July, festival Calendar for, 441. June, festival Calendar for, 441. Juno, sister and wife of Jupiter, and queen of the mythological heaven of Greece and Rome. Her beauty was of a grand and stately kind, and not feminine enough to fix the affections of her husband, whom she annoyed with her jealousies. Her most famous acts consist of persecutions of his mortal mistresses. She was almost universally worshipped, and had splendid temples at Argos, Olympia, Samos, Carthage, and Rome. Her favour was peculiarly implored by women, on account of her being the patroness of marriage and childbirth; and she was also the assigner of power and riches, 86. Jupiter, son of Saturn and Ops, king of heaven, and ruler of all the gods. Saturn habitually devoured his own children; but Ops deceived him at the birth of Jupiter with a stone, and the child was saved. On reaching the age of one year, he warred with the giant-gods called Titans; and after conquering them, and besides dethroning his father, became the supreme deity and sole wielder of the dreadful thunder. It would be fruitless to go over the actions ascribed to Jupiter, which consist chiefly of low and often ridiculous amours. He was usually represented as a being of majestic countenance, seated on a throne, with a messenger-eagle at his feet, and a thunderbolt and sceptre in his hands. His chief temples were at Dodona in Greece, and Ammon in Libya, and he had numerous names, corresponding to the site of these or to some of his actions; as Jupiter Capitolinus (the Capitoline Jove), and Jupiter Tomans (Jupiter the Thunderer), 86.

Jurors, duties of, 468.

Jury, trial by, 62.

Juvenal, an able and unsparing satirist of Rome in the early times of the empire.

KEY TO THE CALENDAR, 433-448.
Keys, diversity of, in Music, 740.

Knives, table, how to clean, 772.

Koran, or record of the Mohammedan faith, 412. Krishna, in Hindoo mythology, one of the incarnations of the god Vishnu.

La Plata, or Argentine Republic, 310.

Labour, division of, 484; productiveness of, 485; price of, 489; duties respecting, 452, Labyrinth, any place with so many windings as to render escape from it difficult. The most famous of the several labyrinths mentioned by old writers was the Cretan one, built to confine a monster called the Minotaur.

Lachesis, one of the Fates, who spun the thread of life, 87.

Lachrymatory (Lat. lachryma, a tear), a small glass vessel or phial found in ancient Roman sepulchres, in which it has been supposed that the tears of the friends of the deceased were dropped, and preserved with the ashes contained in the urn. Laconia, a Peloponnesian district, of which Lacedæmon was the capital. The people of the region spoke little, and hence the application of the epithet Laconic to concise talking or writing.

Lais, a Corinthian courtesan of such beauty and notoriety, that her name has become a synonyme for others in her position.

Lamaism, account of, 408.

Lammas, term and festival of, 442.

Lancaster, House of, in English history, 133. Land, rent or price of, in Political Economy, 493. Landamman (Ger.), the title given in Switzerland to the chief magistrate of a canton; applied also to the president of the Swiss republic.

LANGUAGE, 17-32.

Language, organ of, in Phrenology, 349.
Languages of the globe, classification of, 29-32.
Laocoon, a Trojan prince, priest of Apollo, who, having
offended Neptune, was strangled, with several of his

sons, by two enormous serpents which issued from the sea. This fable has been rendered immortal by an ancient sculptor, whose work on the subject is yet preserved.

Lapithæ, a family or tribe descended from Apollo, famous for having gained, with the aid of Hercules, a dreadful battle against the Centaurs. Lares, minor deities, supposed by the Romans to preside over households, and represented by small images, which the possessor always took with him on a change of residence.

Largo (Ital.), in music, a slow movement, one degree quicker than adagio; larghetto, less slow than largo. Latinus, king of the Italian aborigines, who gave his name to the Roman language.

Latona, mother of Apollo and Diana by Jupiter, and
worshipped in many temples.
Lavender-water, how to make, 784.
LAWS, HISTORY AND NATURE OF, 49-64; Roman or civil
law, 49; canon law, 53; feudal law, 53; law of
England, 56; law of Scotland, 62; French codes, 63.
Leander, a youth of Abydos, who, being in love with
Hero of Sestos, was wont nightly to swim across the
Hellespont to meet her, but was at last drowned in

a storm.

