Addition, in Arithmetic, 595; in Algebra, 604.
Address, forms of, in Rhetoric, 693.
Adhesiveness, in Phrenology, 340.
Adjectives, in Grammar, 578; inflection of, 582.
Administration of government, 45.

Adonis, a youth of great beauty beloved by Venus, who, on his being gored to death by a wild boar, converted him into the flower anemone.

Adverb, in Grammar, 579.

Eneas, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and Venus, who, on the fall of Troy, is said to have wandered with a small band to Italy, and to have there laid the foundation of the Roman Empire. The Romans were proud of this traditional descent; and Virgil made it the subject of his great national epic, 97. Folian harp (so called from Eolus, god of the winds), a simple instrument which produces a pleasing combination of sounds by the action of the wind. It consists of strings of catgut, or wire, stretched parallel over a thin box of deal, with sounding holes cut in the top. The strings being tuned in unison, the effect is produced by placing the instrument in a current of air, such as is caused by opening a door or window.

Eolus, the god of the winds, according to the classical mythology. The Eolian harp' derives from him its designation.

Ærarians, the artisan class of ancient Rome, 101. Eschylus, a tragic writer of Athens, whose style is peculiarly vehement and sublime.

Esculapius, a personage honoured as the god of medicine, and reputed to be the son of Apollo by a mortal nymph. Exposed in infancy, to save his mother's reputation, he fell under the care of Chiron the centaur, and acquired such skill in the healing art as even to recover dead persons from the grave. For this feat, Pluto, the king of the nether realms, persuaded Jupiter to kill him with a thunderbolt. Many temples were erected to Esculapius; and he was generally represented in the form of an old man, with one hand on a staff and the other on a serpent's head. The latter animal is to this day the emblem of medical science; and the name of the supposed divinity is often familiarly applied to the art and its professors. Æsop, a native of Phrygia, renowned as a writer of fables. His actual productions are lost; but the Latin fabulists profess to have translated from his original Greek. He is stated to have been deformed in person, and a slave by station. Esthetics (Gr. aisthetikos, having the power of perception by means of the senses): in the fine arts that science which derives the first principles in all the arts from the effect which certain combinations have on the mind, as connected with nature and right

reason.

Etna, the most famous volcanic mountain in the world, situated in Sicily, and rising to a height of 10,870 feet above the sea-level. The noise and flame emitted from it led the imaginative ancients to make its interior the workshop of the smith-god Vulcan, 198, et passim.

AFRICA, GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND ACCOUNT OF, 273

280.

Agamemnon, king of Mycenæ, in the Peloponnesus, and leader of the Greeks in the expedition against Troy. The character given to him by Homer is one of massive grandeur. He was murdered, on his return home, by his wife Clytemnestra and her paramour Ægisthus.

Aglaia, one of the three Graces, 87.

Agrarian Law, in Roman history, 99.

Agricola (Cn. Julius), a Roman general, who, under various emperors, served with great distinction in Britain.

Agricultural statistics of Britain, 185.

Aide-de-camp (Fr.), an officer appointed to attend a general officer in the field, in winter quarters and in garrison, to receive and carry orders.

| Air (ventilation), duties regarding, 451. Ajax, son of Telamon, and famous in the war of Troy for his bravery and vast though unwieldy strength. He became mad, and slew himself, because the arms of the deceased Achilles were not assigned to him. Alarms in churches and theatres, 776. Album, originally a white board or tablet on which the prætor's edicts were written; the modern application of the term is sufficiently familiar.

Alcestis, wife of Admetus, king of Phere, who voluntarily died for her husband's sake, and was brought again from the regions of the dead by Hercules. Alcibiades, an Athenian noble, remarkable for beauty of person and intellectual capacity, and not less notorious for his vices and luxurious effeminacy. He was a pupil of the philosopher Socrates, and owed much to his instructions. After a youth spent for the most in folly, yet folly redeemed in part by generous actions, he entered into the service of the state, and showed eminent talents as a military and naval commander, 93–94.

Alecto, one of the three Furies, daughters of Nox or Night, 87.

