Proportion o Debt per Head. 9 £800,000,000 32 0 0 194,400,000 5 19 7 35,550,000 0 11 78,100,000 2 7 6 29,701,000 2 7 7 148,500,000 23 5 5 70,000,000 5 0 8 18,974,000 2 11 2 11,311,000 2 16 0 4,584,000 1 1 2 3,667,000 0 7 8 Above 15 years, 125,877, viz, males, 58,053 ; females, 67,824. "Wool factories, 1,313, viz., in England, 1,102; Wales, 85; Scotland, 90; Ireland, 36. In England there are 9 factories empty, all the others are employed. There are 71,274 persons employed in these factories, viz., males, 37,477; females, 33,797. Of these, between 8 and 12 years, 4,764, viz., males, 2,481; females, 2,283. Between 12 and 13 years, 8,558, viz., males, 4,290 ; males, 4,268. Between 13 and 18 years, 21,250, viz., males, 10,138; females, 11,112. Above 18 years, 36,702, viz., males, 20,568; females, 16,134. fe "Silk factories, 238, viz, in England, 221; Wales, 0; Scotland, 6; Ireland, J. In England there are 25 factories empty; all the others are employed. There are 30,682 persons employed in these factories, viz., males, 10,188; females, 20,494. Of these, between 8 and 12 years, 6,411, viz., males, 2,486; 3 females, 3,925. Between 12 and 13 years, 12,663, viz., males, 952; females, 1,711. Be tween 13 and 18 years, 9,451, viz., males, 2,636; females, 6,815. Above 18 years, 12,457, viz., males, 4,114; females, 8,043. 0 5,649,000 1 2 6 3,729,000 1 18 4 17,142,000 7 9 5,740,000 1 3 3,300,000 2 9 2,284,000 1 11 1,670,000 1 9 2,505,000 1 12 1,384,000 1 4 11 1,184,000 1 3 11 220,000 0 6 1 0 2 7 252,000 0 3 1 47,609,000 0 90 Comparative Wages of English and Operatives are paid in "Flax factories, 347, viz., in England, 152; Wales, 0; Scotland, 170; Ireland, 25. There are 33,283 persons employed in these factories, viz., males, 10,305; females, 22,888, Between 8 and 12 years, 12,216, viz., males, 592; females, 624. Between 12 and 13 years, 4,072, viz., males, 1,782; females, 2,290. Between 13 and 18 years, 10,021, viz., males, 3,457; females, 8,564. Above 18 years, 15,974, viz., males, 4,564; females, 5s. 6d. per week of 72 hrs. 11,410. 5s. 5d. France 4s. Od. 3s. 9d. 3s. 6d. Tyrol Saxony Bona, on the Rhine 2s. 6d. 82 76 88 72 84 The average wages being a fraction under 48. per week. The average wages paid to hands similarly employed in England, but for fewer hours, being 12s. a week. Number of the Cotton, Wool, Silk, and Flax Factories in the United Kingdom; with the Number and Ages of the Persons employed therein, in the year 1835: "Cotton Factories, 1,262-viz., in England, 1,070; Wales, 5; Scotland, 159; Ireland, 28. In England there are 42 factories empty, all the others are employed. There are 220,134 persons employed in these factories, viz., males, 100,495; females, 119,639. Of these, between 8 and 12 years, 8,197, viz., males, 4,528; females, 3,669. Between 12 and 13 years, 20,574, viz., males 10,663; females, 9,911. Between 13 and 18 years, 65,486, viz., males, 27,251; females, 38,235. Extracted from his speech in the House of Commons, on the debate relative to the Corn Laws, March 12th, 1839. Total of the four manufactures, 3,236 (including seventy-six empty.)-Persons employed, 355,373, viz., males, 158,555; females, 196,818. Comparative Condition of the Farmer, on the same Land, in 1790 and 1834; with regard to Labour, Expenses, and Rates :~ 1834 higher than 1790. Per Cent. Agricultural labour Carpenters' work Smiths' work Sadlers' work Thatchers' work Masons' work HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES. 46 77 66 63 58 66 ANTONIO LIONELLI. (For the Mirror.) WHOEVER has visited Naples, must have remarked a class of people (if he condescended to pay attention to anything so much beneath the notice of a fashionable. traveller as the people,) entirely unknown in this, and other countries, which occupy the van in the march of intellect I mean the scrivani, or public letter-writers. They are to be met with in all parts of the city; but more particularly in a narrow lane by the side of the Post Office. This spot is selected for the convenience of their customers, whether they require their aid in reducing the intelligence drawn from that receptacle of hopes, fears, joys, and sorrows, to the capacity of the only organ, viz., the ear, through which it can be conveyed to their understanding; or in putting their thoughts into a visible shape, to be transmitted through the same channel, and to be afterwards resolved into their original element by some learned brother of the quill. The stock in trade of the letter-writers consists of an old table, a chair, and a stool for the use of their employers, besides the requisite writing materials. Thus equipped, they select an eligible situation, and lucky is the poor scrivano considered, who acquires a sort of "de facto" claim, through the forbearance or benevolence of some wealthier fellow-citizen, to