advantage. The horse, it may be observed, has a similar antipathy to the camel, unless accustomed to its presence at an early age.

The elephant has a great aversion to pigs; and it is related by Procopius, that, at the siege of Edessa, by Chosroes, king of Persia, the besieged Greeks employed the cry of a pig to frighten from their walls the enemy's elephants.

Lysander told his men, when they lay before Corinth, to be of good courage, because he saw a hare running upon the walls; for he concluded that it would not be there if any military exercise were frequent upon them.

In the war with Spain, in 1762, the horses of the British cavalry were all docked; and the consequence was, that, not having their long switchy tails to protect themselves from the swarms of insects which annoyed them, they became very restive and untractable. The cause of this being soon obvious, orders were subsequently issued for the abolition of the practice of docking them in future.

"Quartremère d'Isjonval was a state prisoner in Holland in the latter part of 1794, when the French army, under Pichegru, invaded that country. He found means to carry on a correspondence with the French general, and having carefully watched the operations of some spiders, he wrote to Pichegru that he was there, and that he believed, from his observations upon his spiders, that a severe winter was at hand, which would, of course, facilitate the operations of the invading army. The French general, who had already thought of retreating, acted upon this hint, and, in a few days after, took possession of the whole country, which would have been inaccessible to him, had it not been for the ice, which was soon sufficiently strong to allow the French army to cross the rivers."(Goldsmith's Natural History, by Innis, ii,

359.

The ancient Romans appear to have learned their cuneus, or the arrangement of their battalions into the shape of a wedge, as a more secure mode of attack and defence, from the herds of swine, which are observed, when wolves appear amongst them, to arrange themselves, instinctively, in the same wedgeshaped figure, which they very dexterously preserve during the engagement.

The sharp iron instruments, called caltrops, which in time of war are thrown or fixed in such parts of the field as the enemy are expected to pass, and which are intended, by their sticking in the feet, to interrupt or prevent their passage, are said to have been suggested by observing the form of the prickles of the plant called the water-caltrops.

(To be continued.)

EARLY ENGLISH MUSIC-PRINTERS.

BY EDWARD F. RIMBAULT,

ORGANIST OF EGLISE SUISSE.

(For the Mirror.)
(Continued from page 351.)

THE next printer, in the order of time, who appears from the evidence of his works to have made music-printing partly his trade, is a person known as "Old John Day,'* as early as the year 1560, or about seven years after the publication of Dr. Tye's book: he printed a work, entitled, "The Church Service in three and four parts." And again, soon after this, we find his press once more at work; for in the year 1562, he published another work, entitled, "The whole Book of Psalms, with apt notes to sing them withal." Both these works, like that of Dr. Tye's, were religious, as their titles sufficiently show; indeed, most of the productions that had been printed in this country up to the above time, appear, with very slight exceptions, to have been of a religious character; the general demand for works of a more miscellaneous nature not being so great; as may readily be perceived from the nature of the music-books which were published to meet the demand; for had books of songs, and such kind, been demanded more extensively, we are aware, from the spirit of enterprise and commerce would have been prepared, as will be subthat pervades most trades, that a supply. sequently seen.

After a lapse of about nine years, or in the year 1571, "Old John Day" published a collection of songs, with the following quaint and curious title, namely, "Songs of three, four, and five, voyces, composed by Thomas Wythorne, Gent.; the which songs be of sundrie sortes, that is to say, some long, some short, some hard, some easie, to be sunge, and some between both; also some solemne, and some pleasante, or mery, so that accor ding to the skill of the singer (not being musitians) and disposition or delite of the hearers, they may here find songes to their contention and liking." And this book, with few exceptions, may be regarded as one of the earliest works of the kind that was published, and therefore it is upon that account valuable, in comparison to some of the books already enumerated. All books of songs set to music of an early period, must be valuable, not only to the musician himself, but to the antiquarian, and the lover of our old national songs and ballads.

A short analysis of the songs contained in

* Wynken de Worde chose for the sign of his shop in Fleet-street, the Sun, as emblematical of the light the art of printing was to shed on the world; and John Day, who had a printing-house in Aldersgatestreet, with yet greater felicity of invention, took for his motto a form of words, which at once proclaimed the great discovery, and connected his own name with its promulgation-Arise, for it is Day!

this book would undoubtedly be interesting to most readers; but as this is not the subject of the present dissertation, I will reserve it for a subsequent paper, and at present con fine myself to the music-printers.

