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neatæ a Conrado IKENIO. 12mo. Bremæ, 1741, editio tertia ; | 1764, editio quarta.

There is no difference between these two editions, excepting that the errors of the press in the third edition are corrected in the fourth. The first edition appeared in 1737. This book of Ikenius is valuable for its brevity, method, and perspicuity. It continues to be a text-book in some of the universities of Holland (and perhaps of Germany). In 1810 there was published at Utrecht a thick 8vo. volume of Professor Schacht's observations on this work, under the title of Jo. Herm. Schachtii Theol. et Philolol. Harderov. Animadversiones ad Antiquitates Hebræas olim delineatas a Conrado Ikenio Theol. Bremens. Patre mortuo, edidit Godfr. Jo. SCHACHT. This volume only discusses the first of Ikenius's sections, on the ecclesiastical state of the Hebrews; it contains many valuable additions and corrections, with references to other writers. Independently of its being an imperfect work, this volume is too bulky to be of use to students generally, but would prove valuable in the hands of any one who should compose a new treatise on biblical antiquities.

12. Archæologia Biblica in Epitomen redacta a Johanne JAHN. Editio secunda emendata, 8vo. Vienna, 1814.

This is, perhaps, the best summary of Hebrew antiquities extant in the Latin language; but, unfortunately, it is incomplete, the author having executed only two books, which treat of the political and his editor have diligently availed themselves of the labours of and ecclesiastical antiquities of the Hebrews. Professor Schulze all previous writers on this topic, and have arranged their materials in a manner equally concise and valuable.

21. Ferdinandi SтOSCH Compendium Archæologia Economica Novi Testamenti, ducentis thesibus comprehensum, et aliis aliisve notis illustratum. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1769.

of the private life and manners of the Jews, as mentioned in the A small volume, of considerable rarity in this country; it treats New Testament, and may serve as a supplement to the imperfect work of Schulze, last noticed.

22. Lectures on Jewish Antiquities: delivered at Harvard University in Cambridge, A. D. 1802 and 1803. By David TAPPAN, D.D., late Hollis Professor of Divinity in that Seminary. Boston [Massachusetts], 1807, 8vo.

The nature and design of the Jewish Consitution, political and religious, are discussed in these lectures, which were published An elaborate compendium of biblical antiquities, abridged from after the author's decease. The tendency of the Hebrew Ritual the author's larger work on the same subject in the German lan-to promote the glory of God and the happiness of man is frequently guage (in five large 8vo. volumes), and arranged under the three illustrated in a pleasing and devout manner. divisions of domestic, political, and ecclesiastical antiquities. "Al- 23. A. G. WAEHNERI Antiquitates Hebræorum et Israelitica though it comes short, from the nature of the case, of the excellence Gentis. Gottingen, 1741, 2 tomis, 8vo. of the original (German) work, for extent and variety of learning, and vividness and conciseness of statement, it is a book which is This work is incomplete, the author having died before its pubvery rarely surpassed." (North Am. Review, N. S. vol. viii. p. 136.)lication; it contains much valuable information relative to the At the end of the volume are upwards of sixty pages of questions, literature of the Jews.

framed upon the preceding part of the work; the answers to which are to be given by students. A faithful English translation of "Jahn's Biblical Archæology" was published at Andover (Massachusetts), in 1823, and again in 1832, by Thomas C. Upham (assistant teacher of Hebrew and Greek in the Theological Seminary at that place), with valuable additions and corrections, partly the

SECTION II.

result of a collation of Jahn's Latin work with the original German TREATISES ON PARTICULAR SUBJECTS IN BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES. treatise, and partly derived from other sources. The former part of the present volume of this Introduction (as our references will show) is much indebted to Jahn's Archeologia Biblica.

1. SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.

13. Archæologia Biblica breviter exposita a Four. ACKER-Liber de Locis Hebraicis, Græcè primum ab EUSEBIO Cæsari1. ONOMASTICON Urbium et Locorum Sacræ Scripturæ; seu MANN. Vienna, 1826.

This is an expurgated edition of the preceding work, executed on the same principle as Professor Ackermann's edition of Jahn's Introductio ad Libros Veteris Foederis, noticed in p. 87. of this Appendix, and with renewed declarations of the editor's profound submission to the Romish church. To render the work more complete, Dr. A. has subjoined a concise sketch of the History of the Jewish Nation, from the time of Abraham to the destruction of Jerusalem

by the Romans. In revising the former part of this volume for the

press, constant reference was had to this work.

ensi, deinde Latinè scriptus ab Hieronymo, in commodiorem vero ordinem redactus, variis additamentis auctus, Notisque et Tabulâ Geographicâ Judææ illustratus, opera Jacobi Bonfrerii, recensuit et animadversionibus suis auxit Joannes CLERICUS. Accessit Brocardi Descriptio Terræ Sanctæ. Amstelodami, 1707, folio.

Phaleg, de Dispersione Gentium, et Terrarum Divisione factâ, 2. Samuelis BоCHARTI Geographia Sacra; cujus Pars prior, in ædificatione Turris Babel: Pars posterior, Chanaan, de Colo14. Origines Hebrææ: or, the Antiquities of the Hebrew Re-niis et Sermone Phonicum, agit. Cadomi (Caen), 1646, folio. public. By Thomas LEWIS, M.A. London, 1724-5, 4 vols. 8vo. Francofurti ad Monum, 1674, 1681, 4to. Also in the third This is a laborious compilation from the most distinguished volume of the folio edition of Bochart's Collective Works. writers, whether Jews or Christians, on the manners and laws of 3. Johannes Davidis MICHAELIS Spicilegium Geographiæ Hethe Hebrews. bræorum exteræ post Bochartum. Partes i. ii. Gottingen, 1760,

15. Melchioris LEYDEKKERI de Republica Hebræorum Libri xii. Amstel. 1704-1710, 2 vols. folio.

16. Johannis PAREAU Antiquitas Hebraica breviter delineata. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1817. Edit. secunda, 1824, 8vo. An Appendix and Index to this summary of Hebrew Antiquities was published at Utrecht in 1825, 8vo.

