3. PHILONIS JUDÆI Opera omnia, Græce. Textum ad fidem 9. Talmud Babylonicum Integrum Hebraice. Berolini et optimarum editionum edidit Carolus Ernestus RICHTER. Lipsia, Francofurti, 1715, 12 tomis, folio. 1828-29, 8 tomis, 12mo.

10*. RABBI SOLOMON JARCHI, Ben Isaac, usually cited as RASCHI from the contraction of his names, was a native of Troyes in Champagne; he wrote commentaries on the entire Bible, as 3*. Quæstiones Philonæe. I. De Fontibus et Auctoritate The-well as the chief part of the Talmud, and from his extensive ologia Philonis. Quæstionis primæ Particula prima. II. De learning is accounted one of the most eminent Jewish expositors. A Philonis. Quæstio altera. Scripsit C. G. L. GROSSMANN. His style, however, is so exceedingly obscure as to require an Lipsiæ, 1829, 4to. ample comment to make it intelligible. He died A.D. 1180. Many of his commentaries have been printed in Hebrew, and some have been translated into Latin by Christians; as that on Esther by Philip Daquin, that on Joel by Genebrard, and those on Obadiah, Jonah, and Zephaniah, by Pontac.

8. Mischna: sive Totius Hebræorum Juris, Rituum, Antiquitatum ac Legum Oralium, Systema: cum clarissimorum rici Van Bashuisen. Hanoveræ, 1710, folio. Rabbinorum Maimonidis et Bartenoræ Commentariis integris Hebraice et Latine. Notis illustravit Gul. SURENHUSIUS. Am-Carpzov, in his Introductio ad Libros Canonicos Veteris Testamenti, p. 35. stelodami, 1698, 6 tomis, folio.

Ejusdem, Commentarius in Prophetas priores, curâ Augusti | has illustrated a great number of passages in the New Testament, Pfeiffer. Lipsiæ, 1686, folio.

Ejusdem, Commentarius in Hoseam, Latine, cum notis Fr. ab

Husen. Lugd. Bat. 1686.

from Josephus, which are not noticed in Ott's Spicilegium. Iu pp. 527-612. of the latter publication, there is a curious collection of

sixty-eight articles, omitted by Josephus, of which he could not

have been ignorant; and to this is annexed an interesting dissertation of C. Bos, on the genuineness of the celebrated passage concerning Jesus Christ.

8. Mellificium Hebraicum, sive Observationes ex Hebræorum Antiquiorum monumentis desumptæ, unde plurima cum Veteris, tum Novi Testamenti, loca explicantur vel illustrantur. Autore Critici Sacri, pp. 1271-1426. Christophoro CARTWRIGHTO. In the eighth volume of the

being the first who applied the more ancient writings of the Jews To our learned countryman Cartwright belongs the honour of to the illustration of the Bible. He was followed in the same path of literature by Drusius, whose Præterita sive Annotationes in Totum Jesu Christi Testamentum (4to. Franequera, 1612) contain many

5. KIMCHI.-R. D. Kimchii Commentarius in Jesaiam, Latine valuable illustrations of the New Testament. Some additions were versus a Cæsare Malamineo. Florentiæ, 1774, 4to.

subsequently made to his work by Balthasar Scheidius, whose Pre-
noticed in No. 11. below.
terita Præteritorum are included in the publication of Meuschen,

6. MALACHIAS, cum Commentariis Aben Ezra, Jarchii et Kimchii disputationibus. Curâ Sam. Bohl. Rostochii, 1637, 4to. 7. HOSEAS, illustratus Chaldaica Versione et philologicis cele-Catharine Hall, Cambridge. Edited by the Rev. J. R. Pitnam, 9. The Works of the Rev. John LIGHTFOOT, D.D., Master of brium Rabbinorum Raschi, Aben Ezræ, et Kimchii Commentariis. A.M. London, 1822–25, 13 vols. 8vo. Helmstadii, 1702, 4to. Reprinted at Gottingen, 1780.

8. JOEL et OBADIAH, cum Paraphrasi Chaldaica, Masora, et Biblical Student. By his deep researches into the Rabbinical writThe writings of Dr. Lightfoot are an invaluable treasure to the Commentariis trium Rabbinorum. Heb. et Lat. curâ Jo. LEUS-ings, he has done more to illustrate the phraseology of the Holy DEN. Utrecht, 1657, 4to.

9. Johannis MERCERI Commentarii in Vates quinque priores, quibus adjuncti sunt R. Sal. Jarchii, Aben Ezræ, et Dav. Kimchii Commentarii, ab ipso Latinitate donati. Editio altera, curâ G. C. Bürklini. Gissæ, 1695.

