tions of the olden times; and when our libations are poured out, when we sit around the festive board which will be spread in honour of our anniversary-and when our only regret will be that it is not graced by your presence we will raise in your honour the ancient and spirit-stirring cry, "For God, St. George, and the Ladies."

The manly and melodious tones of the speaker now ceased-martial music rose around, and the ceremony in honour of St. George concluded: but its effects were good and lasting on those who beheld it.

"It were well," observed my Rev. friend as we were departing, “taking into consideration the spirit and good impressions this anniversary ceremony has evidently on the mind, if it were celebrated throughout every other town in Canada, for much, undoubtedly by reason of its patriotic tendency, would it strengthen the cords of love, and effectually confirm the affections of the Canadians to their Mother-Country.

W. ARCHER.

THE LOBISHOMENS. HAVING established myself at the inn, (says a recent traveller,) on going into the kitchen, which was very spacious, but imperfectly lighted, with a huge chimney and high pointed roof, I observed among the company a man of singular appearance, sitting apart, who was neither speaking himself, nor was he spoken to by others. His face was pale and haggard, his eyes deep sunk, and his hair was prematurely grey. Upon asking who he was, I was informed that he was one of the Lobishomens, a devoted race, who are held in mingled horror and commiseration, and never mentioned without emotion by the Portuguese peasantry. They believe, that if a woman is delivered of seven male infants successively, the seventh, by an inexplicable fatality, becomes subject to the powers of darkness, and is compelled on every Saturday evening to assume the likeness of an ass; and when so changed, is compelled to run over the moors, and through the villages, followed by a horrid train of dogs; nor is he allowed an interval of rest, until the dawning Sabbath terminates his sufferings, and restores him to his human shape; should, therefore, a peasant meet a pale and weary traveller at an early hour on Sunday morning, he shudders as he looks upon his haggard countenance, supposing it to have been occasioned by the infernal chase. They declare that the only means of relieving the victim from this horrible bondage, is by inflicting a wound upon him during the very act of transformation; a liberation supposed to be seldom effected, few men having the courage to behold the appalling change in progress; and still fewer having sufficient coolness to strike the critical blow at the exact moment.

Such is the superstition of the Lobishomens, which is diffused over the whole of Portugal; but although subject to various versions in the different districts, it is only implicitly. accredited in the wild and lonely wastes of Alentego. W. G. C.

MODES OF ENGRAVING MAPS. [THE following interesting particulars of the rise and progress of map engraving on wood, is extracted from Mr. Jackson's Historical and Practical Treatise on Wood Engraving: a work as interesting to the antiquary as to every admirer of the fine arts; and which will prove a delightful companion and faithful guide to all who are employed in that beautiful department of the arts.]

1482, we discover the first specimens of enÎn Ptolemy's chronology, of the edition of graved maps on wood; but in a previous edition of the same work of 1478, the maps are printed from plates of copper, the names of places being stamped with a punch :—

"In the execution of the maps, the copperplate engraver possesses a decided advantage over the engraver on wood, owing to the greater facility and clearness with which letters can be cut in copper than on wood. In the engraving of letters on copper, the artist cuts the form of the letter into the plate, the character being thus in intaglio; while in engraving on a block, the wood surrounding has to be cut away, and the letter left in relief. On copper, using only the graver,for etching was not known in the fifteenth century, as many letters might be cut in one day as could be cut on wood in three. Notwithstanding the disadvantage under which the ancient wood engravers laboured in the execution of maps, they for many years contended with the copper-plate prin ters for a share of this branch of business ; and the printers, at whose presses maps engraved on wood only could be printed, were well inclined to support the wood engravers. In a folio edition of Ptolemy, printed at Venice in 1511, by Jacobus Pontius de Leucho, the outlines of the maps, with the indications of the mountains and rivers, are cut on wood, and the names of the places are printed in type, of different sizes, and with red and black ink. For instance, in the map of Britain,-which is more correct than any which had previously appeared,-the word "ALBION" is printed in large capitals, and the word " GADINI in small capitals, and both with red ink. The words "Curia" and "Bremenium" are printed in small Roman characters, and with black ink. The names of the rivers are also in small Roman, and in black ink. Such of those maps as contain many names, are almost full of type. The double borders surrounding them, within which the degrees of latitude are marked, appear to have been formed of separate pieces