About the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, two celebrated musicians, of the names of Tallis and Byrd, applied jointly for a patent to enable them to print music; letters patent were granted to them; and their assignees giving them the sole power of printing and publishing all kinds of musical compositions. They were not printers, so that they employed strangers, under the patent: and the chief person who printed their compositions was one Thomas Vantrollier, then established at Blackfriars; he printed in the year 1575, a work entitled the Cantiones Sacra", which book was the joint composition of the two patentees abovementioned. The custom of granting letters patent for printers continued in force up to a comparatively late period, as also a custom of granting similar patents for type-founding; at one time, four founders of this description were deemed quite sufficient to manufacture all the type that the trade then required.

In the year 1598, another patent was granted to Thomas Morley, with considerably more extensive powers than the patent enjoyed by Tallis and Byrd. This Thomas Morley, as the title of one of the most famous of the books which he published informs us, one of the gents. of her majesties Royall Chapell," and also a "Batchelor of

was

Music,"

The former circumstance no doubt enabled him to obtain this patent, as he was in much favour at court, and the latter shows that he had gone through a regular course of musical study; he appears to have been a man of very considerable talent, and of good taste.

The books which he published are mostly very highly embellished, and ornamented with ingenious designs; the title-pages are, indeed, very rich, and often exuberantly covered with a fine broad arabesque marginal border. All the initial letters at the begining of each song were generally in imitation of some of the old illuminated manuscripts, and always rich and fanciful. One of the works which he published, under the title of "A plaine and easie Introduction to practical Music," has been deservedly praised and admired for the superior elegance and beauty of the type, as well as the frontispiece, which is an elaborate, and altogether a very fine specimen of the art of engraving at the period of its publication.

The notes which he used are the open lozenge-shaped, which are printed with remarkable neatness, and possess the property of being both clear and distinct, which most of the earlier specimens do not.

The artists whom Thomas Morley employed

under his patent, in printing his works, we re two of the names of William Barley and Thomas Este, but principaily the latter, who at that period carried on an extensive business, as the numerous works which bear his name, amply testify; and he is also known by the name of Snodham, as the following title, and many others of his publications, show: "Lessons for Consert, made by sundrie excellent authors, and set to six several instruments, namely, the treble Viol, Base Viol, Bandora Citterne, and the Flute. Now newly set forth by Phillip Rosseter, one of his majesties Musitians. London: Printed by Thomas Este, alias Snodham, and are to be sould at his Shop in St. Dun stans Church Yard in Fleet Street, 1609." This is a very curious book, for several reasons, but chiefly valuable from its showing the kind of instruments, and consequently the nature of the music, which was principally used in concerts in the reigns of Elizabeth and James the First.

The patent continued in force for some time after the date of the above book; but

as most of the numerous works which were issued are not so curious nor so intrinsically valuable as the preceding, we shall omit them, and pass on without alluding to any cotemporary printers, with the exception of John Winder and William Godbid, who printed several musical works, but as none of them are of much importance, they are not worth particularly mentioning; these printers followed the foreign method which De Worde had introduced, and did not, that I am aware of, make any improvement in the processes of printing; and from this period up to the time of "honest John Playford," there did not appear any printer of note, and therefore I shall confine myself to him and his productions.

To the unceasing endeavours of this man, the musical word is much indebted, both for the extensive improvements which he sug gested and practically carried into effect, in the art of music-printing, and to the number and value of the works which he issued from

his

press.

(To be continued.) Arts and Sciences.

EXHIBITION OF ARTS AND MANUFACTURES IN PARIS: MAY MDCCCXXXIX.

THE most inattentive observer will be convinced, after witnessing the many rare specimens of Foreign genius, at the Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures, now to be seen in Paris, that unless John Bull "goes-a-head," he will most assuredly be not much longer Lord-Paramount' in the mechanical arts : but we have nothing to fear; it is a glorious emulation. In sincerely wishing our friends in Paris every possible success, we are fully

assured, that the greater their discoveries, the more the spirit of enterprise and rivalry will predominate in the breasts of the British mechanic.

Without farther preface, we beg to introduce our readers to the First Gallery, which is on the left-hand on entering; it is in a court, and contains the machinery, the agricultural, architectural, hydraulic, and other mechanical apparatus, which is exhibited in great abundance, and which forms, to the scientific and practical observer, the most interesting part of the whole collection. The long transversal gallery, into which the visiter first sets foot, however striking and beautiful may be its contents, principally objects of furniture, we shall leave to the last.