some sheltered nook, where he is protected from the scorching sun of summer, or the chilling rain of winter; for the sky of Italy is not always blue, nor its climate warm always and sunny. The letter-writers are employed on an infinite variety of subjects-on all matters, indeed, that concern the lower order of the people-and, consequently, become cognizant of secrets which, if divulged, would sometimes involve the ruin of their employers. But, to the credit of the scrivani be it told, this professional confidence is rarely abused; for, besides the high sense of honour which they derive from their comparative superiority over their less educated fellow-countrymen, 19their success in the profession depends greatly on their character for secrecy. It is only, therefore, when some violent passion, which had perhaps slumbered for years, bursts forth afresh when some chord, which had long ceased to vibrate, is suddenly and rudely touched, that the scrivano's sense of honour and prudence forsakes him. It was after a day of unusual literary toil that Antonio Lionelli, a venerable scribe, who enjoyed no inconsiderable share of public patronage, was preparing to remove himself and his establishment from the noise and bustle of the Strada Toledo, to the quiet retirement of his own home in the Napoli Senza Sole. He had already counted the produce of his labour, and determined in his own mind how much of it should he laid out in maccaroni for his evening repast, and how much should be laid aside to buy a new dress for his daughter Berta, in honour of the approaching carnival, "I am almost too late, Antonio, and yet I would not have had any other scrivano read this for the world.". "Ah! Bianca, is it you?" said Antonio, turning round, some love affair, I suppose." "Read! read, for the Virgin's sake! good Antonio!" said Bianca, without answering his questions, " and take heed no one hears you." The speaker was a young and beautiful contudina; and as she bent over Antonio, watching the first movement of his lips, with that intense and painful anxiety which fixes every muscle of the human frame as if suddenly petrified, a beholder would cease to wonder, that the artists of a country, which produces such models of perfection in the persons of its very peasants, should excel in representing the human figure. Antonio read:"DEAREST BIANCA, "Meet me to-morrow evening, as the vesper bell tolls, at the church of San Martino. Be careful that your steps are not traced by those who would be glad to receive the reward offered for the head of your "CARLO." "It is from him, then, and he is safe!" ejaculated Bianca, "Here are five grani, (about twopence English,) it is all I have," and she hurried away. "It is from him, then," repeated Antonio, giving utterance to the powerful feelings which had agitated him during the reading of Bianca's letter, and which her presence had hardly been able to suppress.-"Yes, the villain!-the robber, Carlo Bettoni!" continued he, soliloquizing," he seduced my innocent daughter, and afterwards spurned her. Poor Berta, that was wont to be the gayest of the gay, now pines in solitude; her affections have been laid waste, her heart broken, and all through the villainy of this ungrateful scoundrel; but, by the Holy Virgin, and all the saints, she shall be revenged!" exclaimed Antonio, striking hisdesk vehemently. * * * "I have discovered him, Berta!" said Antonio, as he entered his humble dwelling; "he is now in my power, and you shall be revenged, my child!" As those words, uttered with unwonted vehemence, fell upon the dull ear of Berta, they suddenly recalled her from the scenes of imaginary happiness, into which her abstracted mind was wont to wander, to the cold reality by which she was surrounded; and her naturally pale cheek assumed even a deadlier hue, as she beheld her father's eyes flashing fire, and his whole frame convulsed with pas sion.-"The villain, Carlo Bettoni, for whose head a reward of five hundred crowns is offered," continued Antonio, "will be at the church of San Martino to-morrow as the vesper bell tolls; and so shall Antonio L'onelli and the officers of justice. Not a scudo of the reward shall pollute my hands; but I shall have revenge; I shall faugh in his face, and remind him of his villainy and ingratitude, as the executioner is preparing his head for the block. Berta had now entirely recovered her selfpossession, and having been informed by her father of the manner in which he had acquired a knowledge of the important secret, she seemed to hesitate as to the propriety of taking advantage of information obtained in his professional character. Antonio applauded her sense of honour, but would listen to nothing that could baulk his revenge. Notwithstanding that Berta had been cruelly and basely deceived by the man who