Alexander, a name borne by several Macedonian princes and others, but rendered chiefly illustrious as the designation of the son of Philip of Macedon by his wife Olympias; his career, 95-96. Alexandria, a city of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great, famous for its lighthouse, its learned men, and its two splendid libraries, successively destroyed by Augustus Cæsar and the Caliph Omar. Alexandrine, in versification the French heroic verse of twelve syllables or six iambic feet; e. g.

'Which, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along." Algebra, 604-608; logic of, 366. Alimentiveness, in Phrenology, 341. Alliteration, in rhetoric, the consecutive use of words beginning with or containing the same letter, as

'And round the rugged rocks the ragged ruffian ran.' Amalthea, the reputed nurse of the god Jupiter, whom she fed with goat's milk. Some mythologists say that she herself was a goat, and her horn is often termed the Horn of Plenty.' Amativeness, in Phrenology, 340. Amazon.-The Amazons are said to have been a tribe of Scythian women, who did not allow men to live with them, killed the majority of their male children, and trained their female offspring to war, burning off their right breasts for the better use of the bow. Whether an imaginary race or not, the word Amazon has become a proverbial designation for a woman of masculine habits and temperament. Ambassadors, functions of, in diplomacy, 45. Ambition, metaphysically considered, 534. AMERICA, NORTH, GENERAL ACCOUNT OF, 289-304; SOUTH, 305-320; BRITISH, 292. American war of independence, 162. American antiquities, 687.

American variety of mankind, physical and mental characteristics of, 5.

Ammon.-In mythology, a Libyan divinity, adopted by the Greeks, and by them identified with their Jupiter. An oasis in the deserts bordering on the Nile contained a famous temple and oracle of Jupiter Ammon, the ruins of which are still discernible. Amphictyon, a person who founded a general council for the twelve leading states of Greece, and from whom such assemblages were permanently called Amphictyonic Councils, 89.

Amphion, an individual of semi-divine origin, who founded Thebes, in whole or part, and is stated to have excelled so much in music as to have moved the stones voluntarily to take their places in the structures of the new city.

Amphitryon, husband of Alcmena, the mother of Hercules by Jupiter. An expression of Molière in a play on this subject, L'Amphitryon où l'on dine,' has

Anger, regulation of, 458.

Angles, in Geometry, 611.
Anglo-Saxon, Superstitions, 419.

Animal Physiology, design in, 373.
Animated Nature, compensation of parts in, 379.
Annuities, in Social Economics, 539.

Antæus, son of the earth and sea, a Libyan giant, slain by Hercules. When a man seems to derive fresh vigour from an overthrow, he is compared to Antæus, because, at every fall, his mother earth gave that giant fresh strength; and Hercules only foiled him by holding him up, and squeezing him to death.

Anthologies (Gr. anthos, blossom, and logos, discourse). The Greek anthologies are collections of minor poems, chiefly epigrams, of various authors. Many of the pieces are remarkable for their beauty and simplicity in thought, and their peculiar turns of expression. The term is now applied more generally to any collection of minor pieces.

Antinöus, a friend of Adrian, whose form, as represented by ancient sculptors, has become significant of a peculiar description of physical beauty. Antiquities-see Archæology, 673-688. Antonius (Marcus), a Roman, who shared for a time the empire of the world with Augustus Cæsar, 110. Anubis, an Egyptian idol, represented with the head of a dog.

Apelles, a native of the isle of Cos, usually regarded as

the greatest of the ancient painters. He followed for a time the fortunes of Alexander. Aphorism (Gr.), a comprehensive maxim or principle expressed in a few words.

Apicius, a noted Roman epicure, who expended £800,000 on his appetite, and finally killed himself in fear of want, the £80,000 which still remained to him at the time being insufficient to sustain the proper rate of gourmandising extravagance. Apis, a god of the Egyptians, venerated under the form of a white bull.

Apocrypha, history of the, 390.

Apollo, the son of Jupiter and Latona, god of the sun, music, medicine, and the fine arts. Born in the isle of Delos, he soon after slew the serpent Python, sent by Jupiter's wife to plague Latona, and thus gained for himself the name of the Pythian Archer. A noble ancient statue, existing in Rome, and splendidly described by Lord Byron, gives an image of him in this character. He is usually pictured as a beardless youth, holding a bow or lyre. Like others of the mythological deities, he is said to have had many amours with the daughters of earth, and even to have dwelt there for nine years as a shepherd when expelled from heaven by his sire. The chief supplementary names given to him in poetry are the Delian, Cynthian, Delphic, and Lycian god; and, as sun-god, he is commonly named Phoebus. His principal temples and oracles were at Delphi, Delos, and Claros, the Delphic one being the most renowned oracle of the earth. A youth of fine form is often styled an Apollo, and the poets allude endlessly to the god as their patron and guardian.