Leaping, in Gymnastics, 642. Lease (Fr. laisser), a law term for a conveyance of lands or tenements (usually on consideration of rent or other annual recompense), made for life, for years, or at will; but always for a less time than the lessor has in the premises; for if it were for the whole interest, it would be more properly an assignment than a lease. The lessor is he who grants the lease; the lessee the person to whom it is given.

Leda, wife of Tyndarus of Sparta, visited by the enamoured Jupiter in the form of a swan, and mother of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor, and Pollux. Leeds, description of, 218.

Leith, description and account of, 237. Lemonade, recipe for making, 780. Leonidas, a renowned Spartan, who, when the Persians invaded Greece with several millions of men, took post at the Pass of Thermopyla with no more than 300 men, and, self-devoted to death, defended it for three days, until he and all his companions perished, after making fearful havoc among the enemy, 91. Lethe, an infernal river, whose waters made those who drank it forgetful of all the past. Lethe is a poetical synonyme for oblivion. Letterpress-Printing, 705-720. Letters, formation of, 18.

Levee (Fr.), 1. The time of rising; 2. The ceremonial visits which distinguished persons receive in the morning, or at their rising. In this country, the word is chiefly applied to the stated public occasions on which the sovereign receives visits from such as are entitled, by rank or fortune, to that honour. Lexicon (Gr.), a dictionary or book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words of a language, with the meaning of each; lexicology, the science of so arranging and treating words; lexicography, the art of writing or compiling a dictionary; and lexicographer, one who writes or compiles such a work. Libation (Lat.), the act of pouring a liquor-usually wine, water, or milk-on sacrificial occasions; also, the liquor so poured out. In familiar language, the liquor drank on festive occasions; synonymous with potations.

Lieutenant (Fr.), an officer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence. In the army, the second commissioned officer in a company; in the navy, the officer next in rank to a captain.

Life, duties of, private, 449-464; public and social, 465-480.

LIFE-ASSURANCE, 524-528.

Light and shade, in Drawing, 634.

Lignography (lignum, wood, and grapho, I draw), an affected term for wood-engraving; hence also lignograph for woodcut, 721.

Line-engraving, process of, 726. Literary art, in Rhetoric, 701.

Magna Charta, or great charter, 131. Maia, mother of Mercury, by Jupiter.

racteristics of, 5.

rians.

Lloyd's Lista well-known periodical publication, which contains a full account of shipping intelligence. It derives its name from Lloyd's Coffeehouse, so long celebrated as the resort of all classes connected with the mercantile or shipping interest; and its importance in supplying full, trustworthy, and early maritime information, cannot be easily overrated. For an ample account of the origin, rise, and present condition of this establishment, see 'Chambers's Edinburgh Journal,' No. 111, New Series.

Loan societies, 536-538.

Locality, organ of, in Phrenology, 348.
Logarithms, 603.

Logging-stones, in England, 215.
LOGIC, 353-368.

London, description and account of, 216.
Loo, game with cards, 671.

Lords, constitution of the House of, 177.
Lozenge (Fr.), in geometry, a figure with four equal
sides, having two acute and two obtuse angles; in
heraldry, a figure on which is represented the armo-
rial-bearings of maidens and widows; in confection-
ary and medicine, small cakes, so called from their
original form, to be chewed or held in the mouth till
dissolved.

Lucifers, how to make, 781. Lucretia, a young and noble Roman matron, who fell a victim to the licentious passion of the son of Tarquin, king of Rome. After her dishonour, she summoned to her presence her husband and relatives, and, disclosing her injuries to them, took away with her own hands the life which she could no longer endure. Junius Brutus took up the bleeding knife which she had used, and swore upon it to avenge her death, an oath amply fulfilled.

Lucretius, a Roman poet, whose work on the Nature of Things' (Natura Rerum) forms one of the best expositions of the heathen philosophy. Ludicrous, emotion of the, 333-346. Lupercalia (Lat. lupus, a wolf, and arcere, to defend from), Roman festivals in honour of Pan or Faunus, celebrated on the third day after the ides of February, and repeated on the nones of December, under the name of Faunalia, when the worshippers were clothed with goatskins. These feasts were abolished by Pope Gelasius in 496, on account of the many disorders they occasioned..