10. J. B. CARPZOVII Collegium Rabbinico-Biblicum in libellum Ruth. Heb. et Lat. Lipsiæ, 1703, 4to.

This work contains the Hebrew text of the book of Ruth, the Targum, the great and little Masora, and four Rabbinical Commentaries, together with Latin versions, and copious notes by the editor, J. B. Carpzov. Calmet states, that this book will be found of great service to those who are learning Hebrew, and will also serve as an introduction to the reading of the rabbinical writers.

Scriptures, and to explain the various customs, &c. therein alluded fore or since. Two editions of this learned Divine's works were to, particularly in the New Testament, than any other author bepublished previously to that now under consideration, viz. 1. The English edition of Dr. G. Bright, in two folio volumes, London, 1684; and, 2. A Latin edition, published at Rotterdam, in 2 vols. folio, 1686, entitled Joannis Lightfooti Opera Omnia, and again at Franeker in three folio volumes, which were superintended by the celebrated critic, Leusden. These foreign editions are taken from the English one, the English parts being translated into Latin: the third volume in Leusden's edition is composed chiefly of several pieces, which Lightfoot had left unfinished, but which were too Mr. Strype, who in 1700 published "Some genuine Remains of the valuable to be altogether omitted. They were communicated by late pious and learned John Lightfoot, D.D." in 8vo. In preparing his edition, Mr. Pitman has adopted for his basis the London edition of 1684, and Strype's supplemental volume, incorporating the additional matter in Leusden's edition: and, by indefatigable researches, he has succeeded in recovering some pieces of Lightfoot's which

§ 2. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, DERIVED FROM were never before published. New Indexes and other facilities

JEWISH SOURCES.

1. Georgii Johannis HENKII Dissertatio de Usu Librorum Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti in Novo Testamento. Hala, 1711, 4to.

2. Christ. Theophili KUIN EL Observationes ad Novum Testamentum ex Libris Apocryphis Veteris Testamenti. Lipsiæ, 1794, 8vo.

3. Joh. Benedicti CARPZOVII Exercitationes in S. Pauli Epistolam ad Hebræos ex Philone Alexandrino. Præfixa sunt Philoniana Prolegomena, in quibus de non adeo contemnenda Philonis eruditione Hebraica, de convenientia stili Philonis cum illo D. Pauli in Epistola ad Hebræos, et de aliis nonnullis varii argumenti exponitur. Helmstadii, 1750, 8vo.

4. J. B. CARPZOVII Stricturæ Theologica in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. Adspersi subinde sunt Flores Philoniani. Helmstadii, 1758, 8vo.

This is the second and best edition of Carpzov's Observations on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans; they originally appeared in detached portions, at Helmstadt, in quarto, between the years 1752

and 1756.

5. Christophori Frederici LOESNERI Observationes ad Novum Testamentum e Philone Alexandrino. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1777.

of reference, are given in the concluding volume of this edition. It is but justice to add that they are neatly and correctly printed, and from their reasonable price, demand a place in every biblical library.,. In order to complete Dr. Lightfoot's Hora Hebraica et Talmudica, or Hebrew and Tulmudical Exercitations on the New Testament, which proceed no further than the first Epistle to the Corinthians, Christian SCHOETGENIUS published

10. Hora Hebraicæ et Talmudicæ in Universum Novum Testamentum, quibus Hora Jo. Lightfooti in libris historicis supplentur, epistolæ et apocalypsis eodem modo illustrantur. Dresdæ, 1733, 2 tomis, 4to.

on which Dr. Lightfoot has treated, as a supplement, without In this elaborate work, Schoetgenius passes over the same books touching the topics already produced in the English work; and then continues the latter to the end of the New Testament. Copies in good condition generally sell at from two to three guineas.

11. Novum Testamentum ex Talmude et Antiquitatibus Hebræorum illustratum, a Johanne Gerhardo MEUSCHENIO. Lipsia, 1736, 4to.

Scheidius, and others, who have applied themselves to the illustraIn this work are inserted various treatises by Danzius, Rhenford, tion of the New Testament from the Jewish writings.

SECTION III.

CHRISTIAN COMMENTATORS, INTERPRETERS, AND PARAPHRASTS
ON THE SCRIPTURES.

This work was preceded by a quarto tract of Loesner's, entitled Lectionum Philonianarum Specimen, published at Leipsic, in 1758. The force and meaning of words are particularly illustrated, together with points of antiquity and the readings of Philo's text. The light thrown upon the New Testament, by the writings of Philo, is admirably elucidated by Loesner; to complete whose work there should be added Adami Frid. KUHNII Spicilegium Loesneri Observationum ad N. T. e Philone Alexandrino. Sorau, 1783, § 1. COMMENTARIES BY THE FATHERS, AND OTHER DIVINES 4to.; 2d ed. Piortæ, 1785, 8vo. The second is the best edition. 6. Jo. Baptiste OTTI Spicilegium, sive Excerpta è Flavio Josepho ad Novi Testamenti Illustrationem. Curâ Sigeberti Havercampi. Lug. Bat. 1741, 8vo.

OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, PREVIOUSLY TO THE REFOR-
MATION.

THE following are the principal commentators on the sacred writings, who are to be found among the PRIMITIVE FATHERS

7. Jo. Tobiæ KREBSII Observationes in Novum Testamentum oF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH: but, in consulting their writings, e Flavio Josepho. Lipsia, 1755, 8vo.

the best editions only should be referred to, especially those by

Both these works are necessary to the Biblical Student, as Krebs Protestants; as the editions superintended by divines of the

106

Diodati was an emment Italian divine and reformer in the early part of the 17th century; his annotations are properly Scholia, rather practical than critical, but containing many useful hints; a considerable portion of them was introduced into the " Assembly's Annotations," noticed in p. 109. No. 4.

4. Jo. Christ. Frid. SCHULZII et Geo. Laur. BAUERI Scholia

2. Thomæ AQUINATIS, Doctoris Angelici, Commentaria in quosdam libros Veteris et Novi Testamenti; scilicet, in Job; Prima Quinquagena Davidis; Canticum Canticorum; Esaiam: Jeremiam, et Lamentationes; in Evangelia secundum Matthæum et Joannem ; Catena Aurea in quatuor Evangelia; ex dictis Patrum connexa; Commentaria in omnes D. Pauli Apostoli Epis-in Vetus Testamentum. Norimberga, 1783-1797, 10 vols. 8vo. tolas; folio, inter operum Tomos XIII-XVI. Venitiis, 1593-4, besides numerous editions of detached portions in various sizes. THOMAS AQUINAS, a celebrated scholastic doctor of the thirventh century, compiled a Catena on the four Gospels, from up wards of eighty Greek and Latin fathers, whose words he chiefly gives, rather than their meaning, and quotes the Greek fathers from Latin versions of their works. His comment long held a distinguished place in the Western Church.

There were however a few, though but few, interpreters of better note, who flourished during the period now under consideration, and who followed a better mode of interpretation. We shall briefly enumerate them.

3. BEDE Expositio in Libros Historicos Veteris Testamenti, in librum Tobiæ, Jobum, Parabolas Salomonis, et Cantica Canticorum: Expositio in Novum Testamentum, Retractationes et Quæstiones in Acta Apostolorum, folio. In his works.

The three first volumes only of these learned Scholia were ostensibly written by Professor Schulze,2 who states in his preface, that, in imitation of Rosenmüller's Scholia on the New Testament, he undertook similar short notes on the Old Testament. For this purpose, he has made extracts from the best philological and critical Scholia, chiefly from German works which are not readily accessible or intelligible by foreigners; this is no small advantage; and, independently of it, Schulze has added numerous critical notes of his own, besides the contributions of his learned friends. (Maty's Review, vol. v. pp. 406-412.) On the death of Schulze, Professor Bauer continued the work, and published the remaining seven volumes on the same plan.

5. Ernest. Frid. Car. ROSENMÜLLERI Scholia in Vetus Testamentum. Lipsia, 1795-1826, 18 vols. 8vo. 1823-34.

The Scholia of the younger Rosenmüller have long enjoyed a high reputation on the Continent. When he began to publish the first edition of his work, he was a neologian of the lowest class. In the new edition, he has given up many of these offensive tenets. He now admits the Pentateuch to be the composition of Moses, and finds predictions concerning the Messiah almost as often as one could desire; although some few of the psalms he still considers as not referring to the Messiah. But now and then the wary still as much a rationalist as ever he was. The student will find in most of his works very important treasures, if he knows how to make a right use of them. (Andover Biblical Repository for Jan. 1832, pp. 213-215.) The new edition of Rosenmüller's larger Scholia appeared at Leipzic in the following order :

The venerable BEDE, who lived in the eighth century, composed a Catena on nearly the whole of the New Testament, from the writings of the fathers, in which he interspersed but few remarks of his own. Deeply versed in Greek literature, he has the peculiar praise of drawing from original sources. 4. ALCUIN, the countryman and contemporary of BEDE, com-reader will plainly see that, as to any belief in inspiration, he is piled a commentary on some parts of the Scriptures, in which be made selections from Jerome, Chrysostom, Augustine, Bede, and other writers; not always with the best judgment. His biblical labours are contained in the editions of his collected works, printed at Paris in 1617, and at Ratisbon in 1777, in 2 volumes, folio.

§ 2. SCHOLIA ON THE ENTIRE BIBLE, OR THE GREATER PART

THEREOF.

1. Joannis MARIANE Scholia in Vetus et Novum Testamentum. Paris, 1620, folio.

2. HUGONIS GROTII Annotationes ad Vetus et Novum Testamentum.

Parts I and II. comprising the Pentateuch. Vol. I. Genesis,
1821; Vol. II. Exodus, 1822; Vol. III. Leviticus, Numbers,
Deuteronomy.