Applegath's printing-machines, 717-720.

Appraiser, one who values goods under distress for rent; Appraisement, the value of goods sold under such valuation.

Approbation, love of, in Phrenology, 343. April festival, Calendar for, 439. Aquatinto, species of engraving, 727. Arabesque (Fr.): painting and sculpture after the Arabian taste, which largely employed a capricious and fantastic but highly-imaginative species of ornament composed of fruits, flowers, and other objects.

Arabia, ancient history of, 73.

Arachné, a woman of Colophon, so well skilled in needlework that she challenged competition with Minerva, and, being defeated, hanged herself, on which the goddess changed her to a spider. Arcadia, a pastoral region in the centre of the Peloponnesus, so much distinguished for natural beauty, and for the happy and simple life of its population, that the word has long been used to signify a scene of rural and inartificial enjoyment. ARCHEOLOGY, science of, 673-688. Archimedes, a geometrician of Syracuse, of great abilities. Among his other inventions, he is said to have discovered a mode of setting fire to ships from a distance by means of burning-glass-a feat which Buffon proved to be not impracticable. When his sovereign suspected a tradesman of having used some alloy in making a golden crown, Archimedes was applied to in order to discover the truth. At a loss at first, the philosopher finally ran out of his house towards the palace, crying, Eureka!' ("I have found it !')—the idea having occurred to him of immersing the crown in a vessel of water, and measuring what quantity of liquid ran over. He was killed at the siege of Syracuse; and though interred with honour, the spot where he lay remained long unknown, till discovered by Cicero. Archimedes also invented the pumping-screw. A small part only of his writings is now in existence.

Archipelagus (Archipelago), a name given to any sea studded with islands, as the Grecian or Indian Archipelago.

Archives, a term signifying properly the repositories of public documents and records, but often applied to the records themselves.

Archons, the ancient title of the chief magistrates of Athens, 85.

Areopagitæ, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a mount near Athens.

Arethusa, a nymph of Diana's train, changed by her mistress into a Sicilian fount, to preserve her from the pursuit of the Grecian river-god Alpheus. Argent (Lat. argentum, silver), a term in Heraldry, 47. Argo, a famous ship of antiquity, which is said to have carried Jason and a renowned body of Greeks (called the Argonauts) to Colchis, a district on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, in quest of a Golden Fleece, surreptitiously taken from the Greeks. Numerous writers have treated of this subject. Argus, a being with a hundred eyes, set by Juno to watch an earthly mistress of Jupiter, and slain by Mercury. A jealous custodian often receives the title of an Argus.

Ariadné, daughter of Minos, king of Crete, who, when the Athenian prince Theseus was shut up in the celebrated Cretan labyrinth to be devoured by a monster, gave him a clue of thread by which he extricated himself. The Clue of Ariadné has become a byword. Being cruelly abandoned by Theseus, Ariadné, according to the poets, gained the love of the god Bacchus, and by him was elevated to a place among the constellations.

Arian, or Indo-European race, in Ethnology, comprehends the Hindoos, Persians, Affghans, Armenians, and the great bulk of the European nations, 1. Arion, a famous musician, who, when in peril of his

Banco (Ital. a bench), in commerce, a bank, but commonly applied to the Bank of Venice; in law, the superior courts of common law are said to sit in banco during term.

Bankruptcy or insolvency, law of, 502.

BANKS, origin of, 507; business of, 507; Bank of England, 508; joint-stock banks, 509; Scotch, 510; Irish, 512; savings', 512.

Barbadoes, island of, 317.

Barclay, Captain, his pedestrian feats, 645-647.
Baron and baronet, ranks of, 48.
Barrows, in Archæology, 679.

Bass or base, in Music, 738.

Bassoon, musical instrument, 766.

