change to chrysalis, and from which the moths are produced early in the autumn to continue the race. In this instance these caterpillars took a decided liking for the strawberry vines, and in spite of the most vigilant search for them, day after day and night after night, they defoliated a large patch of the vines to such an extent that they were utterly ruined. Nearly all through the month of June they literally swarmed, and scarcely a night passed without considerable damage being done by them."

Concerning remedies for its attack he adds:

"The battle must be fought with this insect while in the larva or caterpillar state, and then the surest way of disposing of them is to catch and kill them. By searching around the vines just under the surface of the ground during the day, many may be turned up and destroyed, and by inspecting again at night when they are active and busy, their ranks may be still further thinned, and by continuing this treatment, day after day, they may no doubt be kept under. Probably dusting the vines with hellebore would poison them as it does other leaf-feeding insects; this measure is at least worthy of a trial."

It is possible that these cutworms might be enticed and poisoned in the field with cabbage leaves or other foliage laid on the ground and poisoned with Paris green or other arsenical substances.

Fig. 3. STALK BORER (Gortyna nitela, Guenée): Moth and larva.

Concerning the work in the strawberry field of this well-known and widespread insect, I can add nothing to the mere mention made by Prof. Riley in his third report as State Entomologist of Missouri, that it sometimes bores into ripe strawberries. It is very unlikely that it could do any noticeable damage in this way unless its breeding had been encouraged by permitting the unrestrained growth of thick-stemmed weeds in or near the strawberry field.

The Strawberry Leaf-roller. Anchylopera fragaria, Riley.

Order Lepidoptera, Family Tortricidae.

Under this name we have to deal with one of the most destructive enemies of the plant, which at one time threatened to put an end to the cultiva

tion of the strawberry over large areas, and which would probably have done so, for a considerable time, at least, if measures of controlling it had not happily been hit upon.

The following description is by Prof. Riley, and is extracted from the American Entomologist for January, 1869:—

"The larva or caterpillar measures, when full grown, a little more than one-third of an inch. It is largest on the front segments, tapering slightly towards the hinder ones. In color it varies from a very light yellowish

Fig. 4. STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER (Anchylopera fragaria, Riley): a. Larva; b. Anterior segments, magnified; c. Moth; d. Last segments. After Riley.

brown to a dark olive-green or brown, with a body soft and somewhat semitransparent. Its head is of a shining yellowish brown color, with a dark eyespot on each side. The second segment has a shield above, similar in color and appearance to the head, and on each segment or ring of the body are a few pale spots, from each one of which arises a single hair. The hinder segment has two black spots, while the under surface, feet, and forelegs are about the same color as the body above. In certain parts of Northern Illinois and Indiana this insect has been ruining the strawberry beds in a most wholesale manner. It crumples and folds the leaves, feeding on their pulpy substance, and causes them to appear dry and seared. It most usually lines the inside of the fold with silk. There are two broods during the year, and the worms of the first brood, which appear during the month of June, change to the pupa state within the rolled-up leaf, and become moths during the fore part of July.

"The moth has the head, thorax, and fore wings reddish brown, the latter streaked and spotted with black and white; the hind wings and abdomen are dusky. The wings, when spread, measure nearly half an inch across. After pairing, the females deposit their eggs on the plants, from which eggs, in due time, there hatches a second brood of worms, which come to their growth towards the end of September, and changing to pupæ, pass the winter in that state."

Observations made at Normal show that considerable numbers of the larvæ winter over. The moths begin to fly very early in spring, the first warm days of the opening season calling them forth.

The favorite remedy for this pest is that of mowing the field after the berries are picked, and burning it over when dry. The plants are not hurt, and the leaf-roller is checked at once, and in two or three years reduced to insig

nificance, if not entirely exterminated Sprinkling or dusting the vines, in August, with suitable poisons, during the life of the second brood, would probably be equally effectual.

Other Strawberry Leaf-rollers.

Mr. Saunders mentions a second leaf-roller of the strawberry, under the name of Exartema permundana, Clemens, which was found attacking strawberry vines in Canada, in immense numbers, in one case destroying nearly half the crop. I quote from the valuable paper already so frequently cited: "All these leaf-rollers have the habit of rolling up the leaves and fastening them with silken threads, and living within the enclosure; but this little creature prefers taking the flowers, expanded and unexpanded, and, bringing them together with silken threads into a sort of ball, it feasts on their substance. This peculiarity makes its attacks much more annoying and destructive than any mere consumption of leaves would be. It is small in size, of a green color, and with very active habits, wriggling itself quickly out of its hiding place when disturbed. It is the progeny of a small moth, with its fore wings yellowish, varied with brown streaks and patches, and darker hind wings, who lays her eggs quite early in the spring, placing them upon the developing leaves, where the newly hatched larvæ may be sure to enjoy an abundance of tender and juicy food, and these attain to nearly their full growth and are just then capable of most mischief, at the time when the plant is coming into full flower.