Part III. Isaiah, 3 vols. 8vo. 1818-1829-1833.
Part IV. The book of Psalms, 3 vols. 1821-1823.
Part V. The book of Job, 1824.

Part VI. Ezekiel, 2 vols. 8vo. 1826.

Part VII. The Minor Prophets; Vol. I. Hosea and Joel, 1827;
Vol. II. Amos, Obadiah, and Jonah, 1827; Vol. III. Nahum,
Micah, and Habakkuk; Vol. IV. Zephaniah, Haggai, Zecha-
riah, and Malachi.

Part VIII. Jeremiah, 2 vols. 1826-27.

Part IX. The Writings of Solomon, Vols. I. and II., 1829.
Part X. Daniel, 1833.

Part XI. The Historical Books. Vol. I. Joshua, 1832.

6. Ern. Frid. Car. ROSENMÜLLERI Scholia in V. T. in ComVols. I. III. Lipsia, 1828-1833, 8vo. pendium redacta.

The Scholia on the Old Testament were first published at Paris, in 1644 and those on the New Testament at the same place, in three volumes, in 1641, 1646, and 1650. They are also to be found in the fourth volume of his Opera Theologica (Basil, 1732, folio), as well as in the Critici Sacri, and in Calovius's Biblia Illustrata. They were republished in 4to., with numerous corrections by Vogel, vol. i. Hala, 1775; vol. ii. and vol. iii. were published in 1776 "In a brief preface to the first volume, the author states that he by Doederlein, who, in 1779, published an Auctarium, also in 4to., had frequently been solicited to publish an abridged edition of his which was separately sold under the title of Scholia in Libros Poeticos Veteris Testamenti. An edition of them was published by copious original work, which amounts to [upwards of] twenty Mr. Moody, in two vols. 4to., London, 1727; and his Scholia on the volumes; and several others are yet to be added, in order to comNew Testament were reprinted at Erlang in 1755 and following plete his design. The price of this is so high, even in Germany, years, in 4to. In 1830 a very neat edition of the Scholia on the that many who wish for the work are unable to purchase it. Principally with a view to accommodate persons of this class, the auNew Testament appeared at Groningen, in 8 vols. 8vo., the anony- thor has undertaken to publish a compendium of his original work. mous editor of which professes that he carefully corrected the nu- This labour he performs in the main by proxy. The gentleman, merous errors which had crept into preceding impressions. We who actually executes the task, is named John Christopher Sigishave been thus minute in stating the editions of Grotius's Scholia, mund LECHNER, and is evening preacher at St. Paul's church in on account of their intrinsic value. Father Calmet has criticised Leipzic. The professor speaks of him as vir clarissimus, in sacramany parts of them with great severity, particularly his preface to rum literarum dextre versato.' His commission is, to select from and explanation of the Canticles. Grotius," says Dr. Doddridge, the larger commentary whatever pertains to the explanation of the "has done more to illustrate the Scriptures, by what is generally meaning and forms of words in which there is any difficulty; also, called profane learning, than perhaps almost all the other commen- whatever is requisite in order to give a correct understanding of tators put together; nevertheless he too often gives up prophecies facts and events, ancient rites, the names of persons and places, which, in their original sense, relate to the Messiah. His notes on and other things of a similar nature. In passages of special diffisome texts are large and learned dissertations, which might have culty, some account of the views of other critics is given. Various profitably been published by themselves." "His learning," says readings that are important, are also noticed. The commission bean eminent biblical critic of the present day, " was very extensive; ing executed, the whole is reviewed by Rosenmüller himself; corhis erudition profound; and his moderation on subjects of contro-rections are made of his former opinions where he deems them versy highly praiseworthy. No man possessed a more extensive and accurate knowledge of the Greek and Latin writers; and no man more successfully applied them to the illustration of the sacred writings. He is, perhaps justly, suspected of Socinian sentiments; and is, in general, so intent upon the literal meaning of the Scriptures, as to lose sight of the spiritual." (Dr. A. Clarke). On the New Testament Grotius is particularly valuable for understanding the history and Hebraisms. The character of Grotius, as a commentator, is both fairly and ably estimated by Mr. Conybeare in his Bampton Lectures for 1824, pp. 259-263.