Lute, a stringed instrument, 768.

Lyceum, a name originally given to the place where Aristotle taught, and since applied to establishments in some respects similar.

Lycurgus, a celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, whose maxims all tended to make men live simply and plainly, 89.

Lydians, the ancient, 79.

Lyre, a stringed instrument, 768. Lyric poetry, nature of, 702.

Mab, in northern mythology the queen of the fairies, 421. Madness, attacks of, how to proceed in cases of, 776. Madras, description and account of, 271. Mæander, a river of Asia Minor, so notable for its windings as to have originated the word meander, bearing that meaning.

Mæcenas, prime-minister to Augustus Cæsar, and so highly famed for his countenance of Virgil, Horace, and other men of letters, that a literary patron has since been commonly named a Mæcenas. Mæonides, a name applied to Homer, and from him, in the plural, to the Muses.

Malaysia, geographical description of, 281. Malthus, his theory of population, 513. Mammalia, design in the structure of, 377. MAN, PHYSICAL HISTORY OF, 1-16.

the dead.

Man, relation between and external nature, 371.
Manchester, description and account of, 217.
Manes, a term applied by the ancients to the souls of
Mankind, distribution of, 6; differences in anatomical
structure, 7; physical character, 10; mental charac-
ter, 14; permanency of types, 16.
Manners, good-politeness, 457.
Manufactures, British, statistics of, 185-186.
Marathon, a plain of Attica, where Miltiades the
Athenian, with comparatively a mere handful of
men, routed the vast army of the Persians, 91.
Marble hearths and chimney-pieces, how to clean, 771.
March, festival Calendar for, 437.

Marius, a Roman of celebrity, who, from the rank of a
peasant, raised himself by his talents to the highest
offices of the state. Reduced at one time to the
greatest danger and distress, he fled to Africa, and,
himself then a ruin, he sat down on the ruins of
Carthage. Again obtaining power, Marius glutted
his vengeance by the most inhuman massacres, and
died amid the blood he had spilt, 105.
Marlborough, his campaigns, 155.
Marriage, social nature of, 33; duties connected with,

469.

Marriages, statistics of, 546.

Mars, the god of war, son of Jupiter and Juno. He was represented as an armed figure in a chariot, driven by Bellona, and drawn by two horses, which the poets named Terror and Flight.

Mary, queen of Scots, 136-138. Masters and servants, duties of, 472; relations of, 771. Mausolus, king of Caria, so dearly beloved by his wife, that at his death she drank up his ashes, and erected to him a monument so splendid as to be deemed one of the seven wonders of the world; hence the modern word mausoleum.

May, festival Calendar for, 440.

Mayor, chief municipal magistrate in England and Ireland, functions of, 45. Measure or rhythm, in Music, 739. Measures and weights, British, 597. Medea, princess of Colchis, and wife of Jason, celebrated for her magical arts, her restoration of the youth of Æson, and her murder, when infuriated by jealousy, of the children born by her to her husband. Medes, history of, 79.

Medusa, one of the Gorgons, whose frightful snakeencircled head turned the beholders to stone. She was slain by Persius, who placed her head on Minerva's shield, thence rendered unendurable by mortal eyes.

Meetings, public, conduct at, 466.

Mehemet Ali, late pasha of Egypt, notice of his life and doings, 277.

Meleager, an ancient hero, celebrated for slaying the monstrous Calydonian boar.

Melody, in composition, 691; in Music, 737, 743. Melpomené, the Muse who presided over tragedy. Memnon, an aboriginal Ethiopian or Egyptian king, to whose memory the people of Thebes raised a colossal statue of black marble, which had the wonderful power of emitting musical sounds when struck by the rays of the rising and setting sun. writers ascribe this phenomenon, which is often adverted to, to the jugglery of the priests; but some modern travellers, who have visited the yet extant ruins of the statue, have fancied that it emits sounds even at this day.

Most

Menelaus, king of Sparta, the abduction of whose wife Helen by Paris caused the Trojan war.