it shall be the duty of the sanitary authority to give notice in writing requiring the owner or occupier of such house, or part thereof, to cleanse and disinfect the same as the case may require. If the person to whom notice is so given fail to comply therewith within the time specified, he shall be liable to a penalty of not less than one shilling and not exceeding ten shillings for every day during which he continues to make default; and the sanitary authority shall cause such house, or part thereof, to be cleansed and disinfected, and may recover the expenses incurred from the owner or occupier in a summary manner. When the owner or occupier is, from poverty or otherwise, unable, in the opinion of the sanitary authority, effectually to carry out the requirements of the section, such authority may, without enforcing such requirements on such owner or occupier, with his consent, at its own expense, cleanse and disinfect such house, or part thereof, and any articles therein likely to retain infection.

(5.) Disinfecting-Chamber.-The nuisance or sanitary authority in each district may provide a proper place, with all necessary apparatus and attendance, for the disinfection of woollen articles, clothing, or bedding, which have become infected, and they may cause any articles brought for disinfection to be disinfected free of charge. (Sanitary Act 1866, sect. 23.)

(6.) Carriages for Conveyance of Infected Persons.-It is provided by the Sanitary Act 1866, that it shall be lawful at all times for the sanitary authority to provide and maintain a carriage or carriages suitable for the conveyance of persons suffering under any contagious or infectious disease, and to pay the expenses of conveying any person therein to a hospital or place for the reception of the sick, or to his own home. (Sanitary Act, sect. 24.)

(7.) Hospitals. Any sewer (sanitary) authority or urban sanitary authority may provide, for the use of the inhabitants within its district, hospitals or temporary places for the reception of the sick. Such authority may itself build such hospitals, or places of reception, or make contracts for the use of any existing hospital or part of a hospital, or for the temporary use of any place for the reception of the sick. (Sanitary Act, sect. 37.)

(8.) Removal of Sick to Hospitals.-Where a hospital or place for the reception of the sick is provided within the district of a sanitary authority, any justice may, with the consent of the superintending body of such hospital or place, by order, on a certificate signed by a legally-qualified medical practitioner, direct

the removal to such hospital or place for the reception of the sick, at the cost of the sanitary authority, of any person suffering from any dangerous or infectious disorder, being without proper lodging or accommodation, or lodged in a room occupied by more than one family, or being on board any ship or vessel. (Sanitary Act, sect. 26.)

(9.) Mortuary Houses.-Any nuisance (sanitary) authority may provide a proper place for the reception of dead bodies, and where any such place has been provided, and any dead body of any one who has died of any infectious disease is retained in a room in which persons live and sleep, or any body which is in such a state as to endanger the health of the inmates of the same house or room, any justice may, on a certificate signed by a legally-qualified medical practitioner, order the body to be removed to such proper place of reception at the cost of the sanitary authority, and direct the same to be buried within a time to be limited in such order. (Sanitary Act, sect. 27.)

Any nuisance (sanitary) authority may provide a proper place (otherwise than at a workhouse or at a mortuary house) for the reception of dead bodies for and during the time required to conduct any post-mortem examination ordered by the coroner of the district or other constituted authority, and may make such regulations as they may deem fit for the maintenance, support, and management of such place. (Sanitary Act, sect. 28.)

(10.) Public Exposure of Persons labouring under Infectious Diseases. By the Sanitary Act 1866, sect. 38, any person suffering from any dangerous infectious disorder who wilfully exposes himself, without proper precaution against spreading the disorder, in any street, public place, or public conveyance, and any person in charge of one so suffering who so exposes the sufferer, and any owner or driver of a public conveyance who does not immediately provide for the disinfection of his conveyance after it has, with the knowledge of such owner or driver, conveyed any such sufferer, and any person who, without previous disinfection, gives, lends, sells, transmits, or exposes, any bedding, clothing, rags, or other things which have been exposed to infection from such disorders, shall, on conviction of such offence before any justice, be liable to a penalty. No such proceedings, however, shall be taken against persons transmitting with proper precautions any such bedding, clothing, rags, or other things, for the purpose of having the same disinfected.

If any person knowingly lets any house, room, or part of a house, in which any person suffering from any dangerous infectious disorder has been, to any other person, without having such house, room, or part of a house, and all articles therein liable to retain infection, disinfected to the satisfaction of a qualified medical practitioner (health officer), as testified by a certificate given by him, such person shall be liable to a penalty. For the purposes of this provision the keeper of an inn shall be deemed to let part of a house to any person admitted as a guest into such inn. (Sanitary Act, sect. 39.)

(11.) Exposing for sale Meat unfit for Food.-The medical officer of health or inspector of nuisances may, at all reasonable times, inspect and examine any animal, carcase, meat, poultry, game, flesh, fish, fruit, vegetables, corn, bread, or flour, exposed for sale or of preparation for sale, and intended for the food of man; and in case any such animal, carcase, meat, etc., appear to him to be diseased, or unsound, or unwholesome, or unfit for the food of man, it shall be lawful for such medical officer of health or inspector of nuisances to seize, take, and carry away the same, or direct the same to be seized, taken, and carried away, by any officer, servant, or assistant, in order to have the same dealt with by a justice. (Amendment Act 1863, sect. 2.)