of metal, in the manner of wide double rules. At the head of several of the maps there are figures of animals emblematic of the country. In the first map of Africa there are two parrots; in the second, an animal like a jackal, and a non-descript; in the third, containing Egypt, a crocodile, and a monstrous kind of fish, like a dragon; and in the fourth, two parrots. In the last, the "curious observer" will note a specimen of decorative printing from two blocks of wood; for the beak, wing, and tail of one of the parrots is printed in red. It the last map,-of Loraine, in an edition of Ptolemy, in folio, printed at Strasburg in 1513, by John Schott, the attempt to print in colours, in the manner of chiaro-scuro wood-engravings, is carried yet further. The hills and woods are printed green; the indications of towns and cities, and the names of the most considerable places, are red; while the names of the smaller places are black. For this map, executed in three colours, green, red, and black, there would be required two wood engravings and two forms of type, each of which would have to be separately printed. The arms, which form a border to the map, are printed in their proper heraldic colours. The only other specimen of armorial bearings printed in colours from wood-blocks, that I am aware of, is Earl Spencer's arms in the first part of Savage's Hints on Decorative Printing, which was published in 1818, upwards of three hundred years after the first essay. At a later period a new method was adopted, by which the wood engraver was spared the trouble of cutting the letters, while the printer was enabled to obtain a perfect copy of each map by a single impression. The mode in which this was effected was as follows. The indications of mountains, rivers, cities, and villages, were engraved on the wood as before, and blank spaces were left for the names. Those spaces were afterwards cut out by means of a chisel or drill, piercing quite through the block; and the names of the places being inserted in type, the whole constituted only one form, from which an impression both of the cut and the letters could be obtained by its being passed once through the press. Sebastian Munster's Cosmography, folio, printed at Basle in 1554, by Henrie Petri, affords several examples of maps executed in this manner. This may be considered as one of the last efforts of the old wood engravers and printers to secure to themselves a share of the business of map engraving. Their endeavours, however, were unavailing, for within twenty years of that date, this branch of art was almost exclusively in the hands of the copper-plate engravers. From the date of the maps of Ortelius, Antwerp, 1570, engraved on copper by Ægidius Diest, maps engraved on wood are rarely to be seen. The practice of engraving the

outlines and rivers on wood, and then piercing the block and inserting the names of the places in type, has, however, lately been revived; and where publishers are obliged either to print maps with the type, or to give none at all, this mode may answer very well, more especially when the object is to give the relative position of a few of the principal places, rather than a crowded list of names. Most of the larger maps in the Penny Cyclopædia are executed in this manner. The holes in the blocks are pierced with the greatest rapidity by gouges of different sizes. acting vertically, and put in motion by machinery contrived by Mr. Edward Cowper, to whose great mechanical skill the art of steamprinting chiefly owes its perfection."

Biography.

THE YOUNGER SERVIN.

THE following account of an extraordinary union of amazing talents with the greatest depravity, is extracted from the memoirs of M. de Sully. An old nobleman of the court, named Servin, went one morning to Sully, and presented his son, begging that he would use his endeavours to make him a man of some worth and honesty; although he confessed it was what he dared not hope; for, though he had no deficiency of understanding or capacity, yet he had a natural inclination to all kinds of vice. What his father asserted having excited in Sully a curiosity to gain a thorough knowledge of young Servin, he found united in him an assemblage of the most excellent and the most pernicious qualities. He was of so lively a genius, and so extensive an understanding, as rendered him scarcely ignorant of anything that could be known; of so vast and ready a comprehension. that he immediately made himself master of whatever he attempted; and of so prodigious a memory, that he never forgot what he had once learned. He possessed a knowledge of philosophy and mathematics, particularly fortification and drawing. He was well skilled in theology, was an excellent preacher, and an able disputant, either for or against the reformed religion. He understood Hebrew, Greek, and all the learned languages, besides all the different jargons, or modern dialects, which latter tongues he accented and pronounced so naturally, and so perfectly imitated the gestures and manners, both of the several nations of Europe, and the particular provinces of France, that he might have been taken for a native of any of these countries. He was a good comedian and great droll; he had a genius for poetry, and had written many verses; he played upon almost all instruments, was a perfect master of music, and sung agreeably and justly: he likewise could say mass. His body was well suited to his mind:

he was light, nimble, dexterous, and fit for all exercises; he could ride well; and in dancing, wrestling, and leaping, he was much admired; there were not any recreative games that he did not know, and he was skilled in almost all the mechanical arts. But, at the same time, he was treacherous, cruel, cowardly, and deceitful; a liar, a cheat, a drunkard, and a glutton; a sharper in play, and immersed in every species of crime; in a word, in him might be found all the vices contrary to honour, religion, and society.