Bathos (Gr. bathos, depth), in rhetoric, a term applied to a ludicrous descent from elevated to mean. Bavius and Mævius, two inferior and malevolent poets in the time of Augustus Cæsar, whose names have become a by-word for all envy of superior merit. Bears' grease, how to make, 784.

Beauty, emotion of, in metaphysics, 333.
Beauty, theological considerations respecting, 380.
Belfast, description and account of, 254.
Belgium, description of, 204.

Beliefs, metaphysically considered, 335.
Belisarius, an able general of the Constantinopolitan
emperor, Justinian, reduced to beggary in his old age,
and afflicted with blindness. Date obolum Belisario'
-(Give the smallest coin to Belisarius '), the usual
petition of the fallen soldier, has become proverbial.
Belize or Honduras, British settlement of, 297.
Bellerophon, a son of the king of Ephyre, who, having
committed an act of violence, fled to the court of
Protus, king of Argos, where the queen fell in love
with him, and finding herself slighted, accused him
to her husband. The latter sent Bellerophon to` Lycia
with sealed letters, desiring that the bearer should be
put to death. The Lycian king sent his guest, with
this view, against a monster called the Chimæra, but
receiving from Minerva a winged horse called Pe-
gasus, Bellerophon overcame the monster; and after
other trials, ultimately wedded the daughter of the
Lycian monarch. From this story, all letters un-
favourable to the bearer have been called 'Letters of
Bellerophon.'

BELLES-LETTRES, or POLITE LITERATURE, 689. Bellona, sister and charioteer to Mars, the god of war. Benevolence, sentiment of, in Phrenology, 344. Berenice, a name borne by several Egyptian princesses, one of whom was noted for her beautiful hair, which was placed by her in the temple of Venus. Being lost, the locks were said by the court-astronomers to have been turned into a constellation. Bermudas or Somers' Islands, 319. BIBLE, THE, HISTORY OF, 385-394. Biblia Pauperum, in history of printing, 705. Bibliography (Gr. billion, a book, and grapho, I write), literally the science of books. It is customary to speak of intellectual bibliography and material bibliography; the former implying the knowledge required to describe and arrange books according to the subjects of which they treat, and the latter a knowledge of the external peculiarities of books, their editions, &c.; but such a division is rather arbitrary than real, bibliography as a science comprehending all that appertains to the history of the book,' from the earliest to the latest times. Bibliology (Gr. biblion, a book, and logos, discourse), a description or account of books; used synonymously with bibliography; the science which treats of books. Bill of lading. See commercial terms, 501. Billiards, game of, 663.

Bills of Exchange, 505.

Bills of mortality. See Mortality.

Birds, design in the structure of, 375.

Birmingham, description and account of, 219.

Births, statistics of, 546.

Bishop, origin of the term and office, 396.

Black letter, the old English or modern Gothic letter,

introduced into England about the end of the fourteenth century.

Blacking, for shoes, &c. how to make, 779. Bleaching, in domestic economy, 779. Boadicéa (or Bondicea), queen of the Icenians, a tribe of South Britons, who took up arms to avenge the outrages of the Romans, but, in spite of her undaunted conduct in the field, was vanquished by them, and poisoned herself.

Boeotia, a district of Greece, now forming part of Li-
vadia, and lying between Phocis and Attica. Partly
from an idea that the atmosphere of the region was
peculiarly thick, the inhabitants gained a reputation
for stupidity, which has yet adhered to their name.
Yet Pindar, Plutarch, and others of the brightest
spirits of Greece, were Boeotians.
Bolivia, republic of, described, 309.
Bombay, description and account of, 271.
Boodhism, account of, 405.

Boreas, a title of the north wind.
Borghs, in Archæology, 679.

Bosphorus, the early name for the Strait of Constantinople.

Bourgeois, a variety of type, in Printing, 709.
Bowls, games with, 653.