17. Hadriani RELANDI Antiquitates Sacræ veterum Hebræorum recensuit, et animadversionibus Ugolinianis-Ravianis auxit, Georgius Joannes Ludovicus Vogel. 8vo. Hala, 1769.

The best edition of a valuable little summary, which for many years continued to be the text-book of professors.

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18. The History and Philosophy of Judaism; or a Critical and Philosophical Analysis of the Jewish Religion. By Duncan SHAW, D.D. Edinburgh and London, 1788, 8vo.

An ingenious treatise, which is divided into four parts: 1. On the Divine origin of the Law; 2. Of the duration of the Mosaic economy; 3. That the Gospel is the last dispensation of God's grace to mankind in the way of religious discovery; 4. Corollaries arising from the subject of the work: in the course of which the author takes occasion to vindicate the genius, divine origin, and authority of the Jewish religion, and its connection with the Christian, against the objections and misrepresentations of modern infidels. 19. Caroli SIGONII de Republica Hebræorum Libri vii.; editi à Jo. Nicolai. Lug. Bat. 1701, 4to.

1780, 4to.

Some observations on the first part of this learned work, which is not always to be procured complete, were published by John Reinhold Forster, entitled Epistola ad J. D. Michaelis, hujus spicilegium Geogr. Hebr. jam confirmantes, jam castigantes. Gottinge, 1772, 4to It is desirable to unite this with the work of Michaelis; but unfortunately both works are extremely rare and dear.

4. Friderici SPANHEMII Introductio ad Geographiam Sacram, Patriarchalem, Israeliticam, et Christianam. Lugduni Batavorum, 1679, 8vo. Also in the first volume of Spanheim's Collected Works.

5. Hadriani RELANDI Palæstina ex monumentis veteribus et

tabulis adcuratis illustrata. Traject. Batav. 1714, 2 tomis, 4to. This elaborate work is also to be found in the sixth volume of Ugolini's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum.

6. An Historical Geography of the Old and New Testaments. By Edward WELLS, D.D. 4 vols. 8vo. 2 vols. 8vo.

This learned work was originally published in four detached parts or volumes: it has frequently been printed at the Oxford press, and is too well known to require commendation; a new edi tion, revised and corrected from the discoveries of Sir William Jones and other eminent scholars, was published by the English editor of Calmet's Dictionary in 4to., in the year 1804. There are also copies in two or three vols. crown 8vo. Dr. Well's Geography of the New Testament was translated into German by M. Panzer, with nume20. Ernesti Augusti SCHULZI1 Theologiæ Doctoris, et Profes-rous additions and corrections, in two vols. 8vo. Nuremberg, 1764. soris quondam in Academia Viadrina celeberrimi, Compendium 7. Sacred Geography: or, a Gazetteer of the Bible, containing, Archeologiæ Hebraica. Cum figuris æri incisis, edidit, emendavit, addenda adjecit, notisque locupletavit Abr. Phil. Godefr. Schickedanz. Dresdæ, 1793, 8vo.

in alphabetical order, a Geographical Description of all the Countries, Kingdoms, Nations, and Tribes of Men, with all the Villages, Towns, Cities, Provinces, Hills, Mountains, Rivers,

Lakes, Seas, and Islands, mentioned in the Sacred Scriptures or or described, greatly enhances the value of these maps." (ChrisApocrypha. By Elijah PARISH, D.D. Boston [Massachusetts], tian Remembrancer, February, 1830, vol. xii. p. 100.) -1813, 8vo.

This geographical dictionary of the Scriptures is chiefly compiled from the Onomasticon of Eusebius and Jerome, the Historical Geography of Wells, the great dictionary of Father Calmet, and the publications of various modern travellers. The book is very neatly printed, and has furnished many articles to our Geographical and iHistorical Index, in the present volume of this work.

8. A Scripture Gazetteer and Geographical and Historical Dictionary. By J. S. MANSFORD. London, 1829, 8vo.

9. Jo. Matth. HASII Regni Davidici et Salomonæi Descriptio Geographica et Historica; unà cum Descriptione Syriæ et Ægypti. Norimbergæ, 1739, folio.

10. Car. Christ. Sigism. BERNHARDI Commentatio de Caussis, quibus effectum sit, ut Regnum Judæ diutius persisteret, quam Regnum Israel. Cum Tabulâ Geographicâ. Lovanii, 1825, 4to. This was a prize dissertation, composed (as the author states in his proemium) under considerable disadvantages, and with no other literary aid than the Scriptures and Havercamp's edition of Josephus. It is a very interesting publication, to which the first chapter of the present volume is indebted for some valuable observations. 11. Observationes Philologica et Geographica: sive Geographiæ Sacræ Specimen primum. Quo Urbes ac Regiones, quarum in Sacris Litteris fit mentio, breviter describuntur, iisdemque verus situs, justaque nomina redduntur. Amstelodami, 1747, 8vo.

The deficiencies of Calmet and some other writers on Geography, are supplied in this little work, which treats on the city of Jerusalem, the country of Elijah, the city of Hebron, the region of Ophir, the country of Abraham, the city of Eglain, and a few other places.

12. The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem, as connected with the Scripture Prophecies. By the Rev. George WILKINS, A.M. Second edition. Nottingham, 1816, 8vo.

13. Hadriani RELANDI de Spoliis Templi Hierosolymitani Liber singularis. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1716, 8vo. edit. secunda, 1775. With a preliminary Disquisition and Notes by Prof. Schulze.