New Books.

W. G. C.

Every Mother's Book, for judiciously treating herself and Children. By W. Ord, M. D. Darton and Clark.

[This little treatise is fairly and honestly written, in language very easily to be understood-not laboured with dog-latin terms

"That knaves invent, and fools admire," but couched in such simple diction, that every mother may easily understand what she is reading about; and that is a very useful and meritorious feature in the work. It treats of the various complaints of mother and child :

the following extracted remarks are worthy of attentive perusal.]

Accidents and Errors of Clothing, &c. We have greatly improved, during the last forty years, in the treatment and clothing of infants; immensely swaddled and enveloped on the first dressing, infants were in former times scarcely permitted to stretch their limbs, or to see the light of day; and, in fact, were so little noticed, as, in familiar language, to be more backward at two years of age than ordinary children now are at six months.

To affix rules for systematically dressing them would be as absurd in our ideas as to diet them by some pragmatic principle of artificial life; but, while we must condemn the absurd notion of washing or dressing so as to harden them-(a thing somewhat problematic where the frame is naturally feeble, and in attempting which, we feel assured, some thousands die from cold, water of the brain, paralysis, &c.); still must we avoid the opposite extreme of a pampered, luxurious state, capable of enervating even the stoutest frame.

Cleanliness is a virtue of civilized life, and must never be forgotten; next to this, the rule of an old physician of great celebrity, to "keep the feet warm, the head cool, and the bowels regular," must be strictly remembered; and, as a child advances in years, he must be taught that the first is best accomplished by exercise, the second by temperance, and the last by a prudent regulation of his diet. It will be self-evident that the warming of the feet only by fleecy hosiery,

and the cooling of the head by bleeding and refrigerants, are neither natural nor of much hope.

Tight bandages are always improper ; and, no material can be appropriate, however costly or elegant, which is not both in its nature and substance adapted to the season. Furs in summer, or gauze in winter, can never lengthen life. Colds, consumptions, diarrhoeas, dysenteries, and colic, are easily produced in such a climate as this; and down beds, and the once great necessary of a nursery, warm curtains, are equally improper. The skin of the horse may be rendered more delicate and showy by hot stables and extra clothing, added to high diet, but he thereby becomes the child of disease; and rest assured, however much vanity may startle, or puritanical feeling shrink, the tudes of the lower world, govern man; and same physical laws which govern the habiin as far as the grade or class of animal in

dicates the treatment and kind of food required, so precisely must man be treated. The child of aristocracy could no more exist on the peasant's diet, than he could perform of the child of fortune would be as much too the peasant's task; and vice versa, the food light for the digestive powers of the one to work upon, as the peasant's shoes would be too heavy for the feet of the other.

Flannel is of great value in this climate; but, if once adopted, should never be cast off. Stays with hard busks, should never be permitted, and certainly no busks at all before twelve or fourteen years of age.

The present system of school routine is as absurd and dangerous as that of factories; in truth, seminaries for young ladies and gentlemen are, eight out of ten, but factories under another designation; but assuredly union schools and workhouse asylums among the poor are infinitely worse; and I much question whether large assemblies of this kind are, at any time, practically more moral, than they are healthy. Man is a social animal; but, neither mentally nor bodily, is he to be treated as a mere machine. I allude obviously to close sitting, impure vitiated atmosphere, insufficient exercise, limited and non-selected diet.

Diseases of the spine often originate in the use of stays; from the same cause the viscera of the belly are first deranged in function, and ultimately become diseased. So also are the feet crippled by the ridiculous adoption of shoes no more adapted to the human foot than to the toes of a lap-dog. More than one half of society pays this penalty to fashion without the slighest return, for a high instep becomes a deformity in a very low shoe, as much as the foot of a carman would be in Bond-street pumps if the Athenians were wise in pointing out drunkenness in its most brutal forms to the youths of that day, we might be no less so in show

other and greater merit attended our exercise of the virtue of forgiveness, certainly the peace and harmony of society would be promoted. But it has infinitely higher claims to our adoption. The Supreme Being is represented to us as incapable of beholding iniquity unmoved by a holy indignation, and that no mortal is guiltless in his sight. Yet we presume to seek and expect his forgiveness of our faults. How can we, with any pretension to humility and a knowledge of ourselves, dare to prefer our request for the pardon of the Omnipotent if we forgive not our brother his trespasses ?-Freemason's Quarterly Review, No. xxi.