Brain, the, phrenologically considered, 337.
Brass and copper vessels, how to clean, 772.
Brazil, empire of, described, 311.
Breath, fetid, how to remove, 783.
Brevier, a variety of type, in Printing, 709.
Briareus, a famous giant, with fifty heads and a hun-
dred hands, son of the Heaven and Earth.
Bristol, description of, 220.
BRITAIN, HISTORY OF, 129-176; constitution of, 177-192;
resources of, 177-192; conquest of by the Romans,
129; conquest of by the Saxons, 129; conquest of by
the Normans, 130; government of, 177; laws, 179;
religion, 180; education, 181; finances of, 183; army
and navy, 184; agriculture, manufactures, and com-
merce of, 185; public works, &c. 188; colonial posses-
sions, 189; population of, 191; social statistics of, 191.
Britain, New, in North America, 292.
British constitution, character of, 42.
Broker, a somewhat indefinite term in commerce and
mercantile law for one who contracts for the sale or
disposal of goods belonging to other parties. Thus
there are bill brokers, stockbrokers, insurance -
brokers, shipbrokers, pawnbrokers, and brokers
who sell or appraise household furniture for rent.
Brokerage is the term applied to a broker's remune-
ration, or per-centage.

Brutus (Lucius Junius), a noble Roman, who, in the days of the last king of Rome, feigned himself an idiot to insure his safety, but threw off the mask, and overturned the royal authority, when Lucretia fell a victim to the brutality of the son of Tarquin. When the sons of Brutus afterwards conspired to restore the Tarquins, he himself, as consul, was called upon to act as judge, and his high-minded victory over parental feeling has made his name immortal. Brutus (Marcus Junius), descendant of the preceding, who emulated his virtues and his fame. When the power of Julius Cæsar became dangerous to the liberties of Rome, Marcus Brutus, though one of his warmest personal friends, rose against him, and united with Cassius and others in stabbing him in the Capitol. Cæsar, as he received the last blow, uttered to him who dealt it the memorable words, Et tu Brute!'-(Thou, too, Brutus !') The friends of Cæsar were avenged at Philippi, where the chief conspirators fell; and Plutarch tells that Brutus was forewarned of the event by the spirit of Cæsar, which appeared in his tent, and said, 'I will meet thee again at Philippi'-words often used to convey an indication of coming evil. Bucéphalus, a horse tamed by Alexander the Great in youth, and which became so renowned for bearing him in the field of battle, as to give a common name to all spirited animals of its species.

Bugs, how to kill, 774.

Bull, papal (Lat. bulla), an ordinance or decree of the pope, equivalent to a proclamation, edict, or order of any secular prince.

Bunions, how to remove, 784.
Burning, escapes from, 775.

Cadences or Closes, in Music, 760.

Cadet (Fr.), a pupil in a military academy, whose object is to qualify himself as an officer. The chief military institutions in this country are Sandhurst for the British line; Woolwich for the artillery and engineers; and Addiscombe for the Indian army, both line and artillery.

Cadmus, a prince of Phoenicia, who generally receives the credit of inventing letters, or at least of introducing them into Greece. Though some writers ascribe the erection of Thebes to Amphion's music, others term Cadmus its founder. Ere he could do so, he killed a dragon which had devoured his companions; and from the teeth of this monster, when sown in the earth, a band of armed men sprung up. These fought among themselves, till only five were left to assist Cadmus in building the city. The sowing of the teeth and its consequences are often alluded to, and form an apt comparison when the germs of strife are planted in any instance, 82. Cadúceus, a rod entwined at one end by serpents, and which served as the rod of power and office of the herald-god Mercury, 87.

Cæsar, an illustrious name in history, first given as a
surname to the Julian family of Rome. Caius Julius
Cæsar, who gained for the family supreme power,
was born in the year 100 B. C., and early distinguished
himself by his eloquence, his captivating manners,
and generous habits of life, 108-110.-Cæsar (Oc-
tavius, afterwards named Augustus), nephew of
Julius Cæsar, and his successor in power, 109–111.
The title of Cæsar is specially given to the first
twelve emperors (commencing with the dictator, Ju-
lius Cæsar) who sat on the Roman throne. It was
also assumed by later Roman emperors; and both
the kaisars of Germany and the czars of Russia owe
their designation to the same source.
Cairns, in Archæology, 679.

Calcutta, description and account of, 271.
CALENDAR, KEY TO THE, 433-448.