3. DIODATI (John) Annotations on the Bible, translated from the Italian. London, 1664, folio.

The references above, as well as in the following pages, to Drs. Doddridge and Adam Clarke, are to the "Lectures on Preaching" of the former, inserted in the fifth volume of his detached Works, printed at Leeds, 1804, p. 471. et seq., and to the "General Preface" of the latter, prefixed to vol. i. of his Commentary on the Bible, which is noticed in a subsequent

page.

necessary; now and then new matter is added; and a reference is made to important works on various subjects pertaining to sacred criticism, which have been published since the last edition of the larger Commentary. Such is the plan of the Compendium; a work which, in many respects, will be welcome to all the friends of sacred literature. Mr. Lechner appears to have executed his task with

2 Jahn affirms that they were not written by Schulze himself, but by Schoeder under his name: and he further adds, that, in general, on difficult passages, an ancient and a modern interpretation is given, and the decision between them is left to the reader's judgment. (Jahn, Enchiridion Hermeneuticæ Generalis, p. 173.) Whether Schöeder or Schulze wrote the first three volumes, is not material now to know: useful as the work un. questionably is, the reader should be informed that the author has adopted the fashionable hypothesis of many German divines, that Moses was a clever mythologue, who compiled his history from certain mythi or traditional narratives! This hypothesis is also adopted by Dathe; and it was embraced by the late Dr. Geddes in his version of the Bible. See it examined, and (we trust satisfactorily) refuted, supra, Vol. II. Part V. Chap. I

Sect. II.

Ejusdem, Commentarius in Prophetas priores, curâ Augusti | has illustrated a great number of passages in the New Testament, Pfeiffer. Lipsiæ, 1686, folio.

from Josephus, which are not noticed in Ott's Spicilegium. In pp. 527-612. of the latter publication, there is a curious collection of sixty-eight articles, omitted by Josephus, of which he could not have been ignorant; and to this is annexed an interesting dissertation of C. Bos, on the genuineness of the celebrated passage concerning Jesus Christ.

8. Mellificium Hebraicum, sive Observationes ex Hebræorum Antiquiorum monumentis desumptæ, unde plurima cum Veteris, tum Novi Testamenti, loca explicantur vel illustrantur. Autore Critici Sacri, pp. 1271—1426. Christophoro CARTWRIGHTO. In the eighth volume of the

being the first who applied the more ancient writings of the Jews To our learned countryman Cartwright belongs the honour of to the illustration of the Bible. He was followed in the same path of literature by Drusius, whose Præterita sive Annotationes in Totum Jesu Christi Testamentum (4to. Franequera, 1612) contain many

5. KIMCHI.-R. D. Kimchii Commentarius in Jesaiam, Latine valuable illustrations of the New Testament. Some additions were versus a Cæsare Malamineo. Florentiæ, 1774, 4to.

subsequently made to his work by Balthasar Scheidius, whose Præ-
noticed in No. 11. below.
terita Præteritorum are included in the publication of Meuschen,

6. MALACHIAS, cum Commentariis Aben Ezra, Jarchii et Kimchii disputationibus. Curâ Sam. Bohl. Rostochii, 1637, 4to. 7. HOSEAS, illustratus Chaldaica Versione et philologicis cele-Catharine Hall, Cambridge. Edited by the Rev. J. R. Pitnam, 9. The Works of the Rev. John LIGHTFOOT, D.D., Master of brium Rabbinorum Raschi, Aben Ezræ, et Kimchii Commentariis. A.M. London, 1822-25, 13 vols. 8vo. Helmstadii, 1702, 4to. Reprinted at Gottingen, 1780.

8. JOEL et OBADIAN, cum Paraphrasi Chaldaica, Masora, et Biblical Student. By his deep researches into the Rabbinical writThe writings of Dr. Lightfoot are an invaluable treasure to the Commentariis trium Rabbinorum. Heb. et Lat. curâ Jo. LEUS-ings, he has done more to illustrate the phraseology of the Holy DEN. Utrecht, 1657, 4to.

9. Johannis MERCERI Commentarii in Vates quinque priores, quibus adjuncti sunt R. Sal. Jarchii, Aben Ezræ, et Dav. Kimchii Commentarii, ab ipso Latinitate donati. Editio altera, curâ G. C. Bürklini. Gissæ, 1695.

10. J. B. CARPZOVII Collegium Rabbinico-Biblicum in libellum Ruth. Heb. et Lat. Lipsiæ, 1703, 4to.

Scriptures, and to explain the various customs, &c. therein alluded fore or since. Two editions of this learned Divine's works were to, particularly in the New Testament, than any other author bepublished previously to that now under consideration, viz. 1. The English edition of Dr. G. Bright, in two folio volumes, London, 1684; and, 2. A Latin edition, published at Rotterdam, in 2 vols. folio, 1686, entitled Joannis Lightfooti Opera Omnia, and again at Franeker in three folio volumes, which were superintended by the celebrated critic, Leusden. These foreign editions are taken from

the English one, the English parts being translated into Latin: the

This work contains the Hebrew text of the book of Ruth, the Targum, the great and little Masora, and four Rabbinical Commen-third volume in Leusden's edition is composed chiefly of several taries, together with Latin versions, and copious notes by the editor, J. B. Carpzov. Calmet states, that this book will be found of great service to those who are learning Hebrew, and will also serve as an introduction to the reading of the rabbinical writers.

§ 2. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, DERIVED FROM

JEWISH SOURCES.