had gained her affections, still he was her first-her only love, and she was a woman. She had, therefore, never thoroughly hated him; and now that he was threatened with imminent danger, he only appeared to her partial imagination as the ardent and devoted lover who first won her young heart, then as gays and happy as the joyous lark that carrolled in her own native valley. All this, however, she dared not avow to Antonio, well knowing his desire of revenge was too deep-rooted to be eradicated by any thing short of the utter destruction of the invader of his domestic peace-the base deserter of his deluded daughter; she, therefore, offered no further objection to her father's scheme of delivering up the notorious robber, Carlo Bettoni, into the hands of justice. * • * * "Are you mad, Carlo? to venture into the city, where placards, offer ing a reward for your head, will meet your eye at the corner of every street!! Profit by your late narrow escape, and let us be off into the mountains at once." "I believe I am mad, Francesco, for I must and will go; I feel it is impossible for me to abandon this girl; she must be informed of the place of our rendezvous. You must go with me, Francesco, to assist in case of need, and, if I should be taken-No, I will never be taken; but, if I should fall, you shall supply my place, and lead our brave band into the mountains." The foregoing conversation took place between Carlo Bettoni and one of his daring band, among some ruins in the neighbourhood of Naples, on the morning of the day on which the former was to meet Bianca at the church of San Martino. The golden tinge of the sun's departed rays was fast disappearing from the glorious and far-famed, but not over-rated, Bay of Naples, and its surrounding scenery; and the noble outline of the towering Vesuvius was becoming more and more faint against the cloudless sky of Italy; while the approach ing darkness was gradually changing the column of smoke, that ascended from its summit, into volumes of flame, as Carlo Bettoni and his companion issued from their hiding place, habited as Dominican friars, Bianca had taken her station at the place of assig nation five minutes before the appointed time. "Bianca," whispered a friar who was advancing slowly towards the spot.-"Carlo," replied Bianca, softly. It was her lover. Just as Carlo had partly thrown back his friar's cowl, a female suddenly turned the corner of the church, and, before he could avert his face, met his full gaze. Carlo started. It was Berta!" Fly Carlo!" said she in a suppressed tone, "fly for your life! My father is coming with the officers of justice !" Before Carlo could reply, Antonio's voice was heard, exclaiming, "There he is! Take him alive if you can.' And one of the officers seized hold of his gown; but, disengaging himself from his long dress by a dexterous movement, he laid his assailant dead at his feet with one plunge of his dagger, and, drawing a pistol from his belt, shot another through the heart. Francesco had, by this time, come up to his friend's assistance; and, as there were now only two officers to contend with, the contest was pretty equal. But Antonio, fearing his enemy might escape him, snatched a dagger from the belt of one of the fallen men, and threw himself upon his foe with the fury of a tiger, at the instant that Carlo had disabled the third assailant. Francesco, having dispatched his opponent, turned round, and saw that his friend had closed with the only remaining enemy. The next moment a bullet from his pistol passed through Antonio's brain; but it was too late; the old man's dagger had already been buried in Carlo's heart :—they both fell together. The noise of this short, but sanguinary conflict, soon attracted several persons to the spot; and all the actors in the tragic scene, except Francesco, who had escaped, were carried into the neighbouring convent of Santa Maddalena. It was then discovered that Berta had been severely wounded in the side by a random shot, and that two of the officers were still living, and likely to recover. Bianca was restored, after much difficulty, from the successive fainting fits into which terror had thrown her; but the two mortal foes, Carlo and Antonio, were beyond the reach of human aid. Bianca attended Berta during her illness with unwearied assiduity, a common calamity having cemented the strongest friendship between them; and, upon the recovery of the latter, they were both admitted as novices into the convent. They subsequently took the veil, and were no less remarkable for their charity and benevolence towards their fellow-creatures, than for their devoted attachment to each other. M. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLES. [ALTHOUGH the injuries which our cattle and provisions suffer from various species of insects, are often attended with most serious con sequences, yet it is only within the last few years that entomologists have bestowed any considerable degree of attention upon this really important subject. Some years ago, Mr. Major, a gardener, published a book upon those species which injure the garden plants; but, however laudable the intentions of the author, his descriptions of the insects were so vague, and his acquaintance with their habits so imperfect and uncertain, that his work was not calculated to be of much use. But the subject has at last attracted the particular at tention of those both in this country and abroad, who possess a more familiar know ledge of their natural history, and who therefore are better qualified to decide upon the best remedies against their ravages. In 1837, Dr. Ratzeburg published a quarto volume containing 202 pages of descriptions, and twentyone plates of such beetles as are obnoxious or beneficial to forest trees in Prussia; Dr. Dahlom published an octave containing 340 pages, and two plates of various noxious and beneficial insects found in Scandinavia, and M. Kollar, a natural history of the injurious insects of Austria, containing as many as 421 octavo pages. At home we find one series of articles, having the same useful object, publishing in the Gardener's Magazine, by Mr. J. O. Westwood, another in the Gar dener's Gazette, by Mr. J. H. Fennell, and a third in the Quarterly Journal of Agricul ture, by Mr. James Duncan, and much good may reasonably be expected from their investigations and suggestions. We select a few of Mr. Duncan's interesting remarks from the last number of the latter valuable publication which must be to the agriculturist what Blackwood and the Westminster are to the politician.] 66 Longicorn-beetles. The beetles known by this name are very numerous, and distinguished for the gracefulness of their forms, the body being generally elongated, limbs slender, the antennæ (vulgarly called the horns) delicately constructed, almost always as long as the body, and in many instances two or three times its length. The great majority of them, however, are peculiar to tropical countries, and the warmer regions of the temperate zones, where they are found of a size not surpassed by any other insects. Of the species indigenous to Britain, which do not amount to a hundred, the greater proportion are confined to the more southern counties of England, a few only of the smaller kinds extending to the northern quarters of the island. This is owing both to the higher latitude, which every where limits their increase, and to the local accident of there being a deficiency of wood in Scotland; for the farve, nivorous, and do much harm to trees, piercing or grubs, in almost all cases are strictly ligthem often to a great depth, and riddling them with holes. The havoc which some of the exotic larvæ of this family produce in a beam of timber, may be conceived, when it half a foot in length, and of correspondis mentioned that they are sometimes nearly ing thickness, with mandibles, or jaws, that through a sheet of lead. The small size and can readily guaw a passage for their owner comparatively limited numbers of our native kinds, prevent them doing much injury here; their operations, indeed, considered by themselves, are scarcely ever on so extensive a combined with other hostile influences that scale as to demand attention; it is only when they can act with any momentum. It may be safely affirmed, that in Scotland our forest deserving of notice. The largest species we trees never suffer any injury from them at all Acanthocinus aedilis, but it has been obpossess on the north side of the Tweed, is the largest of the English species is Prionus served only in two or three localities. The coriarius, but it in like manner is by no (Clytus,) some of which are rather commeans generally distributed. Wasp-beetles, mon, and easily recognised by the beautiful curved yellow bands across the elytra, trees. The genus Callidium is one of the or wing-cases, feed on the alder and other most obnoxious to the forester. C. bajulus inhabits the Abies excelsa, and the larva of a beam, where it remains long after the often takes up its abode in the interior beam has been converted into a rafter, and then works its way out, (materially impairing in its progress the strength of the plank,) the roofs of houses are frequently protected. even through the leaden sheeting by which The purple capricorn-beetle, (C. violaceum,) feeds principally on fir timber which has been off. The paths formed by the larvæ are serlong felled, without having the bark stripped pentine, and as it proceeds it fills up the space behind it with the excrementitious residue of the saw-dust from which it has extracted the nutritious principle. These galleries are