Caligula, the fourth of the twelve Cæsars, who derived
his name from his habitually wearing the caliga or
military boot of the age, and made himself noted as
a cruel and senseless tyrant. From mere wanton-
ness he made his horse high priest and consul of
Rome; and he spilt blood without cause and without
remorse. He died a violent death, 111.
Calliopé, one of the Muses, 87.
Calotype or Talbotype, art of, 734.
Calvinists, the followers of Calvin, the second great
reformer of the sixteenth century, and founder of
the church of Geneva, 400.

Calypso, a beautiful goddess, who, according to Homer, dwelt on an island of the earth, and who received Ulysses hospitably as he wandered home from Troy. Camera-obscura for photography, 733.

Camilla, queen of the Volsci, who fought against Æneas, and is described as having been so swift of foot that she could fly over a field of corn without bending the blades.

Campus Martius, a plain near Rome, used for the
military exercises of the youth of the city.
Canada, description and account of, 293.
Candlemas-day, origin of, 434.

Canon, in musical composition, 764.
Cape Colony, description and account of, 279.

Capital, in Political Economy, 496; in Commerce, 500.
Capitolium, the citadel of ancient Rome, founded on

the Tarpeian Rock, and containing also a temple, from which Jupiter was named Capitolinus. The Capitol was a noble structure, occupying four acres of ground, and accessible by a hundred steps. The Romans held it in peculiar veneration, and it was the scene of all their triumphal processions. By the cackling of geese the Romans were once roused to the protection of their Capitol, and this is often alluded to when slight means serve great ends. Cards, various games with, 666-671. Carpets, purchasing, 769; cleaning, 771. Carriers, laws relating to, 501. Carthage, a great maritime and republican city of Africa, founded about 900 years B. C. by the Phonician princess Dido, and long the rival of Rome. Carthage existed for upwards of 700 years, and possessed during its palmy days a great part of Africa on the Mediterranean, as well as Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. Its generals, and particularly Hannibal, pressed Rome so severely, that Cato, one of the wisest of the Romans, pronounced its destruction indispensable. His words, Delenda est Carthago' (Carthage must be destroyed'), have become proverbial. The power of the African republic was at last overthrown by Scipio Africanus, and the city ruined by fire. The Romans, in their hate, used to call the Carthaginians all that was treacherous; and from one of the names of the latter people, Punica fides (Punic faith) was made by their foes a lasting synonyme for 'faithlessness,' 102-106. Cartouche, example of, in Archæology, 675. Cassandra, a Trojan princess, who is said to have received the gift of prophecy from Apollo; but having afterwards slighted the god, was doomed by him to have all her predictions disbelieved. When she foretold the fall of Troy, accordingly, she was deemed insane. An unheeded prognosticator of evil is hence termed a Cassandra.

Castalia, a Parnassian fount, sacred to the Muses, and a fertile theme of poetical allusions. Castor, son of Leda, whom the enamoured god Jupiter is said to have wooed in the form of a swan. Leda bore at once two sons and two daughters-Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, and Helena, of whom the second and fourth were deemed children of Jupiter, and the other two of the husband of Leda. Pollux, on being elevated to a star, exhibited his love for Castor by seeking for the latter a share of his immortality, and it was granted to them to live six months alternately.

Cathedrals and cathedral cities of England, 224. Catholic Church, the Roman, 399. Catilina (Sergius), a noble Roman of great talents, but infamous character and habits. To gratify his ambition, avarice, and revenge, he rebelled against his country, but was overcome and slain in battle. The name of Catiline is used to express all that is evil in the character of a conspirator and liberticide, 108. Cato, a name borne by several illustrious Romans. Cato, surnamed the Censor, was famous for his valour, temperance, wisdom, and eloquence. studied and acquired the Greek tongue at the age of eighty. Fragments of his compositions yet exist.Cato, surnamed Uticensis, was the great-grandson of the Censor, and made himself celebrated by his patriotic resistance to the usurpations of Julius Cæsar, to avoid falling into whose hands he ultimately stabbed himself, after reading Plato on the Soul's Immortality, 108.

He

Catullus, a Roman poet, whose pieces have much sweetness and feeling, though occasionally marked by immorality.

Caucasian variety of mankind, physical and mental
characteristics of, 1; history of, 68.
Causality, faculty of, in Phrenology, 350.
Cause and effect, in Logic, 359.
Cautiousness, in Phrenology, 344.

Caxton, William, his connection with the introduction of printing in Britain, 707.