THE NEW ART.-PHOTOGRAPHY.

(Concluded from page 317.)

9.- To obtain Photographic Copies of Objects larger or smaller than the Originals. By altering the focus or distance of the lens of a camera obscura, placed opposite to an object, a copy of any required proportion can be obtained on the photographic paper. Sir. J Herschell says, that a copy of an etching reduced to any required scale, may be got by placing the etching on a smoked glass, (not having a resinous ground,) behind an aplanatic lens, the smoked side towards the focus. “By exposure to a solar beam radiating from the focus of a lens, the scale," says Mr. Talbot, "may be enlarged. The reducing process, on trial, succeeded perfectly, only a little care is required to follow By the use of highly sensitive paper, this inconvenience would be much diminished; and by attaching the whole apparatus to an equatorial with a clock, it would be entirely removed. If a resinous ground is used, the etching must be afterwards varnished or gummed, to destroy the loose light refracted obliquely by the thin edges of the cut-up ground, which is never quite opaque."

the sun.

10.-To obtain Photographic Copies, requiring no correcting of the Shadow. Cover a plate of glass with a solution of resin in turpentine, or with opaque varnish, or with etching ground, and then hold it over the smoke of a candle. Sketch designs upon the blackened side with an etching needle, scratching away the composition wherever you wish shadow to be represented on the copies the design itself being the reverse of the effect which it is intended to introduce. If the solution of resin, or the opaque varnish be used, the design must be sketched before the surface is quite dry.

You may also transfer a print or picture on to the glass from which you mean to take photographic copies requiring no correction, by proceeding in the following man

ner.

Put a square of thin glass over a pic

ture, and paint on the high lights (or lighter parts of the scene) with thick white lead, mixed with wax, copal varnish, and sugar of lead, to make it dry quickly; for the half tints, make the white less opaque with the varnish, and graduate the tints off for the deep shadows. When it is dry, retouch the whole, by removing, with the point of a knife, the white ground, to represent the darkened lines of the original. Place a sheet of photographic paper upon the painted surface, and to make the contact perfect, put three layers of flannel at the back, and tie the whole down to a board. Through the cleared parts of the glass, the light will penetrate, and produce, in about ten minutes, if there be a bright sun, deep purplish black marks, corresponding in shape to those parts. If the half tints have absorbed too much of the violet ray, paint them over with black on the other side of the glass, and this may be wiped off or renewed until it lays accurately over the particular spot. Mr. Havell, who, in this manner copied the well-known etching by Rembrandt, of Faust conjuring Mephistophiles to appear in the form of a bright star, says "There is no advantage in letting the glass remain too long in the light, as it deepens the middle tints, and does not blacken the shadows in the same proportion. The fixation [of the shadow,] with salt entirely failed; with the iodide of potassium it succeeded very well. The effect of the drawing may be heightened at pleasure, by touching the lights with strong iodide of potassium, and the darks with a strong solution of the nitrate of silver dropped upon tin with a camel's-hair pencil: this instantly turns black. With these, the drawing may be invigorated, and the whole will resemble a mezzotint print, or a rich sepia drawing. I preferred a white ground made of white lead, sugar of lead, mixed with wax and copal varnish: this may be laid on very thin, with a silk dabber, or thick by repeating the process, or the various opacities may be introduced, according to the subject and effect proposed. Transfer the outline in soft pencil, by rubbing on the back of the paper, and proceed to etch with the etching-point, a knife or any hard point, to make the bolder lines; thus, with the glass placed on black paper, the work will look like a spirited drawing in pen and ink; or, under the hands of the engraver, a highly-finished engraving. If the semiopaque ground be preferred, various middle tints will readily be obtained; and by touching the high lights with opaque white, or with black at the back, a variety of effects may be produced, similar to the double lithography.

These processes may be applied to original designs, copies from paintings, portraits, and figures. At present I have found the bank-note post-paper the best. Probably it