14. Ferdinandi Sтosch Syntagma Dissertationum Septem de Nominibus totidem Urbium Asia; ad quas D. Joannes in Apocalypsi Filii Dei Epistolas direxit. Guelpherbyti, 1757, 8vo.

15. An HISTORICAL MAP of Palestine or the Holy Land, exhibiting the peculiar features of the country, and of all places therein, connected with Scripture History; interspersed with ninety-six vignettes illustrative of the most important circumstances recorded in the Old and New Testaments.

The size of this beautifully-executed map is 40 inches by 27% The vignettes will be found very amusing to young persons, while they serve to impress on the mind the leading points of sacred history and geography. The map is accompanied by a folio sheet of letter-press, containing explanatory references to the vignettes. The design of the latter is to imbody and connect with the names of places marked upon the map, the principal incidents in Jewish history-by placing the texts of Scripture in which such incidents are mentioned close to the name of the place where the transaction occurred. The sheet of letter-press also comprises a brief outline of the history of Palestine from the earliest period-the stations of the tribes-and Buhle's economical calendar of the country, exhibiting the state of the weather in the Holy Land throughout the different months of the year, and containing useful remarks on the various productions of the soil.

16. A New Map of Palestine and the Adjacent Countries; constructed from Original Authorities, showing their Ancient and Modern Geography, with the Routes of various Travellers. By Richard PALMER. London, 1828: on a large sheet, 24 inches by 28.

17. A Map, illustrating the Ministerial Journeys of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, constructed from the design of the Rev. J. C. CROSTHWAITE, A.M., by A. Arrowsmith. London, 1830.

18. A Map, illustrating the Travels of St. Paul, constructed from the design of the Rev. J. C. CROSTHWAITE, A.M., by A. Arrowsmith. London, 1830.

"These two maps ..... form a useful supplement to the Atlases to the Bible, hitherto published; for although almost all of them have Maps of Judæa adapted to the evangelical history, yet in no one of these do we recollect to have seen the several routes

19. A Map of Palestine in the Time of our Saviour, illustrative of the Books of the Evangelists. Designed and engraved by Thomas STARLING. London, 1832. Twenty-seven inches in length by twenty in width.

20. An Historical Map of Palestine, or the Holy Land delineated. By John Hunt. [Twenty-eight inches in length by twenty-two in width.] With a Companion to the same, consisting of Historical and Geographical Notices of the Principal Towns, &c. of that Country. London, 1832.

21. A Pictorial, Geographical, Chronological, and Historical Chart, being a Delineation of the Rise and Progress of the Evangelical or Christian Dispensation, from the Commencement of the Gospel Narrative to the Ascension of our Lord. Arranged, according to the "Harmonia Evangelica" of the Rev. Edward Greswell, B.D., by R. MIMFRISS, and accompanied by a Key. London, 1832. Sixty-eight inches by thirty-six. This admirably contrived as well as beautifully and correctly executed map is adapted to the divisions existing at the time of our Saviour's appearing on the earth; showing the situation of every place mentioned in the Gospels, with representations of the journeys of our Lord, and of the principal circumstances of the Gospel history, drawn upon the places where the events occurred, from designs of the old masters; with the view of showing the benevolent tendency of our Saviour's miracles. It contains 170 vignettes, and about 600 references in the body of the map, besides 50 large subjects in outline, in the margin; all of which are exquisitely engraved. The reference being subjoined to the depicted events, it forms a most valuable auxiliary in the lecture room, and a useful assistant in the study of divinity.

While this sheet was passing through the press, Mr. Mimpriss announced a similar Chart, designed to illustrate the Acts of the Apostles, in which the travels of the different apostles will be distinctly marked, and the sites of the several places will be accurately laid down, from the geographical researches of the most learned modern travellers.

Most of the general treatises on sacred geography are illustrated with maps. There is also an excellent map of Palestine in D'Anville's Ancient Atlas; it has been consulted for the maps accompanying this work, which have been drawn with great care, and corrected from the researches of modern geographers. The quarto Atlas, published by the late Rev. Thomas Scott, as an accompaniof being correct as well as cheap. The Scripture Atlas, published ment to his commentary on the Bible, possesses the double merit by Mr. Leigh, is executed in a superior style, and has had a very extensive sale. Mr. Wyld's Scripture Atlas is a neat publication. Several small or pocket Atlases of the Bible have been published, which indeed can only be used by those who have young eyes. Of these, Mr. Thomas Starling's "Biblical Cabinet Atlas" claims especially to be noticed for the beautiful execution of the maps, and the valuable tabular Geographical Index which accompanies them. "The Pocket Bible Atlas," containing eight neatly-executed maps, which was published at Edinburgh in 1832, (as its name implies) is expressly designed to be bound up with a pocket Bible.

Various Treatises on Sacred Geography will be found in the fifth, sixth, and seventh volumes of Ugolini's Thesaurus Antiqui tatum Sacrarum.

It may be proper to add, that most of the questions relative to the history, geography, &c. of the Bible are noticed in Schleusner's valuable Lexicon to the Septuagint version, and also in his Greek and Latin, and in Messrs. Parkhurst's and Robinson's Greek and English Lexicons to the New Testament; where they are illus trated with equal learning and accuracy

§ 2. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIBLE.