"We have found this species attacking the wild strawberry in different localities, and have little doubt but that it is widely disseminated; but why it should so persistently attack the plants in one locality, and multiply so amazingly there, while comparatively unknown in other places, we are unable to more than guess. Possibly they may have been kept under in other localities by parasites which feed on them. The larvæ of most moths are liable to attack from one or more of such enemies, and we know that this species is not exempt, for several of the larvæ which we succeeded in bringing into the chrysalis state, instead of producing moths, yielded specimens of these small parasitic flies.

"This species was described by Dr. Clemens in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, for August, 1860, where the author states that 'the larvæ bind together the terminal leaves of Spiræa.' Hence it would appear that this insect does not confine itself to the strawberry as a food plant, and may possibly be quite a general feeder. The chrysalides of this species were of the usual dark brown color, from which the moths made their escape from the eighth to the twelfth of July."

Still another species of the same habit, Lozctænia fragariæ, from the wild strawberry, has been described by Prof. Packard in his “Guide to the Study of Insects." The larva was found in Maine early in June, in folds of the leaves; the moth appearing about the middle of the same month. The moth is very pretty, and measures, when its wings are expanded, eight-tenths of

an inch. Its fore wings are red, darker on the outer half, and with a large triangular white spot near the middle of the front edge; the outer edge of the spot is hollowed out. The outer edge of the wing is pale, especially in the middle, and about the same color as the head and thorax; the hind wings and abdomen are of a whitish buff, underneath they are whitish.

Various other species have also been briefly referred to as enemies of this plant, but it does not seem worth while to multiply descriptions of them, as the same principles must guide us in the destruction of all of them. Fire or insect poisons, either arsenical or vegetable, like hellebore water, must be used, according to the season when the worms or pupæ occur upon the leaves.

The Grape-vine Colaspis. Colaspis flavida, Say.

Order Coleoptera, Family Chrysomelida.

Fig. 5, GRAPEVINE COLASPIS (Colaspis flavida, Say): Enlarged, and natural size.

Prof. Riley states in his third report as State Entomologist of Missouri, that this beetle greedily devours the leaves of the strawberry, commencing to appear in June and continuing until autumn, although leaving the strawberry vines for other food, to a great extent, late in July and in August. The following is Say's description of the beetle:

"Pale yellowish; elytra striate, with a double series of punctures. Body densely punctured; punctures rather large and profound, head with two slightly elevated tubercles between the antennæ; thorax tinged with rufous; elytra with elevated lines, of which the inner one curves round at base and descends a short distance to unite with the sutural line; interstitial spaces, excepting the subsutural one and the two exterior ones, with double series of rather large profound punctures; exterior edge blackish brown; venter dusky. Length nearly one-fifth of an inch. Var. a. Interstitial spaces of the elytra black; beneath, excepting the feet, black.”

Prof. Riley's inference in the article cited, that this beetle is the adult of the common root-worm of the strawberry, can not yet be regarded as established as will be explained more fully under Paria aterrima, when treating of species injurious to the root.

The beetle (Colaspis) could, of course, be easily poisoned in the strawberry field; but as it feeds on the leaves of the grape as well, and possibly on some other plants, such treatment might not be a complete remedy.

Until the larva of this beetle is more certainly known, and its life history has been thoroughly cleared up, we can not recommend more effective

measures.

The Root-worm Beetle. Paria aterrima, Oliv.

Order Coleoptera, Family Chrysomelida.

This beetle, probably the imago or adult of the root-worm, will be fully described and discussed under the latter name, and I need only mention here the fact that it appears on the vines in both spring and summer (August), and that it may be poisoned at the latter period without trouble, as has been several times proven by experiment.

Locusts. Caloptenus spretus, Thos., Acridium americanum, Drury, etc.

Order Orthoptera, Family Acridida..

Prof. Riley mentions strawberry leaves as among the favorite food plants of the Rocky Mountain locust (Seventh Report, p. 159), and we have found the young of the second species above mentioned devouring the strawberry leaves in Southern Illinois. Mr. F. S. Earle, of Cobden, Ill., writes in July: "A few days ago I noticed some 'flocks' of young grasshoppers [probably of this species] that were literally eating up some strawberry plants. They were quite small, apparently just hatched, and there were not enough of them to do any serious harm, but they made a clean sweep as far as they went." The Strawberry Plant-louse. Siphonophora fragariæ, Koch. Order Hemiptera, Family Aphididæ.

Fig. 6. STRAWBERRY PLANT-LOUSE (Siphonophora fragariæ, Koch): Root form (?) from crown. H. Garman.

This species occurs in numbers large enough to attract attention and occasionally to do decided injury, in Kansas and Illinois, * and probably elsewhere also. Like all the plant-lice, it is far more dangerous than its usual insignificance would lead one to suppose. The reproductive rate of these insects is

The form figured above, from Southern Illinois, has the aspect of an Aphis, and it is possible that the Illinois species is not Siphonophora fragaria, as was supposed by Dr. Thomas. Until the aerial forms can be seen, however, I prefer to leave the matter as above.