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they seized him, bound him with cords, and dragged him through the streets till

he died. The Christians gathered up his remains, which were afterwards translated to Venice, where a magnificent Church was erected over them, and of which city S. Mark has ever since been considered the patron saint. He is the least popular of the

Evangelists in England, thirteen Churches only being named in his honour. Emblem: the evan

gelic symbol of a winged lion, or a lion winged or unwinged by his side while he is writing his Gospel. The origin and probable interpretations of these symbols of the Evangelists are treated of in another part of this book.

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MAY 1. S. Philip the Apostle was of Bethsaida in Galilee; and was a married man, and had several daughters when he was called by our Saviour to follow Him. After the Ascension he preached the Gospel in Phry

gia, but we have very little authentic information relative to his acts and martyrdom, nor is it clear that he did suffer as a martyr, though tradition asserts him to have been crucified, because he destroyed by holding up a cross

a large dragon or serpent, which the Phrygians worshipped; like S. Peter he also is said to have suffered with his head downwards. Twelve Churches in England are dedicated in his name, and four jointly

with S. James. He is usually represented with a cross, sometimes of large dimensions, sometimes merely a staff terminating in a cross, occasionally it is a Tor tau cross, and more rarely a double cross; he often carries a basket with loaves and sometimes loaves in his hand, in reference to S. John vi. 5, 7.

S. James the Less, surnamed the Just, was author of the Epistle which bears his name. He is called the brother of our Lord, and was the first Bishop of Jerusalem; he is by some supposed to have been styled "the Less" because he was less in stature than S. James the Great, or younger in age; he was martyred in a tumult in the year 62, being thrown down from the top of the temple; he was not killed by the fall, but got upon his knees and prayed, and in this posture he was killed by clubs and stones, being in his 96th year. He is always represented with a club of peculiar shape, called a fuller's bat, which is traditionally alleged to have been the instrument of his martyrdom. He may sometimes be distinguished in paintings by his likeness to our Saviour, which the legend says to have been so very striking that Judas was obliged to point out our Lord to the soldiers by the kiss with which he betrayed Him. We have been unable to find any Churches named specially after S. James the Less; about three hundred and fifty are dedicated in the name of S. James, some of

which may be in honour of this saint, though they are generally thought to refer to S. James the Great; S. James the Less is always meant when in conjunction with S. Philip, and there are four Churches in England having this joint dedication. Norton S. Philip, Somersetshire, has the dedication of S. Philip and All Saints.

MAY 3. Invention of the Cross, A.D. 326. S. Helen, mother of Constantine the Great, undertook a journey into Palestine in 326. On her arrival at Jerusalem she was inspired with a great desire of finding the identical cross on which Christ had suffered. She ordered the temple of Venus, which profaned the supposed site, to be pulled down, and on digging to a great depth, they discovered three crosses; not knowing which was the cross of our Saviour, the holy Bishop, Macarius, suggested to S. Helen to cause the three crosses to be carried to a lady who was extremely ill: the crosses were singly applied to the patient, who perfectly recovered by the touch of one, the other two having been tried without effect. Other legends say it was a dead person to whom the crosses were applied, the third restoring the body to life. The demand for pieces of this true cross was so great, that in the time of Paulinus (c. A.D. 420) much more existed than could have formed many crosses, and the legend adds that it was miraculously increased, and pieces were taken

See also Sept. 14th, and S. Helen in part 2.

from it without any loss to its substance. Emblem ; the cross lifted out of a tomb amidst spectators. In Callot's Images for this day there is a figure of S. Helen with the cross in one hand and nails in the other. In Le Clerc three crosses are discovered in the ground, and sick and infirm persons are being brought to test the true cross by touching it. Dalling Church, Norfolk, is said to be dedicated in honour of the Invention of the Cross.

MAY 6. S. John the Evangelist, ante Portam Latinam, A.D. 75. This day is so named from a legend that S. John the Evangelist, in his old age, was sent to Rome by Domitian; and there, before the gate called Porta Latina, was put into a cauldron of boiling oil, from which he suffered no injury. Previous to this a cup containing poison had been given him, but he drove the poison out in the shape of a snake or dragon and drank it unhurt; he was afterwards banished to the Isle of Patmos. This day is still kept as a great Festival at S. John's College, Cambridge. He is occasionally represented outside the gates of a city, in a large cauldron of oil, sometimes with a fire under it. The cup or Ichalice with the snake is his most usual emblem. (See Dec. 27.)

MAY 19. S. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 988. This celebrated man was born of

noble parents near Glastonbury, A.D. 925, he received

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