Jacobo SCHEUCHZERO edita, et innumeris inconibus æneis ele1. Physica Sacra: hoc est Historia Naturalis Biblia a Joanne gantissimis adornata. August. Vindel. 1731-1735, 4 vols. folio. This is one of the most beautiful and useful works which has appeared on the natural history of the Bible: the engravings, 750 in number, were executed by the most eminent artists of that day. A German translation appeared at Augsburg, at the same time with the Latin edition, to which it is preferred, on account of its published at Amsterdam, in 1732-1738, in 4 vols. folio, is inferior having proof impressions of the plates. The French translation, to both the preceding editions as it respects the plates, though the text and typographical execution are equally valuable. From the costly price of this work, it is chiefly to be found in great public libraries.

of our Saviour and of the great apostle of the Gentiles so clearly the Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, and Insects, Trees, 2. The Natural History of the Bible: or a Description of all laid down as in Mr. Crosthwaite's maps. The addition of refer

ences to the various passages of the Gospels in which the ministe-Plants, Flowers, Gums, and Precious Stones, mentioned in the rial journeys of Christ are narrated, and to those parts of the Acts Sacred Scriptures. Collected from the best Authorities, and and Epistles, in which the routes of St. Paul are either mentioned alphabetically arranged by Thaddeus Mason HARRIS, D.D.

Boston [Massachusetts], 1820, 8vo. London, 1824, 8vo. New | tural productions of the East, in company with the celebrated traedition, greatly improved and corrected. 1833, crown 8vo.

The Natural History of foreign countries was very little known at the time when the authorized version of the English Bible was executed it is no wonder, therefore, that we find in it the names of animals, &c. which are unknown in the East. Our venerable translators, indeed, frankly acknowledge in their preface the obscurity experienced by them in Hebrew words occurring but once, and also in the names of certain birds, beasts, precious stones, &c. These difficulties have been materially diminished since their time, and especially within the last hundred and twenty years; not only by the successful researches of eminent orientalists, who have applied their knowledge of the eastern dialects to the elucidation of Scripture, but also by the successful labours of Bochart, Celsius, Forskäl, Scheuchzer, and other naturalists, historians of the Bible, as well as those of Shaw, Hasselquist, Russell, Bruce, and other distinguished travellers. To all these sources, together with many others which it is not necessary to enumerate, Dr. Harris acknowledges his obligations. Though he claims no praise but that of having brought into a regular form such information as he could collect from the best and most unexceptionable authorities; yet he is not a mere compiler. He has enlivened his general illustrations with many instructive and useful facts, observations, and reasonings: and in the course of his work he has introduced new translations of a great many detached passages and of some entire chapters of Scripture. Of these, future commentators will doubtless avail themselves, especially as Dr. H. has accompanied such translations with remarks and illustrations, correcting the errors which were the consequence of their being misunderstood, and pointing out the precision and force, the emphasis and beauty, which they derive from an accurate knowledge of the object in natural history to which they originally referred. A Catalogue is subjoined of the principal authorities quoted in his work, which is accompanied with useful indexes of matters and of texts illustrated, and particularly with an Index or List of the several articles, according to the English Translation, followed by the original Hebrew names, to which are subjoined the Linnean or other modern scientific appellations. In a work embracing such a variety of particulars, some articles must necessarily be found defective: these, however, are not very numerous. In conclusion, the writer of these pages cheerfully adopts the following just critique of a transatlantic reviewer:-" Dr. Harris is entitled to the thanks of the public, for having brought within a reasonable compass the most valuable materials on the subjects of which he treats; for having arranged them in a convenient method, and in general for having arrived at his own conclusions on the best evidence which the subjects admit." ........ "On the whole, we cheerfully recommend the work both to the learned and the unlearned reader, as containing all that can be known on the subjects which successively occur. Many of the articles will be read with great interest: and in those in which curiosity is most concerned the author, in a form as much abridged as their nature would admit, has exhausted all the learning of naturalists and travellers: and, as we believe, has generally come to the right results." (North American Review, vol. x. New Series, pp. 91, 92.) The London reprints are beautifully executed, especially the edition published in 1833, which is ornamented with neat engravings on wood. A German translation of this work was published at Leipzig, in 1825, in 8vo.

3. Samuelis BOCHARTI Hierozoicon, sive de Animalibus Sacræ Scripturæ. 4th edit. folio, Lug. Bat. 1714; also in 3 vols. 4to Lipsia, 1793, and following years.

This last is unquestionably the best edition; it was published by Professor Rosenmüller, to whose researches biblical students are so largely indebted; and who has corrected it throughout, as well as enlarged it with numerous facts from the writings of mo

dern travellers, &c.

4. Hierozoici ex Samuele Bocharto, Itinerariis variis aliisque Doctissimorum Virorum Commentariis ac Scriptiunculis, ad plurimorum usus compositi, Specimina tria. Auctore Frid. Jacobo SCHODER, Tubingæ, 1784-6, 8vo.

5. Jo. Henr. URSINI Arboretum Biblicum, in quo Arbores et Frutices, passim in S. Literis occurrentes, ut et Plantæ, Herbæ, et Aromata, notis philologicis, philosophicis, theologicis, exponuntur et illustrantur. Norimbergæ, 1699, 2 tomis, 8vo.

6. Olavi CELSII Hierobotanicon, sive de Plantis Sacræ Scripturæ Dissertationes Breves. Upsala, 1745-47; Amsteladami, 1748, 2 tomis, 8vo.

7. Hierophyticon, sive Commentarius in Loca Scripturæ Sacræ, quæ Plantarum faciunt mentionem. Auctore Matthæo

HILLERO. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1725, 4to.

8. Petri FORSKAL Descriptiones Animalium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium, quæ in Itinere Orientali observavit. 4to. Hauniæ (Copenhagen), 1775.-Ejusdem Flora Ægyptio-Arabica. 4to. Hauniæ, 1775. Ejusdem Icones Rerum Naturalium, quas Itinere Orientali depingi curavit. 4to. Hauniæ,

1776

M. Forskäl was a learned Swedish naturalist, who was sent in 1761, at the expense of his Danish majesty, to investigate the na

veller Niebuhr. He died at Jerim in Arabia, in 1763, and his unfinished notes, valuable even in their imperfect state, were pub lished by his colleague in the three works just noticed.'