chiefly in the wood immediately beneath the bark; but before assuming the pupa, or chry These larvæ are often used by the natives of the countries where they occur as articles of food. This is the case in particular with that of Macrospecies, known throughout Brazil and Cayenne by dontia cervicornis, a large and remarkable looking the name of Mouche Scieur de long. This is the insect which is so well known to the Timermann, and which they regard with a kind of natives of Sweden and Lapland by the name of superstitious veneration. Its presence is thought to be the presage of good fortune, and it is as carefully protected and cherished as storks are by the pea santry of the Low-countries. [It is figured in Rennie's Insect Miscellanies, p. 110.] salis state, the larvæ penetrates nearly into the heart of the trunk, that it may be in greater security during its temporary inactivity. It becomes a beetle in the month of May or June, when it effects its escape by gnawing a passage opposite to the hole by which it entered. This insect would probably not attack timber which had been barked; and it may be mentioned generally, that whenever it be comes an object to protect felled trees from such assailants, it is a good precaution to have it stripped of the bark, as the latter attracts many insects, and affords them a rendezvous, from which they make inroads into the solid wood. The larvae of these insects are mostly without feet, but they are furnished with means of locomotion much better adapted to the cylindrical excavations in which they dwell. The upper and under sides of most of the segments are covered with small prominences. When about to advance, the larva draws the two extremities towards each other, and fixing its hinder end to the walls of its hole, by means of the warty prominences mentioned, it extends the anterior part of its body forwards; an operation repeated at each successive advancement. The cocoon is composed chiefly of saw-dust and gnawed portions of wood. "Crioceris Asparagi.-Asparagus Beetle. This pretty insect belongs to a section entirely different from the foregoing, both in structure and habits, The generic name (signifying having horns like a ram) refers to the appearance of the antennæ, which are thick and rigid, and usually project forwards in a direct line from the forehead, (fig. 2.) The head is rather wider than the thorax, and is contracted into a short neck behind, the whole surface glossy and marked with punctured lines. The underside and legs are shining blue-black. Length about a quarter of an inch (fig. 1.) "The female lays her eggs on the asparagus plants, shortly after they appear in spring. These eggs are long and oval, attached by the end, by means of a dark viscid substance which is extruded along with them; not unfrequently one adheres to the top of another: their colour is a dull slate tint. The larvæ (fig. 3) are nearly of a similar hue, with a tinge of dark green. They are composed of thirteen segments, and move by means of six peetoral legs. The body is without hairs, the head black, the second segment with two shining black dorsal spots. These larvæ attain their full growth in about a fortnight, when they descend into the earth, and become pupa. They prevail from the beginning of June to September, and it is entirely through their agency that the asparagus plants suffer, the perfect beetle being comparatively innoxious. They select the tenderest and most delicate shoots for their consumption, and render unpalatable what they do not consume, by communicating to it a fetid and disagreeable odour, which seems to reside in a black matter which they occasionally discharge from their mouths. The market gardens around London are much infested with this larvæ; but in Scotland we have met with the insect so seldom, that we are inclined to believe it never increases there to a hurtful extent. Picking off the insects with the hand, will be most effectual when the females first appear on the plants, and their bright colours render them so conspicuous, that a little care will prevent any considerable number from escaping. "Phaedon Vitellina is a small beetle about two lines long, of a uniform shining brassyblack colour, occasionally tinted with violetblue. The shape of the body is oblong, the eyes globular and prominent. Its colours are very beautiful, and it is often on that account made choice of as an interesting object for a microscope. The head is blue-black, rather strongly punctured; the thorax bright red, more faintly punctured. The wing-cases are light yellow, with a blue-black band along the suture, united to a quadrate transverse mark of the same colour near the middle, and another towards the hinder extremity; besides these there is a longitudinal one on each shoulder; the outer margin is reddish, the |