, where on June 8, 1617, the burial is recorded of "the daughter of Richard Mitchell, aquavity man." According to Malcolm. several aquavitæ dealers lived in this parish, and he adds that the nature of this beverage may be imagined from the following Reasons for the grauntes unto Mr. Drake, for the making of aquavitæ, aqua composita, berevinger, beereeger, and alliger."

66

My deeds, though manifold,
No Skald in song has told,
lines less familiar than the famous 'Ode to
No Saga taught thee!
Tobacco ' : (2) Byron's 'Don Juan '-see
Beer
Rome '-see Charade vi, beginning
(3) Macaulay's 'Lays of Ancient
Sikes, housebreaker, of Houndsditch,
Habitually swore.

That whereas dyversse of greedye and covetous myndes, for their owne lucre and gaine, w'hout the due regarde of the health and wellfayre of our subjects. or the p'fit and benefit wh may grow to us and our Commonwealth, by the trew and right (4) Jean Ingelow's 'Divided,' with sugmaking of the same of trew and wholesome lyquor-gestions from other poems-see have, do use make the foresayde drynkes and 'Lovers, sauces of most corrupt, noysom, and lothsom stuff; viz. the washing tonnes, colebacks, laggedragge, tylts, and droppings of tappes, and such other noysom stuff usod in tymes past to feed swyne."

See also Halliwell's Dictionary where he says under Aqua-Vitæ: "Several old receipts for making aqua-vitæ are given in Douce's Illustrations' i. 68-70, where the exact nature of it may be seen. Irish aqua-vitæ was usque

6

and a Reflection,': (5) the same writer's The Apple-Woman's Song,' with the line Feathers and moss, and a wisp of hay'see Ballad,' beginning The auld wife sat at her ivied door': (6) Moore-see Disaster. I have taken some of these facts from A Century of Parody and Imitation' (Humphrey Milford).

6

G. G. L.

MAJOR DYNGWELL (12 S. vii. 130).Probably the Captain (not Major) Dyngwell who figures in Burnand's 'Happy Thoughts (2nd series), as "a gentleman with a light waist, long legs, and a glass in his eye," and with an exceedingly limited and slangy vocabulary. S. PONDER. Torquay.

6

CRIMEAN WAR IN FICTION (12 S., vii. 90, 135).—Any one interested in the Crimean War should read Captain Hawley Smart's Hard Lines,' chapters xxvi to XXXV and Held in Bondage,' by Quida, chapters xxvii, and, above all, xxx., which is as realistic an account as perhaps ever was written, of the horrors of war. There is also 'Breezię Langton: a Story of Fifty-two to Fifty-five' by Capt. Hawley Smart. Chapters xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxxi, xxxii and xxxiv give excellent reading of Crimean experiences.

FREDK. C. WHITE.

SNOW: A SHIP'S NAME (12 S. vii. 72). A Snow differs from a Brig by having a small mast close to and abaft the mainmast, called a try-sail-mast, which receives the jaws of the gaff and boom. The boom main-sail is hooped to the main-mast in a Brig, but traverses on a try-sail-mast in a Snow. See Varieties of Sailing Vessels' (London-Novie & Wilson), p. 5.

The word itself is derived from the Dutch -but unknown See its origin seems T. F. D.

'N.E.D.' Sub voce.

as

LIVERIES OF THE LONDON LIVERY GUILDS (12 S. vii. 129).-Two old dictionaries I have consulted give the colour Puce respectively "blue and brown "dark brownish colour." Puce, or flea colour, was the name given to a new shade which was worn by Louis XIV. of France. The term "blue-brown," although used in some old books, is an impossible one, as the colour termed brown is, when analysed, a dull orange, and a blue-orange does not exist, as the two colours to which the vision is simultaneously sensitive are always adjacent in their spectrum order.

The colour termed puce is just over the border and is in reality a saddened (or dull) and dark red-violet. I have lately been trying, amongst other colours, to standardise this very shade, and have found that all the 66 puce colours which have been produced for this purpose have been saddened red-violets of varying intensities.

FRANCES E. BAKER.

91 Brown Street, Salisbury.

FUNERAL PARLOUR (12 S. vi. 272, 316; vii. 37, 118).--In connexion with this subject, I might add that Funeral table cloths were also in not uncommon use towards the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. I have in my possession two table-cloths dated 1793 and 1807, of white damasked linen, about 8 yards in length. The embossed pattern on both is that of cypresses. From their size they could only have been used when a large company was expected. They have been and still are used for ordinary purposes— though only at large dinner - parties and thus have been preserved for at least a century and a quarter. Bournemouth.

,,

L. G. R.

"NOR DID FLY FOR IT (12 S. vii. 6, 59).-In Henry Fielding's novel, The Adventures of Joseph Andrews' (chapter xii) the lawyer speaking to his fellow travellers had been left for dead in the ditch by in the coach, and referring to Joseph who

Notes on Books.

abb's English Synonymes. Revised and enlarged....with an Introduction by John H. Finley. (London, Routledge.)

GEORGE CRABB was a Suffolk man, whose lifechangeful, though uneventful, as his biographer calls it-bears witness, as his Dictionary of Synonymes itself does, to a certain originality. The only authority for it would seem to be his obituary notice in The Gentleman's Magazine. There we learn that he was by turns a medical student, a bookseller's assistant, a student for the ministry and classical master in a school at York. In 1801 he went to Bremen to study German, maintaining himself there by giving lessons in English. He published a German Grammar for Englishmen and an English Grammar for Germans.' This study in itself showed some initiative and independence of mind. In 1814 he made another new start entering Magdalen Hall, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner and graduating M.A. 1822 with mathematical honours. Seven years later he was called to the bar. He was the author of several useful legal works, his too retiring disposition unfitting him for ordinary legal practice. His last years were spent in poverty and disappointment and in "eccentric seclusion."

in

His industry was great. Besides his legal works and his German works, he published four other dictionaries in addition to the one before us, and he left unpublished at his death a History of Popery, an abridgement of Rollin and one or two other writings.