9. Scripture illustrated by Engravings, referring to Natural Science, Customs, Manners, &c. By the Editor of Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible. 4to. 1802.

happily elucidated from natural science, &c. Though it does not Many otherwise obscure passages of the Bible are in this work profess to be a complete natural history of the Scriptures, yet it illustrates that interesting subject in very many instances. It has been incorporated in Mr. Taylor's editions of Calmet's Dictionary, noticed in p. 340.

10. Scripture Natural History: or a Descriptive Account of the Zoology, Botany, and Geology of the Bible, illustrated by Engravings. By William CARPENTER. London, 1828, 8vo. is as much distinguished by personal vanity as it is at variance "Without that pretence to originality which, in the present day, with truth, Mr. Carpenter has, we think, presented to the public an interesting and useful work." (Christian Remembrancer, April, 1827, p. 261.)

11. Remarks on the Mustard Tree mentioned in the New Testament. By John FROST. London, 1827, 8vo. 12. Remarks on the Phytolacca Dodecandra, or Mustard Tree of the Scriptures. By the Rev. P. W. BUCKHAM. London, 1827, 8vo.

As the common mustard tree (Sinapis nigra of Linnæus) is an annual plant, which, in consequence of its herbaceous stem, rarely attains a greater height than three feet, cannot with propriety be termed a tree, commentators have been much perplexed in their attempts to explain our Lord's Parable of the mustard tree. The object of Mr. Frost's pamphlet (which is an enlargement of a paper in the Journal of Science and the Arts, vol. xx. pp. 57-59.) is to show that the plant in question is a species of Phytolacca-probably the Phytolacca dodecandra of Linnæus, which, though it has the smallest seed of any tree growing in Palestine, yet attains as great an altitude as any tree which flourishes in that country, and possesses properties analogous to those of the sinapis nigra. Mr. Frost's hypothesis is controverted with much learning and ingenuity by the Rev. Mr. Buckham, who argues that the tree intended is the common mustard tree, and who has collected numerous passages from ancient botanical writers, and from modern travellers and botanical authors, in support of his argument.

13. Joh. Gottlieb BUHLE Calendarium Palæstina Economicum. Goettinge, 1785, 4to.

14. Georgii Friederici WALCHII Calendarium Palæstina Economicum. Præfatus est J. D. Michaelis. Goettinge, 1785, 4to. In the year 1785 the directors of the University of Gottingen proposed, as a prize-subject, the compilation of an Economic Calendar of Palestine, from Itineraries, with a view to the better elucidation of the Sacred Writings. The prize was adjudged to the composition of M. Buhle; to which, in Michaelis's judgment, The Calendar of Walch was next in point of merit. Each of these publications contains much valuable matter peculiar to itself; and both together throw much light on the physical geography of Pa

lestine.

A translation of Buhle's Calendar is inserted in the Fragments annexed to Mr. Taylor's edition of Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible, Nos. 455–468.

15. Henrici Ehrenfridi WARNEKROS Commentarius de Palæstina Fertilitate, præcipuisquæ illius dotibus cum Ægypto comparatis.In the 14th and 15th volumes of the Repertorium für Biblische und Morgenlaendische Litteratur. 8vo.

the first volume of Dr. Hodge's Biblical Repertory, published at An English translation of this valuable disquisition is printed in Princeton (New Jersey) in 1825.

16. A Comparative Estimate of the Mineral and Mosaical Geologies, revised and enlarged with relation to the latest Publications on Geology. By Granville PENN, Esq. Second edition, London, 1825, 2 vols. 8vo.

The first edition of the "Comparative Estimate" was published in 1822, and a "Supplement" to it. In its present improved state Mr. Penn's work forms a most powerful proof and vindication of the harmony subsisting between geological discoveries and the Mosaic History.

17. Scriptural Geology, or Geological Phenomena, consistent only with the Literal Interpretation of the Sacred Scriptures, upon the subjects of the Creation and Deluge. [By the Rev. George BUGG, B.A.] London, 1827, 2 vols. 8vo.

§3. POLITICAL ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS. Treatises on the Laws, Government, Coins, &c. of the Jews. 1. Rabbi Mosis MAIMONIDIs More Nebochim; seu Doctor Perplexorum, ad dubia et obscuriora Scripturæ loca rectius in

telligenda, veluti Clavem continens. Latine conversus a Joanne | showing that they were worthy of their Divine Author, being Buxtorfio, filio. Basilea, 1629, 4to.

2. The Reasons of the Laws of Moses, from the "More Nevochim" of Maimonides. With Notes, Dissertations, and a Life of the Author. By James TOWNLEY, D.D. London,

1827, 8vo.

The More Nevochim, or "Instructor of the Perplexed," is considered as one of the most valuable productions of the learned Jewish Rabbi, Moses ben Maimon, better known by the name of Maimonides. "It is a critical, philosophical, and theological work, in which he endeavours to explain the difficult passages, phrases, parables, allegories, and ceremonies of the Old Testament; and is rendered particularly important by an excellent Exposition of the Grounds and Reasons of the Mosaic Laws,' to which many of our most eminent biblical critics and commentators have been deeply indebted." It was originally written in Arabic, and translated into Hebrew by Rabbi Samuel Aben Tybbon. The Rev. Dr. Townley (to whose life of Maimonides, p. 17., we are indebted for the preceding particulars) has given an account of the various editions of the original work of Maimonides; among which that of 1629 is usually reputed to be the best.