(12.) Ditches, Drains, etc.—All surveyors and district surveyors may make, scour, cleanse, and keep open, all ditches, gutters, drains, or watercourses, in and through any lands or grounds adjoining or lying near to any highway, upon paying the owner or occupier of such lands or grounds, provided they are not waste or common, for the damages which he will thereby sustain. (Nuisances Removal Act 1855, sect. 21.)

(13.) New Sewers.—Whenever any ditch, gutter, drain, or watercourse used, or partly used, for the conveyance of any water, filth, sewage, or other matter, from any house, building, or premises, is a nuisance within the meaning of the Act, and cannot, in the opinion of the local (sanitary) authority, be rendered innocuous without the laying down of a sewer, or of some other structure, along the same or part thereof, or instead thereof, the local authority are required to lay down such sewer, or other structure, and to keep the same in good and serviceable repair. (Nuisances Removal Act 1855, sect. 22.)

(14.) Wells, etc.—All wells, fountains, and pumps, vested in the local (sanitary) authority under the Act, shall be kept in good repair

and condition, and free from pollution. The sanitary authority may also keep in good repair and condition, and free from pollution, other wells, fountains, and pumps, dedicated to or open to the use of the inhabitants of such place. (Nuisances Removal Act 1860, sect. 7.)

(15.) Inspection of Premises.-The sanitary authority, by themselves or their officers, have power of entry upon premises, when they have reasonable grounds to believe that a nuisance exists, between nine o'clock in the morning and six in the evening. For the inspection of any carcase, meat, poultry, fish, etc., the sanitary authority, or their officers, may from time to time enter the premises at all reasonable hours during which business is carried on in such premises. (Nuisances Removal Act 1855, sect. 11.)

(16.) Order for Abatement of Nuisances.—This may be quoted as a summary of the preceding provisions. By their order the justices may require the person on whom it is made—

To provide sufficient privy accommodation, means of drainage or ventilation, or to make safe and habitable;

Or to pave, cleanse, whitewash, disinfect, or purify the premises which are a nuisance or injurious to health, or such part thereof as the justices may direct in their order;

Or to drain, empty, cleanse, fill up, amend, or remove the injurious pool, ditch, gutter, watercourse, privy, urinal, cesspool, drain, or ashpit, which is a nuisance or injurious to health;

Or to provide a substitute for that complained of;

Or to carry away the accumulation or deposit which is a nuisance or injurious to health ;

Or to provide for the cleanly and wholesome keeping of the animal kept so as to be a nuisance or injurious to health ;

Or, if it be proved to the justices to be impossible so to provide, then to remove the animal, or any or all of these things (according to the nature of the nuisance);

Or to do such work or acts as are necessary to abate the nuisance complained of, in such manner and within such time as in such order shall be specified. (Nuisances Removal Act 1855, sect. 13.)

2. Common Lodging-Houses' Act 1851.-This Act is in force both in rural and urban districts. The law-officers of the Crown have interpreted the Act as extending to "that class of lodginghouses in which persons of the poorer class are received for short

periods, and, although strangers to one another, are allowed to inhabit one room."

The local (sanitary) authority shall——

(1.) Keep a register of common lodging-houses, which shall contain the name of the person applying for registration, and the situation of each house

;

(2.) Make bye-laws for fixing number of lodgers, for promoting cleanliness and ventilation therein, with respect to inspection, and the conditions and restrictions under which such inspection shall be made;

(3.) Have access, by persons producing written authority, for the purpose of inspection, or introducing or using any disinfecting process.

With regard to houses let in lodgings, or occupied by members of more than one family, it is further provided by the Sanitary Act 1866, sect. 35, that, on application by the local sanitary authority, the Local Government Board may declare the following enactment to be in force in the district, and from and after the publication of such notice, the sanitary authority shall be empowered to make regulations for the following matters (see Chapter XIV.) :—

(1.) For fixing the number of persons who may occupy a house, or part of a house, which is let in lodgings, or occupied by members of more than one family;

(2.) For the registration of houses thus let or occupied in lodgings ;

(3.) For the inspection of such houses, and the keeping the same in a cleanly and wholesome state;

(4.) For enforcing therein the provisions of privy accommodation, and other appliances and means of cleanliness, in proportion to the number of lodgings and occupiers, and the cleansing and ventilation of the common passages and staircases;

(5.) For the cleansing and lime-whiting, at stated times, of such premises.

The owners or occupiers of all such registered houses are bound by law to give immediate notice of any case of fever or dangerous infectious disease occurring on the premises.

3. The Labouring Classes' Lodging-Houses' Act 1851 may be adopted for any incorporated borough, and also for any place being the district of any local board of health, and also for any place being the district within the limits of any Act for the