The names of the exhibitors, and of each article or class of articles, are, however, affixed to each standing in the galleries, and the persons in charge of the objects are very willing and intelligent in their explanations. This is fortunate; otherwise, the visiter would be lost in such an immense bazaar, and his inspection would prove comparatively unfruitful.

At the top of this first gallery, and in the middle of the room, stands a large beet root sugar apparatus, No. 3,026, the system of which is one of great simplicity, and the cost comparatively low. On the left-hand against the wall, under No. 1,644, will be found a fine collection of tools of all kinds, with many ingenious works for large clocks. Some of the clock-movements of the famous Wagner, of Paris, will be observed in this gallery, and, from the long-established fame of that house, are worthy of inspection. The ellip tical clock, with hands extending or shrinking as they revolve, is very ingenious, and a large circular clock-face for Constantina should be remarked. In the middle of the room will be found No. 821, a model of a manufactory for carriage-wheels, where one steamengine or water wheel, of 14-horse power, sets in motion an infinity of others, and enables the workmen to effect five times as much as they could do were they working separately. Close to this is a large cylinder, No. 786, for storing and drying corn, and for preserving it from insects. It deserves the notice of all practical agriculturists. Messrs. Koechlin and Co., of Mulhausen, have got here some very large and very important machines for cotton-spinning and for paper-making, which, from the space they occupy, cannot escape notice, and which might excite jealousy even in a Lancashire manufacturer. One of the principles introduced into a fine machine of the former class, due to one of the partners of this extensive house, is that of the selfacting spinning-jennies, similar to those in vented by Roberts, of Manchester. In this gallery there are other machines for similar purposes; to which the attention of manu

facturers should be especially directed, and by whom their respective merits will be readily understood. We may observe at once that the high degree of finish given to these and several other large machines of the same kind, is what will principally attract attention, next to their size, with an ordinary observer; and that, in reality, it is a very conclusive evidence of advance in mechanical art. To the left-hand of the room, No. 1,976, indicates a new and elegantly-constructed orrery, of great simplicity; and near it is a new wine-press of peculiar construction. A lit tle beyond, on the same side, if so humble an object can attract attention, we would recommend the visiter to examine some specimens of iron, copper, and brass wire, remarkable for their fineness and high finish. He will understand the value of these articles when he turns to the beautiful woolcards and cotton-cards, several exquisite specimens of which may be perceived in the middle of the room, and on the excellence of which the wool and cotton manufacturers greatly depend. Few persons have an idea of the great difficulty and expense of forming these delicate instruments. No. 1,321 is a highly-ingenious kind of lantern for a lighthouse, formed of a series of cylindrical layers of glass, so constructed as to form an immense lens of high refracting power, at a comparatively cheap rate. This apparatus is intended for the United States, and its maker is Lepante, of Paris.

Against the walls of this, as well as of the other side of the gallery, hangs an immense collection of varnished leather of all

kinds, and prepared by various methods: large pieces of a very beautiful and useful manufacture, white felt, will be observed; the immense size of which, and the impermeability of their texture, are remarkable. We may add, that the tissus metalliques (wire canvasses) seem to be brought to a wonderful degree of perfection in France, there being no limits to the size of the sheet, or the fineness of its texture. Various beautiful specimens of oil-cloths, and of stained papers, of many different methods of preparation, can hardly escape the eye of the visiter. These objects, though they do not bear on themselves the stamp of so much ingenuity as a complicated machine, often call into play the very machines that are so difficult to be made, and they may all be looked on as owing much of their improvement to the great strides made by the employment of steam-power. We have been much pleased at an ingenious and beauti fully-executed series of moulds for stamping the leaves of artificial flowers, No. 1,073, in the middle of the room: the exactness with which the moulds have been taken from nature constitute their excellence, and account for the great superiority of this

manufacture, in which Paris stands quite unrivalled. Near to them the famous Parisian cutler, Sirhenry, has exhibited some of his beautiful products in their rough state: they will at first puzzle the visiter to make out what they are. A little above this place, towards the entrance of the gallery, is a remarkably ingenious anti-friction wheel, applicable to all purposes of machinery or agricultural instruments, the axle being surrounded by four small cylinders, revolving like satellites round it in a case, either horizontally or vertically. No. 1,589 is a splendid wool-combing machine, by Collier, one of the great lions of the gallery; and No. 1,706, a large flax-spinning machine, by Schlumberger, of Guebwiller, close by it, will strike the visiter's eye. No. 3,149, a. printing machine, and No. 791, a papermaking ditto, are beautiful models of ingenuity, especially the latter.