Dr. T. has conferred no small obligation on biblical students in presenting this treatise of Maimonides to them in an English dress; and in addition to a memoir of the original Jewish author, he has enriched his translation with upwards of one hundred pages of valuable notes, together with nine dissertations on the Talmudical Writings, and on various other topics tending to elucidate the "Reasons of the Laws of Moses."

fitted for the accomplishment of the most important purposes. By Henry FERGUS. Dunfermline and London [1811], 8vo. This essay is detached from a History of the Hebrews, on which the author was employed; but which has not yet been published. "In the short account before us, Mr. Fergus has given evidence of his having studied the subject: and his pamphlet displays in a concise yet luminous manner the several topics which the civil and ecclesiastical government of the Hebrews includes." (Monthly Review, N. S., vol. lxvi. p. 37.)

11. LEVYSSOHN (Davidis Henrici) Disputatio de Judæorum sub Cæsaribus Conditione, et de Legibus eos spectantibus. Lugduni Batavorum, 1828, 4to.

12. Joannis SELDENI De Synedriis et Præfecturis Juridicis Veterum Ebræorum Libri III. Amstelodami, 1679, 4to.

13. Petri WESSELINGII Diatribe de Judæorum Archontibus ad Inscriptionem Berenicensem; et Dissertatio de Evangeliis jussu Imp. Anastasii non emendatis in Victorem Tununensem. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1738, 8vo.

14. Thomæ BARTHOLINI de Cruce Christi Hypomnemata IV. Hafnia, 1651, 8vo., Amstelodami, 1670, 8vo.

15. Dissertatio Philologica de Ritu dimittendi Reum in festo Paschatis Judæorum; conscripta à Joh. Conrado HOTTINGERO. Tiguri, 1718, 8vo.

16. Jacobi LYDII Syntagma Sacrum de Re Militari. Dor

3. Wilhelmi ZEPPERI Legum Mosaicarum Forensium Ex-draci, 1698, 4to. planatio. Herbornæ Nassoviorum, 1604, 8vo.

4. Lex Dei, sive Mosaicarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio. E Codicibus Manuscriptis Vindobonensi et Vercellensi nuper repertis auctam atque emendatam edidit, notisque et indicibus illustravit Fridericus BLUME. Bonnæ, 1833, 8vo.

From the first chapter of the elaborate prolegomena prefixed by the editor to this curious and valuable work, we learn that its anonymous author was in all probability a clergyman, of the Latin or Western Church, who lived in the former half of the sixth century, and who compiled this work with the express design of exhibiting the resemblances between the Jewish and Roman Laws, which last were derived from the Jewish Laws, and further to show that Christians both may and ought to make use of both laws. The second and third chapters of the prolegomena contain an account of the MSS. and printed editions of this collection. A copious collection of various readings, from MSS and printed editions, is placed at the foot of each page of the collation, which follows the prolegomena. The volume concludes with indexes of matters, persons, and places occurring in the work, and of the authors who are cited in the notes.

5. Joannis SPENCERI de Legibus Hebræorum Ritualibus et earum Rationibus Libri IV. Accessit Dissertatio de Phylacteriis Judæorum. Recensuit, et indices adjecit Leonardus Chappelow, S.T.P. Cantabrigiæ, 1727, 2 vols. folio, best edition.

6. Commentaries on the Laws of Moses. By the late Sir John David MICHAELIS, K.P.S. F.R.S., Professor of Philosophy in the University of Gttingen; translated from the German by Alexander Smith, D.D. London, 1814, 4 vols. 8vo.

The spirit of the political and ceremonial law, contained in the writings of Moses, is copiously investigated in this work. Valuable as these "Commentaries" of Michaelis are in many respects, it is much to be regretted that they are not free from that licentiousness of conjecture and of language, as well as tendency to skepticism, which are the too frequent characteristics of some distinguished modern biblical critics in Germany. Great caution, therefore, will be necessary in consulting this work.

7. Législation des Hébreux. Par M. Le Comte de PASTORET. Forming Volumes III. and IV. of his Histoire de la

Législation. Paris, 1817, 8vo.

8. Histoire des Institutions de Moïse et du Peuple Hébreu. Par J. SALVADOR. Paris, 1828, 3 tomes, 8vo.

The avowed design of this work, which is characterized by no small degree of levity on the part of its Jewish author, is, to represent Moses as an enlightened and liberal legislator: at the same time its whole tendency is, to discredit Christianity. M. Salvador devoted a portion of his work to show that the Lord Jesus Christ was legally condemned, according to the statements of the evangelists themselves. This unblushing attack of the Jew called forth M. Dupin the elder, one of the most eminent advocates at the French bar, who triumphantly repelled the profane assertions of Salvador in a masterly refutation, intituled, "Jesus devant Caïphe et Pilate." Paris, 1828, 8vo.

9. A Dissertation on the Civil Government of the Hebrews: in which the true Design and Nature of their Government are explained. By Moses LowMAN. London, 1740; 2d edition, 1745; 3d edition, 1816, 8vo.

10. A Short Account of the Laws and Institutions of Moses;

17. Edwardi BREREWOOD Liber de Ponderibus et Pretiis Veterum Nummorum, eorumque cum recentioribus Collatione. Londini, 1614, 4to.: also in the first Volume of Bp. Walton's Polyglott.

18. Adriani RELANDI De Nummis Veterum Hebræorum, qui ab inscriptarum literarum formâ Samaritanorum appellantur, Dissertationes V. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1709, 8vo.

19. Casparis WASERI De Antiquis Numis Hebræorum et Syrorum, quorum S. Biblia et Rabbinorum Scripta meminerunt, Libri II. Tiguri, 1605, 4to.

20. Caspáris WASERI de Antiquis Mensuris Hebræorum, quarum S. Biblia meminerunt, Libri III. Heidelbergæ, 1610, 4to. 21. An Essay towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures and Weights, comprehending their Moneys; by help of ancient standards compared with ours of England. By Richard CUMBERLAND, D.D. [afterwards Bishop of Peterborough.] London, 1686, 8vo.

