About this time a persecution was raised against Loyola at Rome, who, notwithstanding all opposition, went on with his great work, while some of his companions were employed upon great occasions by the pope, François Xavier and Simon Rodriquez being sent to the Indies with "no less than the title of Apostles of the New World.'

In 1540, Loyola having pressed his petition with greater warmth, Pope Paul III. confirmed his society, on condition that its number should never exceed three score, and in 1543, without any restrictions.

Faber, and Lainez should again go to Rome to aquaint the pope with the intentions of the whole company, and the rest were to go to the most famous universities of Italy, to improve the morals and religion of the young students. Before they separated, they bound themselves to observe the following rules: "First, that they should lodge in hospitals, and live only upon alms. Secondly, that they should be superiors by turns, each in his week, lest their fervor should carry them too far if they did not prescribe limits to one another for their penances and labor. Thirdly, that they should preach in all public places, Loyola was created general of this new and every other place where they could be order in 1541, made Rome his headquar permitted to do it; should set forth in their ters, and had the satisfaction of seeing his sermons the beauty and rewards of virtue, companions spread themselves over Spain, with the deformity and punishment of sin, Portugal, Germany, Japan, China, Amerand this in a plain, evangelical manner, ica, and the far extremities of the world. without the vain ornaments of eloquence. He employed himself in the conversion of Fourthly, that they should teach children the Jews, with whom Rome was crowded the Christian doctrine, and the principles at that time, and Paul III. enacted a law of good manners; and fifthly, that they by which they preserved all their possesshould take no money for executing their sions, and if any of them, who might be functions, but do all for the glory of God, well-born, turned Christians, contrary to and nothing else." They all consented their parents' consent, the whole subcheerfully to these articles, but being often stance of the family devolved to them. asked who they were, and what was their institute, Ignatius told them that, "Being united to fight against heresies and vices, under the standard of Jesus Christ, the only name that answered their design was 'The Society of Jesus.'

The three arrived in Rome about the end of the year 1537, and soon after had audience of his Holiness Paul III. They offered him their service, the founder hoping to do great things for the Church by means of his "Spiritual Exercises." The pope dismissed them at first, not, however, without encouragement, and Loyola, then sending for the rest of his companions, who were dispersed through Italy, proposed founding a new order, and the general scheme being agreed on, they resolved, that to the vows of poverty and chastity which they had already taken they should add that of obedience; that they should elect a superior general, whom they "must all obey as God himself;" that this superior should be perpetual, and his authority absolute; that wheresoever they should be sent, they should go instantly, with cheerful alacrity, even without any viaticum, living upon alms if it should be so required; that the professed of their society should possess nothing either in particular or in common, but that they might have colleges, with revenues and rents, in the universities, for the subsistence of the students.

Julius III. and Paul IV. added a new ordinance, namely, that all the synagogues in Italy should be taxed every year a certain sum, to be applied to the maintenance of his proselytes. Lost women were another object of Loyola's zeal and care. There was a convent of Magdalenists at that time in Rome, into which women who were desirous of leaving their infamous course of life were admitted, provided they would take all the vows of the order, and lead a conventual life for the rest of their days. Loyola, considering this and some other conditions too severe, founded a new community for penitents of this kind, where maids and married women might be indifferently admitted. Its title was, "The community of the grace of the Blessed Virgin." He had rooms built in St. Martha's church, and frequently conducted them thither himself. He was sometimes told that he was wasting his time, as such women were never really converted, to which he replied:

"If I did hinder them but one night offending God, I should think my time and labor well employed."

Several women would have submitted themselves to his discipline, but the remembrance of the widow and her daughter at Alcara de Henares, and the great trou ble which the spiritual direction of them had given him, obliged him to free his society forever from the perplexing task.

His companions, who had not yet pene-ization began to be talked of, his miracles trated to France, established themselves became innumerable, and were confirmed there in 1550, the same year in which by all sorts of witnesses. Pope Paul V. Pope Julius III. gave a new bull of confirmation to the society, in which he eulogized it greatly. Notwithstanding these eulogies the new society caused great alarm in France, and met with stubborn opposition. The Parliament of Paris, the Sorbonne, the University, alarmed at the singularity of its privilege and constitution, arose in arms against it, the Sorbonne declaring in a decree of 1554 that it was more likely to ruin than to edify the faithful; and, perhaps, when we consider that Loyala's favorite maxim was "The end justifies the means," we can hardly be surprised at this decree, which, having been sent to Rome, the principal Jesuits wished to respond and let the doctors know that they judged the society wrongly and harshly. Ignatius, however, more prudent and long-sighted than his confreres, thought the best response a profound silence.