On approaching the lower end of the first gallery, there will be perceived a complicated condenser in vacuo, looking like a house with a roof, and an immense series of copper tubes, rather too cumbersome, we should apprehend, not to require further improvement. Behind it is a new kind of carriage, drawn by the hand, a most elegant little chariot or coupé on wheels, putting one in mind of a bath chair, but fitted up with all the luxury that the most exquisite petite maitresse of the faubourg St. Honoré could desire.

Returning up the gallery towards where it was entered, and against the western wall, the visiter will observe some very beautiful metal lic castings of ornaments, statuettes, &c., in iron, lead, and other metals, which are of importance, as showing that these metals are likely to supersede bronze and other more expensive compounds in the fabrication of ornamental articles. The exquisite diminutive models of steam-engines, cotton-spinning machines, &c., exhibited along this side of the gallery, and especially some by the pupils of the Ecoles Royales des Arts et Métiers at Angers and Chalons, should not fail to be examined and admired. The larger steam engines which form part of this exhibition will be peculiar objects of attraction to all who understand machinery of that sort. No. 284, a rotatory steam-engine, by Pecqueur, of Paris; No. 1,099, an inexplosible boiler, by Beslay, of Paris; No. 1,411, some very splendidly-finished steam-engines by Pauwels, of the faubourg Poissonnière; No. 816, ditto, ditto, by Alexandre, of the faubourg St. Denis; and a very curious one by Deitz, No. 304. All these will give excellent instances of the actual state of French art in this important branch of industry. Competent judges state that the finish of these machines is highly beautiful-equal, in fact, to those of English manufacture; and that their power of working with economy of combus

tible matter is not one of the least recommendations they possess.

The supplementary gallery belonging to the division of machines is formed out of the court between the galleries Nos. 1 and 2, and which we will enter from the northern or nearest end. Here are placed the agricultural machines, the specimens of cast iron, pottery, &c., the larger kinds of hardware products, carriages, &c.; and, though this division may not appear very inviting to the general examiner, we assure our readers that they will not repent a careful inspection of its contents. Immediately in front of the entrance are some baked stucco preparations, for pavements of halls, passages, &c., in imitation of ancient mosaic, highly durable, beautiful, and ingenious, but likely to be superseded by the application of bitumen to similar purposes. No. 2,732 is a clever, but, we fear, not very useful kind of tower, applicable to fire-escapes; it may be propelled along a street, if there be a sufficient power to move it, and it throws out bridges up to a seventh or eighth story of a house, if required. Close to it will be observed the valuable apparatus of Colonel Paulin, for enabling firemen to enter apartments full of flames and smoke, being perfectly air and smoke proof, and already brought into general use in the capital, where its value is fully appreciated. In the side gallery, to the left hand, will be found the wood-sawing machine used at the Chantier d'Austerlitz, for cutting up fire-wood to any requisite length; it is very simple in construction, presents the wood to a wellconstructed circular saw, and is apparently of little cost in formatión. No. 2,032 is the expression of a very curious idea, being nothing more nor less than the utilising every movement of a tree, when shaken to and fro by the wind, towards the obtaining of mechanical power. An apparatus is fitted to a tree, half-way up the turnk, consisting of a certain number of ropes or chains, attached to cranks or wheels in a building below, so that, whichever way the tree inclines, it sets in motion one of the wheels, and thus com municates force to a system of machinery. If this be always practicable, adieu to windmills! On pursuing this gallery, which surrounds an open court, to the further or southern end, the visiter will find a most formidable display of all sorts of economical stoves and cooking apparatus, many of which are not only highly ingenious, but exceedingly pretty. With one in particular, No. 3,308, we have been greatly struck, and we think all lovers of a good dinner will be of our opinion, when they see in a smart brass fire-place, over two or three logs of wood, a nice little sucking-pig in full roast; in a hot cupboard by the side a goose baking, half a dozen cutlets, a dozen larks, no end of kidneys, plenty of potatoes, &c., all in full stew and fry-not in reality,

but in pasteboard; altogether a plan much to be longed for, if economical and practicable. There are more than a dozen other stoves of similar kinds at the same part of the gallery; in fact, you may now cook a dinner for twelve in a common-sized tea-kettle, and put all your larder into a band-box. After the culinary apparatus come some inventions for curing smokey chimneys, sure to be prized by all housekeepers. The great lion of this part of the exhibition is the real, identical, "genuine," coronation carriage of Marshal Soult; round which the loyal subjects of her Britannic Majesty thronged with inexpressible delight, and at which the aimables badauds of Paris appear disposed to open all their eyes.