22. Observationes ex Numis Antiquis Sacræ. Auctore Gottlob Sebastiano MARGRAAF. Vitemberge, 1745, 4to.

23. Petri ZORNII Historia Fisci Judaici sub Imperio Veterum Romanorum. Altonæ, 1734, 8vo.

24. Scripture Weights, Measures, and Money, reduced to the Imperial Standard of the Weights and Measures, and the Sterling Money of England. By Edmund VIALLS. London, 1826, 8vo. [A Pamphlet of 19 pages.]

§ 4. SACRED ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS.

[i.] Treatises on the Ritual and Sacred Ceremonies of the Jews.

which the wise Designs und Usefulness of that Ritual are ex1. A Rationale of the Ritual of the Hebrew Worship. In plained. By Moses LOWMAN. London, 1748, 8vo.

2. Jacobi GRONOVII Decreta Romana et Asiatica pro Judæis, ad cultum divinum per Asia Minoris urbes securè obeundum, ab Josepho collecta in Libro XIV. Archæologiæ. Lugduni Batavorum, 1712, 8vo.

3. Bernardi LAMY de Tabernaculo Fœderis, de Sancta Civitate Jerusalem et de Templo ejus, Libri Septem. Parisiis, 1720, folio. 4. Salomonis VAN TIL Commentarius de Tabernaculo Mosis

et Zoologia Sacra. Dordraci, 1714, 4to.

5. Johannis BUXTORFII patris, Synagoga Judaica: hoc est Schola Judæorum, in qua Nativitas, Institutio, Religio, Vita, Mors, Sepulturaque ipsorum graphicè descripta est. Hanoviæ, 1604, 12mo.; Basilea, 1680, 8vo.

bus tum de Nominibus, Structurâ, Origine, Præfectis, Ministris, 6. Campegii VITRINGA de Synagogâ Vetere Libri tres: quiet Sacris Synagogarum agitur: tum præcipue Formam Regimi. nis et Ministerii earum in Ecclesiam Christianam translatam esse demonstratur: cum Prolegomenis. Franequera, 1696, 4to.

7. Mariani KASERER AJATPAOH Studii Scripturistici in Synagoga. Pars Prima. Salisburgi, 1774, 4to.

A compilation from various German and other authors who have treated on Sacred Antiquities: it discusses the Canon of the Bible received by the Hebrews, the Talmud, Targums, Masoretic Books, and the Cabbala; the Schools and Sects of the Jews, and their Teachers or Doctors and Pupils.

8. The Temple Service as it stood in the Days of our Saviour. By John LIGHTFOOT, D.D. London, 1649, 4to.; also in the folio and octavo editions of Dr. Lightfoot's Works.

or Schedules fixed on gates and door-posts; together with a collection of texts relative to the observance of the Sabbath, taken out tations thereon. Volume II. contains two treatises from the Misna, of the Old and New Testaments and Apocryphal Books, with anno in Hebrew and English; one on the Sabbath, entitled Shabbath, and another; entitled Eruvin, concerning the mixtures practised by the Jews in the time of Jesus Christ to strengthen the observation of the Sabbath. Dr. Wotton has given copious notes to both these treatises, which illustrate many passages of Holy Writ.

9. Joannis SELDENI de Diis Syris Syntagmata II. cum Additamentis Andreæ Beyeri. Amstelodami, 1680, 8vo.

9. The Temple Musick; or, an Essay concerning the method of singing the Psalms of David in the Temple, before the Baby-mentioned in the Bible are particularly discussed. This work is lonish Captivity. By Arthur BEDFORD. London 1706, 8vo.

[ii] Treatises on the Religious Notions of the Jews, on the Corruptions of Religion among them, and on the Sects into which they were divided.

1. The Main Principles of the Creed and Ethics of the Jews, exhibited in Selections from the Yad Hachazakah of Maimonides, with a literal English Translation, copious Illustrations from the Talmud, &c. By Hermann Hedwig BERNARD. Cambridge, 1832, 8vo.

The Yad Hachazakah of Maimonides is a compendium of the decisions of the Jewish Doctors taken from the Talmud, and founded on Scripture interpreted according to his preconceived notions. The subjects selected by Mr. Bernard treat on the Deity, on angels, prophecy, idolatry, repentance, sin, free will, predestination, the life hereafter, rewards and punishments, and the love of God. The Hebrew text is beautifully printed without points; this is followed by a faithful English version and notes, and by a glossary of the rabbínical Hebrew words occurring in the text, to which are prefixed a wellwritten sketch of the life of Maimonides, and a collection of the abbreviations commonly used in rabbinical writings. Besides communicating to the English reader the sentiments, traditions, and sayings of the ancient rabbins quoted by Maimonides, this volume will materially contribute to supply the biblical student with the means, at present scarcely within his reach, of acquiring an accurate knowledge of rabbinical Hebrew. For a more minute analysis of this truly valuable work, the reader is necessarily referred to the British Critic for April, 1833, vol. xiii. pp. 282-292., and to the Christian Remembrancer for September, October, and November, 1832, vol. xiv. pp. 517-525. 581-594. 655-664.

2. A Dissertation on the Religious Knowledge of the Ancient Jews and Patriarchs concerning a Future State. [By Stephen ADDINGTON, D.D.] London, 1757, 4to.

3. Christologia Judæorum Jesu Apostolorumque Ætate, in Compendium redacta, Observationibusque illustrata a D. Leonhardo BERTHOLDT. Erlangæ, 1811, 8vo.

4. A Dissertation upon the Traditional Knowledge of a Promised Redeemer, which subsisted before the Advent of our Saviour. By Charles James BLOMFIELD, B.D. [now D.D. and Bishop of London.] Cambridge, 1819, 8vo.