1. Georgii Johannis HENKII Dissertatio de Usu Librorum Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti in Novo Testamento. Hala, 1711, 4to.

2. Christ. Theophili KUIN EL Observationes ad Novum Testamentum ex Libris Apocryphis Veteris Testamenti. Lipsiæ, 1794, 8vo.

3. Joh. Benedicti CARPZOVII Exercitationes in S. Pauli Epistolam ad Hebræos ex Philone Alexandrino. Præfixa sunt Philoniana Prolegomena, in quibus de non adeo contemnenda Philonis eruditione Hebraica, de convenientia stili Philonis cum illo D. Pauli in Epistola ad Hebræos, et de aliis nonnullis varii argumenti exponitur. Helmstadii, 1750, 8vo.

4. J. B. CARPZOVII Stricture Theologica in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. Adspersi subinde sunt Flores Philoniani. Helmstadii, 1758, 8vo.

This is the second and best edition of Carpzov's Observations on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans; they originally appeared in detached portions, at Helmstadt, in quarto, between the years 1752

and 1756.

5. Christophori Frederici LOESNERI Observationes ad Novum Testamentum e Philone Alexandrino. 8vo. Lipsia, 1777.

valuable to be altogether omitted. They were communicated by pieces, which Lightfoot had left unfinished, but which were too Mr. Strype, who in 1700 published "Some genuine Remains of the late pious and learned John Lightfoot, D.D." in 8vo. In preparing his edition, Mr. Pitman has adopted for his basis the London edition of 1684, and Strype's supplemental volume, incorporating the additional matter in Leusden's edition: and, by indefatigable researches, he has succeeded in recovering some pieces of Lightfoot's which were never before published. New Indexes and other facilities of reference, are given in the concluding volume of this edition. It is but justice to add that they are neatly and correctly printed, and from their reasonable price, demand a place in every biblical library. In order to complete Dr. Lightfoot's Hora Hebraica et Talmudica, or Hebrew and Talmudical Exercitations on the New Testament, which proceed no further than the first Epistle to the Corinthians, Christian SCHOETGENIUS published

10. Horæ Hebraicæ et Talmudice in Universum Novum Testamentum, quibus Hora Jo. Lightfooti in libris historicis supplentur, epistolæ et apocalypsis eodem modo illustrantur. Dresdæ, 1733, 2 tomis, 4to.

on which Dr. Lightfoot has treated, as a supplement, without In this elaborate work, Schoetgenius passes over the same books touching the topics already produced in the English work; and then continues the latter to the end of the New Testament. Copies in good condition generally sell at from two to three guineas.

11. Novum Testamentum ex Talmude et Antiquitatibus Hebræorum illustratum, a Johanne Gerhardo MEUSCHENIO. Lipsia, 1736, 4to.

In this work are inserted various treatises by Danzius, Rhenford, Scheidius, and others, who have applied themselves to the illustration of the New Testament from the Jewish writings.

SECTION III.

CHRISTIAN COMMENTATORS, INTERPRETERS, AND PARAPHRASTS
ON THE SCRIPTURES.

This work was preceded by a quarto tract of Loesner's, entitled Lectionum Philonianarum Specimen, published at Leipsic, in 1758. The force and meaning of words are particularly illustrated, together with points of antiquity and the readings of Philo's text. The light thrown upon the New Testament, by the writings of Philo, is admirably elucidated by Loesner; to complete whose work there should be added Adami Frid. KUHNII Spicilegium Loesneri Observationum ad N. T. e Philone Alexandrino. Sorau, 1783, § 1. COMMENTARIES BY THE FATHERS, AND OTHER DIVINES 4to.; 2d ed. Piortæ, 1785, 8vo. The second is the best edition. 6. Jo. Baptista OTTII Spicilegium, sive Excerpta è Flavio Josepho ad Novi Testamenti Illustrationem. Curâ Sigeberti Havercampi. Lug. Bat. 1741, 8vo.

OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, PREVIOUSLY TO THE REFOR-
MATION.

THE following are the principal commentators on the sacred writings, who are to be found among the PRIMITIVE FATHERS

7. Jo. Tobiæ KREBSII Observationes in Novum Testamentum oF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH: but, in consulting their writings, e Flavio Josepho. Lipsia, 1755, 8vo.

the best editions only should be referred to, especially those by

Both these works are necessary to the Biblical Student, as Krebs Protestants; as the editions superintended by divines of the

Romish Church are not only frequently corrupted, but spurious | 1807, Matthiæ published fifty-two of his homilies at Moscow, in writings are also often ascribed to the fathers, in order to support 8vo. with various readings, a commentary and index.5 the anti-scriptural dogmas of that church.1

[i.] Greek Fathers.