[To be concluded in our next-] ·

THE KINGDOM OF CAUBUL. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE AFFGHAN PEOPLE.

THROUGHOUT the whole range of the countries tributary to Caubul, the same customs, and the same habits of dress, pervade the whole people. Be it at Candahar or Lahore, or Segistan, the people will not be found fluttering about in white muslins, or halfnaked like the Indians, but as at Affghanis tan, soberly and decently attired in dark-coloured woollen vestments, wrapt up in capacious brown mantles, and covered with large sheep-skin clothes.

The Affghan community is parcelled out into tribes or Oolooses, each under the command of the head chief, and in this manner the Dooraunees, and all other nations of consequence in these parts, divide themselves. The troops, too, of most of them, are generally foot. In Affghanistan, the fighting men receive no pay; but in some tribes there exists a rule, that if a horse be slain, the owner of the animal shall receive the price from a fund formed by fines, and by a tax on the tribe. Taxes are, in fact, however, very rarely imposed, save at those times when for purposes of public utility, money is imperatively needed; but there is a regular infidel tax on Hindoos, and the customs collected on merchandise, are in several cases, when they pass through the hands of the Ooloss, appropriated by the

Khan.

It is a singular fact, that not a court of judicature is anywhere established through out the country. There is one broad rule on which the Affghans act, which is, that it is every man's right and duty to do himself justice; and to revenge one's own injuries is almost the prevailing custom. "In some Ooloosses, the adjustment of disputes," says Elphinstone," is left to mediation and persuasion, to which the chiefs and elders lend their weight; but if these means are insufficient to compose the quarrel, the society leaves the injured person to pursue his revenge." The practice of duelling, peculiar

to our own nation, well illustrates the Affghan notions on this subject, our own system being only a generous and well-regulated mode of private revenge.

The Affghan nation is, in truth, an assemblage of petty commonwealths; and the whole, or nearly the whole, is formed into a state by the supreme authority of a common sovereign.

It will doubtless sound strange to European ears, to hear that it is the established custom of the Affghans to purchase their wives; a practice which the Mahommedan law sanctions and recognises. The price of course rises or falls according to the circumstances and condition of the bridegroom. The necessary result of this practice is, that the women, though they are in general treated with all becoming kindness and affection, are in some measure unavoidably considered as property. Another modification of this practice is, that if the husband chance to depart before the wife, his relatives receive the price which is paid for her, in case a second bridegroom takes her in marriage; but it is thought incumbent on the brother of the deceased to marry his widow; and it is a mortal affront to the brother for any other person to marry her, without his espe cial sanction and consent.

Education has not yet spread its blessings. or refinements very liberally over this quarter of the earth. The ladies of the upper classes frequently learn to read: but on account of a strange and unaccountable prejudice which prevails, it is thought immodest for a woman to write, as she might avail herself of her talent, to correspond with a lover! Valentine's Day, in their eyes, instead of being a Saint's day, as with us, would be with them "aye accursed in the calendar."-" O Tempora, O Mores!"

Women of the poorer orders are always seen in the streets, when walking, wrapped up in a large white sheet, which falls down in folds, covering them to their feet, and completely enveloping and concealing all shape, comeliness, and figure. The only method by which they see abroad, is by peering through a net-work in the white hood which covers their head. Women of condition also wear this dress on going out, but being generally on horseback at such times, they wear in addition a pair of large white cotton boots. They travel in what are called cajawas, which are hampers or wicker baskets on each side of the camel, long enough to allow them to recline at length; but as they are covered with a case of broad-cloth, they are insufferably hot, and almost suffocated in hot weather.

Their funerals do not differ from those of the Mahommedans: the only remarkable circumstance is, that if the deceased were an opulent or rich man, moollahs or priests