5. Capita Theologiæ Judæorum Dogmatica e Flavii Josephi Scriptis collecta. Accessit mapepov super Josephi de Jesu Christo testimonio. Auctore Carolo Gottlieb BRETSCHNEIDER. Lipsiæ, 1812, 8vo.

6. Joannis Jacobi CRAMERI Goël Israel, sive Theologia Israelis: quâ Goelis Officium ac Mysterium, ad confirmandam Jesu Christi Deitatem et Officium, ex Hebraicis potissimum Scriptis proponitur, et varia alia Philologica ac Theologica pertractantur. Franequeræ et Lipsia, 2 tomis, 4to.

7. The Traditions of the Jews, or the Doctrines and Expositions contained in the Talmud and other Rabbinical Writings: with a preliminary Preface, or an Inquiry into the Origin, Progress, Authority, and Usefulness of those Traditions; wherein the mystical Sense of the Allegories in the Talmud, &c. is explained. [By the Rev. Peter STEHELIN, F.R.S.] London, 1742. In two volumes, 8vo.

This is a work of extreme rarity and curiosity; it bears a very high price, which necessarily places it beyond the reach of biblical students. But most of the information which it contains will be found in

8. Miscellaneous Discourses relating to the Traditions and Usages of the Scribes and Pharisees in our Saviour Jesus Christ's time. By W. WOTTON, D.D. London, 1718. In two volumes,

8vo.

The best edition of a learned treatise, in which the Syrian idols inserted in the twenty-third volume of Ugolini's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum, which contains nearly thirty other treatises on the idols mentioned in the Scriptures.

10. Trium Scriptorum illustrium Syntagma de tribus Judæorum Sectis: in quo Nic. Serarii, Joannis Drusii, Jos. Scaligeri, Opuscula, quæ eo pertinent, cum aliis junctim exhibentur. Accedit Jac. TRIGLANDII Diatribede Secta Karæorum. Delphis, 1703, 2 tomis, 4to.

11. Epistolæ Samaritanæ Sichemitarum ad Jobum Ludolphum, cum ejusdem Latinâ Versione et Annotationibus. Accedit Versio Latina persimilium Literarum à Sichemitis ad Anglos datarum [à Christophoro CELLARIO]. Ciza, 1688, 4to.

Both the preceding publications are inserted in the twenty-second volume of Ugolini's Thesaurus, in which are printed several treatises on the Jewish sects.

12. Mémoire sur l'Etat Actuel des Samaritains. Par M. Silvestre de SACY. Paris, 1812, 8vo.

13. Jo. Christ. FRIEDRICH Discussionum de Christologia Samaritanorum Liber. Accedit Appendicula de Columba, Deâ Samaritanarum. Lipsia, 1821, 8vo.

14. Guilielmi GESENII Commentatio de Samaritanorum Theologiâ, ex fontibus ineditis. Hala, 1823, 4to.

§ 5. DOMESTIC ANTIQUITIES, LITERATURE, AND SCIENCES

OF THE JEWS.

1. Johannis BRAUNII de Vestitu Sacerdotum Hebræorum, Libri II. Lugduni Batavorum, 1680, 4to.

2. Commentarius Philologico-Criticus de Vestitu Mulierum Hebræarum ad Jesai. III. vs. 16-24. Quo vocabulorum abstrusissimorum tenebras ad facem dialectorum discutere conatus est Nicol. Guil. SCHROEDERUS. Præmissa est præfatio Alberti SCHULTENS. Lugduni Batavorum, 1735, 4to..

3. Antonii BYNEI de Calceis Hebræorum Libri II. Dordraci, 1682, 12mo.; 1695, 4to.

4. Joannis NICOLAI Disquisitio de Substratione et Pignoratione Vestium. Giessæ, 1701, 12mo.

5. Joannis Nicolai Libri IV. de Sepulchris Hebræorum. Lugduni Batavorum, 1706, 4to.

6. J. G. PURMANN Archæologiæ Georgica Specimen: de Re Rusticâ Hebræorum. Francofurti ad Monum, 1786-87, 4to.

Ebræorum. Accedit Dissertatio de Hæresi Valentinianâ. Hala 7. Jo. Francisci BUDDEI Introductio ad Historiam Philosophiæ Sax. 1702, 8vo.

Musicis Instrumentis, Tractatus. [Auctore F. P. de BRETAGNE.] 8. De Excellentiâ Musica Antiquæ Hebræorum, et eorum Monachii, 1718, 8vo.

9. Guilielmi ADER Enarrationes de Ægrotis et Morbis in Evangelio. Tolosa, 1620, 8vo. Also in the 6th volume of the Critici Sacri.

10. An Historical Essay on the State of Physic in the Old and New Testament, and the Apocryphal Interval. With a particular Account of the Cases mentioned in Scripture, and Observations upon them. By Jonathan HARLE. London, 1739, 8vo.

11. Ricardi MEAD Medica Sacra; sive de Morbis insignioribus, qui in Bibliis memorantur, Commentarius. Londini, 1749, 8vo. 12. Medica Sacra: or, a Commentary on the most remarkable Diseases mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. By Richard Mead. Translated from the Latin by Thomas STACK, M.D. London, 1755, 8vo.

This is a very curious work. Volume I. contains a discourse concerning the nature, authority, and usefulness of the Misna; a table of all its titles, with summaries of their contents; a discourse 13. A. J. WANRUCH Disquisitio Medica Choleræ, cujus mentio on the recital of the Shema (that is, of Deut. vi. 4-9., so called from in Sacris Bibliis occurrit. (Num. cap. XI.) Vindobonæ, 1833, the first word, i. e. hear), on the Phylacteries and on the Mezuzoth 4to.

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