3. THEODORETI, Episcopi Cyrensis, Explanationes in Pauli Epistolas omnes. Inter Opera, Parisiis, 1608, 2 tomis, folio. Parisiis, 1642, 4 tomis, folio. Hala, 1769-74, 5 tomis, 8vo. THEODORET, Bishop of Cyrus, or Cyropolis, in Syria, wrote in the ORIGENIS in Scripturas Sacras Commentaria, quæcunque fifth century: though he chiefly follows Chrysostom in his comGræce reperiri potuerunt. Edidit, partim Latinè vertit, et uni-mentary on St. Paul's Epistles, he has added many new and striking versa notis et observationibus illustravit Petrus Daniel Huetius. observations of his own, and has successfully vindicated many Rothomagi, 1668, 2 tomis, folio. passages against the Arians and other sectaries of his time. The critical merits of Theodoret as an expositor of Scripture, were investigated by M. Richter in a treatise entitled De Theodoreto Epistolarum Paulinarum Interprete Commentarius Historico-Exe

pre

Accessit Evangelium Joannis. Defuncto Passovio editionem curavit Nicolaus Bachius. Lipsiæ, 1833, 8vo.

fifteenth century. His paraphrase on St. John's Gospel, which is NONNUS, of Panopolis in Egypt, lived in the early part of the written in Greek verse, contains some various readings which have been noticed by Mill, Bengel, Wetstein, Griesbach, and Scholz, in their several critical editions of the Greek Testament. Passow's edition of Nonnus is the best that has ever been published.

[ii.] Latin Fathers.

ORIGEN flourished in the latter part of the second and through the first half of the third century; and was distinguished not more by his learning than by his piety and eloquence. He wrote Com-geticus. Lipsiæ, 1822, 8vo. mentaries on the Old and New Testaments, the greater part of which is now lost: the best separate edition of what has been 4. NONNI Panopolita Metaphrasis Evangelii Joannei. Recenserved is this of Huet. He also wrote Scholia or short notes ex-suit, Lectionumque varietate instruxit Franciscus Passovius. planatory of difficult passages of Scripture, in which he chiefly attended to the literal sense. Of these Scholia some extracts only are preserved in the collection made by Gregory Nazianzen and Basil the Great, entitled Philocalia, and published at Paris, in 1618, 4to. His Homilies, in which he addressed himself to the capacities of the people, as well as his numerous other works, both practical and controversial, our limits permit us not to detail; and his critical labours on the sacred writings are noticed in another part of this work.2 In the Commentaries above mentioned, Origen gave full scope to his learning and imagination, in what appeared to him to be the historical, literal, mystical, and moral sense of the Bible.3 Origen's grand fault is that of allegorizing the Scriptures too much; and this method of interpretation he adopted from the Alexandrian philosophers, in the hope of establishing an union between heathen philosophy and Christian doctrine. His fundamental canon of criticism was, that, wherever the literal sense of Scripture was not obvious, or not clearly consistent with his peculiar tenets, the words were to be understood in a spiritual and mystical sense; a rule by which he could easily incorporate any fancies, whether original or borrowed, with the Christian creed. Mosheim has justly characterized this father as one of the most eminent of the writers of the third century, who distinguished themselves by their learned and pious productions; and as "a man of vast and uncommon abilities, the greatest luminary of the Christian world that this age exhibited to view. Had the justness of his judgment been equal to the immensity of his genius, the fervour of his piety, his indefatigable patience, his extensive erudition, and his other eminent and superior talents, all encomiums must have fallen short of his merit. Yet, such as he was, his virtues and his labours deserve the admiration of all ages; and his name will be transmitted with honour through the annals of time, as long as learning and genius shall be esteemed among men."4-The expository writings of Origen are to be found in the collective editions of his works: the most complete is the edition published by M. de la Rue, in four vols. folio, Paris, 1733-59; reprinted by M. Oberthür at Wurceburg, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1780 and following years.

2. Joannis CHRYSOSTOMI Sermones tres in Genesim;-Quatuor Homiliæ in Psalmos;-Expositio perpetua in Novum Jesu Christi Testamentum; folio. In the various editions of his collective works.

1. HIERONYMI Quæstiones Hebraicæ in Genesin ;-Ejusdem Commentarii in Ecclesiasten; duæ in Canticum Canticorum Homiliæ, ex Græco Origenis;-Commentarii in Iesaiam ;-Homiliæ novem in Visiones Isaiæ, ex Græco Origenis;-Commentarius in Jeremiam;-Commentarii in Ezechielem Libri XIV.;

Commentarius in Danielem. Homilia Origenis XXVIII., Explanationes in Jeremiam et Ezechielem continentes ;-Commentarii in XII Prophetas Minores; Commentarii in Matthæum Libri IV.;-Commentarii in Pauli Epistolas ad Galatas, Ephesios, Titum, et Philemonem, folio. In the different editions of his works.