beatified him in 1609, Gregory XV. inserted him in the catalogue of saints in 1622, Innocent X. and Clement IX. increased the honors that were paid him. But whatever honors might be paid to Loyola, nothing can be more surprising in his history than the prodigious power which his order acquired in so few years in the Old World as well as in America. It is surprising how much this order multiplied in a short time after it was once established. In 1543, the Jesuits were but eighty in all; in 1545, they had but ten houses; in 1549, they had two provinces, one in Spain, another in Portugal, and twenty-two houses. In 1556, when Loyola died, they had twelve great provinces; in 1608, Ribademeira reckons twenty-nine provinces, two vice-provinces, twenty-one professed houses, two hundred and ninetythree colleges, thirty-three houses of probation, ninety-three other residences, and ten thousand five hundred and eighty-one Jesuits. And in the last catalogue, which was printed at Rome in 1679, they reckon thirty-five provinces, two vice-provinces, thirty-three professed houses, five hundred and seventy-eight colleges, forty-eight houses of probation, eighty-eight seminaries, one hundred and sixty residences, one hundred and six missions, and in all seventeen thousand six hundred and fiftyfive Jesuits, of whom seven thousand eight hundred and seventy were priests. What contributed chiefly to the prodigious increase of this order in so short a time, was the great encouragement they received from the popes, as well as from the kings of Spain and Portugal. They received this encouragement for the use it was supposed they might be of to both these powers. Various sects of religion were Loyala, after having received the confir- at that time insulting popery, especially in mation of his order from Pope Julius III., Germany, where Lutheranism was prevailin 1550, wished to resign his generalship, ing mightily. The Jesuits were thought but the Jesuits not permitting this, he a proper order to oppose these insults and continued head of "the Society of Jesus' "incursions, and so far might be useful to until his death, which took place on the the pope. The Spaniard found his ac31st July, 1556, in his sixty-sixth year, count in sending them to the Indies, where, thirty-five after his conversion, and sixteen by planting Christianity and inculcating after his society was founded. "But," good manners, they might reduce barba says an old writer, "he could not be said rous nations into a more civilized form, to die immaturely, with regard to his glory, and by that means make them better subfor he lived to see his followers spread jects. The Jesuits were very likely perover the face of the whole earth, and giv- sons to succeed in these employments, ing laws under him to almost all nations. whether we consider their manners, disciIt was not pretended at first that Loyola pline or policy. They carried a great wrought any miracles, but when his canon-appearance of holiness, and observed a

"In certain things," said he, "it is better to be silent than to speak; and one does not want to avenge or defend oneself by the pen, when truth avenges and defends itself. No matter how great the authority of the theologians who condemn us, it ought not to give us any uneasiness. God is our defender, let us put our cause in his hands, and we shall triumph over calumny." He assured them that, notwithstanding all these obstacles, the society would be received in France, and that the college they had in Paris would be one of the most celebrated. He was prophetic. Patience and tact dispersed these storms little by little, the Parliament of Paris consented at last to the establishments of the Jesuits in France, because they appeared to be a likely society to oppose the Prot

estants.

regularity of conduct in their lives and conversations, which gave them great influence over the people, who, on this account, and especially as they took upon them the education of youth, without pay or reward, conceived the highest opinion of, and reverence for them. Their policy too, within themselves, was wisely contrived, firmly established. They admitted none into their society that were not perfectly qualified in every respect. Their discipline was rigid, their government absolute, their obedience most submissive and implicit."

According to the old historians, Ignatius Loyola was of middle stature, rather short than tall, of an olive complexion, baldheaded, deep-set eyes full of fire, a large forehead, and an aquiline nose. He halted a little in his walk, by reason of the wound he received at the siege of Pampeluna, but by the care be took to hide this defect, walking carefully, he managed so that it was hardly perceived.

that means, which nothing will ever be able to remove.

"They have," says a writer of the eighteenth century, "industriously propagated doctrines, which have exposed sovereign princes to slaugher and States to revolutions, witness the murder of Henry IV. of France, the gunpowder plot in England, etc., etc. They have corrupted morality by mental reserves and logical distinctions, to such a degree that, according to them, the vilest and most profligate wretches in the world may do just what they please, yet not offend against its rules; and for this they have often been thoroughly exposed; more especially in the " Provincial Letters" of M. Pascal. Their power has been on the decline for some time, and the late attempt upon the king of Portugal's life, in which they were not concerned a little, gave almost a fatal blow to it."

The assasinations, the spirit of intrigue, cupidity, and self-interest, which were a No society or religious order ever had reproach to some of the successors of so many enemies as the Jesuits have had. "Saint Ignatius," were never the feelings The numbers of books that have been or designs which animated and inspired written against them would form a consid- the founder of the Jesuits. If his youth erable library. They met with more oppo- had its faults and its irregularities, his old sition in France and Spain than in any age was a model of all the virtues, at least other countries, and this opposition was according to two of his confreres, Maffei not without just foundation. However and Bonhours. The praise the latter beserviceable to the see of Rome, to which stowed on his superior was very modest they have always been most devoutly at-in comparison to the wonderful things that tached, they have been very pernicious were said of him in Spain at the time, and detrimental in other countries; and which made him indeed a saint and a wonhave brought odium on their society by der.

The objects are all of silver, the principal piece being a very large basin, on which have been fastened plates of silver hammered out with figures of men, women, and animals. The basin is twenty-six Danish inches in diameter, but scarcely eight inches high. One or two pieces are apparently wanting; but it is hoped they will turn up when the moss is minutely examined. The eye-holes of the figures are now empty, but have evidently been filled with colored glass. One of the plates, which is nearly seventeen inches long, shows warriors with helmets and other ornaOne figure is a god with a wheel at his side, and on another are two elephants.

ments.

A third shows a horned god in a sitting posture with his legs crossed Oriental wise.

All these have apparently nothing to do with northern mythology, as was first supposed. The whole find has now reached the Danish National Museum, and we see that these pieces belong to the god-lore of the Gallic peoples. The god with the wheel, for instance, is the Gallic Sun-god. The whole is the work of a Gallic artist at that early period when the Roman and Gallic peoples first came in contact. Allowing time for these things to wander so far north, the date would seem to be, as regards Denmark, the first century before Christ. Other things belonging to this Gallic group have been found previously in this country. The total weight of precious metal hitherto exhumed is about twenty Danish pounds.

Academy,

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