It is not difficult to realise through the medium of these "synonymes" that his seclusion may have been eccentric A curious individuality seems to disengage itself from the book. It is far from a mere dictionary. Each article tends to pass from a definition or explanation to something approaching an essay. The disappointments which clouded the writer's existence are reflected on every possible occasion. Touches of melancholy abound; and so do exhortations to virtue in a trying world. Humour seldom shows itself. "Calm," he says, stands for the most benevolent and inspiring condition in human life and nature, being indicative of peace, quiet, tranquility, security, safety." This, as Matthew Arnold says,

66

64

Is all perhaps which man acquires,

Crabb's feeling for words is occasionally at fault, in spite of a preciseness much more common. Thus he speaks of people of "dull capacity "

a

curious mixed metaphor. Occasionally his explanation is so imperfect as to become erroneous as when he says that "when an object is above another it exceeds it in height." He puts abrupt, rugged, and rough together as synonyms: but abrupt is only synonymous with the other two over a minute range. More curious is the article on Absolute, Despotic, Arbitrary, Tyrannical where he gives to despotism the value of monarchy -almost of constitutional monarchy.

There is often noticeable a difference betweed the sense of a verb in its active and passive use. and between an adjective in its positive ann negative forms. This Crabb is apt to neglects He gives the meaning of assumption as "a person's taking upon himself to act a part which does not belong to him," and says children are apt to be assuming a use of the word which, if ever really common, has survived only in unassuming.

We could hardly now maintain that slaughter is said of human beings only; or that celestial is altogether differentiated from heavenly by referring either to the physical universe or to the heaven of heathens."

The deductions to be made for imperfections or mistakes do not, however, detract from the book so much as to make it worthless. In fact it only

requires good editing to become a really serviceable compendium.

The editing it has received in this volume has

consisted principally in the addition of modern,
technical and scientific terms, somewhat loosely
Introduction contains these
explained. The
words of equal meaning)..."
words If syonyms were equinyms (that is
quotation will sufficiently indicate that the
editor's competency does not sufficiently abound
in the direction of philology.

We think this

The Subject Index to Periodicals 1917 - 1919 : A. Theology and Philosophy-including Folklore. (The Library Association Westminster, 78. 6d.)

WE are glad to draw our readers' attention to this very useful Index. The two years brought under review have seen the publication in periodicals of many good pieces of work on subjects of historical or antiquarian interest connected with religion. The Folk-lore items entered here are numerous and of considerable range. Under Witchcraft,'Funeral Rites' and Masses for the Dead' the student will find valuable entries. It might have been as well to print together (in. addition to giving them their place under their several subject-headings) the reviews of quite outstanding books. Sir J. G. Frazer's Folk-Lore in the Old Testament' is the book we have in mind.

But 'tis not what our youth desires. Bits of classical history are worked in among the illustrations, but the Latin (whether it be Crabb's or his editor's we do not feel sure) is not always impeccable. Thus we are told that unqualified comes from Latin qualis, how much, and means not questioning or indicating how much." This incorrectness is exhibited somewhat too frequently too frequent also is an oblivion of certain directions in the meaning of Primitive Religion-under different aspectswords, which falsifies the writer's generalizations. has engaged many pens. A fair amount of curious For example it is said that "loving and fond [are historical detail on the subject of some of the lesstaken] in a contemptuous sense " and that "loving known Saints has recently appeared in periodicals. is less dishonourable than fond "; but, to say There are several articles on Newman. On the nothing of modern usage in which the word has whole-as was perhaps to be expected in a review a decidedly different complexion, the established of periodicals the historical and antiquarian use in royal proclamations should have been taken work here represented seems to surpass in bulk into account, and would have modified these dicta. | and value the work in theology and philosophy.

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IT is requested that each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he VOL. VI. wishes to appear.

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MR. ANEURIN WILLIAMS.-Rowland Jones (1722-1774) is said by Rowlands to have been the son of John Williams, but appears on the "Roll" of the Inner Temple as the son of William Jones of Bachellyn Llanbedrog, Carnarvonshire. He is usually described as of Broom Hall, near Pwllhelie. He died in Hamilton Street, Hanover Square, London, leaving two daughters and a son.

FRANCISCUS TURRETTINUS (12 S. vii. 150).— MR. ARCHIBALD SPARKE writes: De Necessaria Secessione Nostra ab Ecclesia Romana, &c.' was published in two parts at Geneva in 1688, and a further edition, also in two parts, in 1691. Both these are quarto, and may be seen at the British Museum.

C. M.-The legend Britt. omn. Rex stands for Britanniarum omnium Rex, the double t being the ordinary sign of the plural, as in pp paginae; mss.manuscripta, and the m in N or M' which is a contraction for nn=nomina.

MR. THOS. RATCLIFFE.-' Hudibras Redivivus' (by Ned Ward) was published in 12 pts. forming one volume, London, 1705-7. A second edition of No. 1 with an apology appeared in 1708 and second editions of Nos. 2 and 3 in 1709. A second volume, also of 12 pts., was printed in 1707. Both vols. together are scarce. See Lowndes' 'Bibliographer's Manual.'

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Commons: "Revenue"-Cardinal Aleander's Epitaph-
Bar, 195-The Aqua Vita Man-'The Spectator,' 196-side, smelling disagreeably, and looking like the

NOTES ON BOOKS:-' Feudal Cambridgeshire '-'Journal shells, and looking at the fishing vessels running of the Gypsy Lore Society.'