JEROME, of all the Latin fathers, has rendered the most important services to the Christian world, by his elaborate Commentary on the Scriptures, and his prefaces to the different books. His commentary on the Prophets is reckoned the best part of his works; his valuable Latin version of the Scriptures has been noticed in the latter part of the first volume. The principal editions of this eminently learned father's works are those of Paris, 1693-1706, in five vols. folio) and of Verona, 1734–1742, in eleven vols. folio.

2. HILARII Commentarius in Psalmos et in Evangelium Matthæi, folio, in the various editions of his works.

HILARY, Bishop of Poitiers, in the fourth century, wrote Commentaries on the Psalms, and on the Gospel of St. Matthew, which consist more of what he borrowed from Origen than of the results of his own studies: and on this account Morus is of opinion, that thor must not be confounded with Hilary, surnamed the Deacon, little assistance can be derived from consulting them. This aufrom the office which he filled in the Church at Rome in the middle of the fourth century: and who wrote a Commentary on St Paul's Epistles, which is printed in the second volume of the Benedictine edition of Ambrose's works (Paris, 1686-1690, 2 vols. folio), to whom they are erroneously ascribed.

3. Aurelii AUGUSTINI Commentarii tam in Vetus quam in Novum Testamentum, ex omnibus ejusdem lucubrationibus collecti. Studio et labore Joannis Gastii. Venetiis, 1543, 2 vols. 4to.

JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, who flourished in the fourth century, was a pupil of Diodorus of Tarsus, who had himself been a disciple of Origen's. He wrote homilies on the greater part of the Old Testament, and on the whole of the New Testament, with the exception of the Catholic epistles. His homilies on the New Testament are every way preferable to those on the Old. Ernesti is of opinion that none of the productions of the fathers are equal to those of Chrysostom on St. Paul's Epistles; and that all subsequent Greek commentators on them have exclusively followed him. On the historical books, his commentary on St. Matthew is incomparably the best and most copious, and is particularly worthy of being perused. Chrysostom's manner of expounding is this: he first takes a verse of fourth century, wrote several Treatises on the Scriptures, and parAUGUSTINE, the celebrated Bishop of Hippo in Africa, in the Scripture, which he explains; and then investigates and elucidates ticularly Commentaries on the Psalms, neither of which are now the meaning of particular words, pointing out the scope of the held in much estimation, notwithstanding the high rank he holds sacred author, whose style and genius he examines, and rendering in ecclesiastical history. His piety, indefatigable application, suball Hebraisms by equivalent intelligible Greek expressions. He lime genius, unwearied pursuit of truth, and the acuteness of his throughout adheres to the literal sense, which he maintained to be wit, are universally allowed. "It is however certain," says Mothe true one. The homilies are found in the beautiful Editio Prin-sheim, "that the accuracy and solidity of his judgment were by no ceps of his works published by Sir Henry Saville, in 8 vols. folio, means proportionable to the eminent talents now mentioned; and Eton, 1612; and in Montfaucon's edition, which is the best, pub- that upon many occasions, he was more guided by the violent imlished at Paris, in 13 vols. folio, 1718-1738. An admirable French pulse of a warm imagination, than by the cool dictates of reason and translation of a selection from Chrysostom's Homilies, and other prudence. Hence that ambiguity which appears in his writings, works, was printed by Auger, at Paris, 1785, in 4 vols. 8vo. In and which has sometimes rendered the most attentive readers uncomplaints which many have made of the contradictions that are so certain with respect to his real sentiments; and hence also the just frequent in his work, and of the levity and precipitation with which he set himself to write upon a variety of subjects, before he had examined them with a sufficient degree of attention and diligence."6 Jahn has remarked that the genius of Augustine resembled that of Origen rather than that of Jerome, to both of whom he was greatly

1 See numerous proofs of this remark in James's Treatise of the Corruption of Scripture Councils and Fathers by the prelates, &c. of the church of Rome, for maintenance of popery, pp. 1-271. London, 1688, 8vo. 2 See Vol. I. Part I. pp. 267, 268.

3 Jahn's Enchiridion Hermeneuticæ Generalis, pp. 163, 164. A further account of Origen's expository labours may be seen in Ernesti's Institutio Interpretis Novi Testamenti, pp. 286, 287. and in Morus's Acroases super Hermeneutica Novi Fœderis, tom. ii. pp. 230-236.; in Rosenmüller's Historia Interpretationis Librorum Sacrorum, tom. iii. pp. 17-156. and Simon's Hist. Crit. du Vieux Test. liv. iii. ch. ix. pp. 439-442.

Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. vol. i. p. 270. edit. 1806. On the merits of Origen as an interpreter of Holy Writ, see Conybeare's Bampton Lectures for 1824, pp. 131-143.

• Several editions of Chrysostom's Homilies are enumerated by Harles, well as to those of Ernesti and Morus, above referred to, we are chiefly in his Brevior Notitia Literaturæ Græcæ, pp. 739-741.; to which work, as indebted for the following notices of the Commentaries of the Greek fathers • Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, vol. i. p. 363.