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nandale; Hermitage (Roxburghshire), which belonged to a powerful noble named Lord Soulis; Douglas, the residence of the Earls of Douglas; Turnberry (Ayrshire), the residence of the Earls of Carrick; Bothwell, another stronghold of the Douglases; Tantallon (Haddingtonshire), the residence of the Earls of Angus, a branch of the Douglas family; Dunnottar (Kincardineshire), the seat of the Earls Mareschal; and Doune (Perthshire), the stronghold of Robert Earl of Fife, brother of Robert III., and governor of Scotland. Four places of strength, Edinburgh, Stirling, Dumburton, and Blackness Castles, are still kept in repair at the public expense, and serve as barracks for foot soldiers.

The mansions of the nobility and gentry of Scotland do not differ in any important respect from similar classes of structures in England. The 'hall' is, however, completely wanting in Scotland, and there are comparatively few specimens of the Elizabethan style. Turbulent times being more recent in Scottish than in English history, the chief mansions of an unfortified character in the northern kingdom are not of earlier date than the reign of Charles II., and most of them are much later. In many instances, the whole or part of the original castellated buildings which stood on the same site have been retained.

celebrated), coachmaking, the weaving of shawls, and the printing and issuing of literary productions. The leading periodical publications are the Edinburgh and North British Reviews, Blackwood and Tait's Magazines, a Philosophical and Medical Journal, one or two Ecclesiastical Magazines, besides several weekly sheets of extensive circulation. The town is distinguished for its numerous banking institutions, which exert an influence on the general trade of the country. Within a few miles of the city, on the Esk River, there are various paper-mills, at which vast quantities of paper are made, both for the home trade and for exportation to London. The city is now the centre of the Scottish railway traffic, having lines and telegraphs communicating with Perth, Dundee, and Aberdeen, on the north; with Glasgow on the west; with the west of England via Carlisle; and with the east of England via Berwick and Newcastle. The transit to London can be made in twelve hours, and communications by telegraph in less than an hour.

Amongst the remarkable objects in the city, the most striking is the Castle, a large fortress romantically situated on the summit of a mass of igneous rock, between 200 and 300 feet in sheer height. It contains, besides various batteries and other fortifications, an ancient palace, in which Queen Mary was delivered of her son James I. of Great Britain, and a modern barrack, in which a foot regiment is usually quartered. In a well-protected room are shown the crown, sceptre, mace, and sword, which formed the regalia of the Scottish line of princes. The Courts of Law are situated in the centre of the Old Town, and are composed of a great hall, formerly the meeting-place of the Scottish Parliament, rooms for the two various divisions of the civil court and for the lords ordinary, a room for the High Court of Justiciary (supreme criminal court), and other accommodations. The extensive libraries belonging respectively to the Advocates (bar

In the reign of Charles II., mansions were for the first time built in anything like pure Grecian taste. This was introduced by Sir William Bruce of Kinross, Bart., an architect of considerable skill, and of whose works the modern Holyrood Palace, and his own house of Kinross, are examples. During the last century, the mansions built in Scotland have partaken of all the changes of taste passing through England, from the heavy barrack-like structures of Sir John Vanburgh, to the light and elegant Grecian style of Adam. We have now châteaux in the style of the middle ages; Grecian structures by Adam; mansions in the Doric and more sombre Grecian style since introduced; and very lately, a few specimens in the priory and Éliza-risters) and Writers to the Signet (solicitors) are bethan styles. (See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. Ï.)

CHIEF CITIES, TOWNS, PORTS, &c. Edinburgh, the capital, is situated in the county of the same name, on a cluster of eminences, distant between 1 and 3 miles from the Firth of Forth. The city is composed of two principal parts, the Old and New Towns; the former being built on a long narrow eminence gently rising towards the west, where it terminates in a lofty and abrupt rock, on which the castle is situated; while the latter occupies lower ground towards the north. The town is universally built of a fair sandstone, which retains its original colour in the newer parts of the town and in the best public buildings, and forms one of the most important features of Edinburgh. The New Town is laid out on a regular plan of rectangular streets and squares, exhibiting in general much architectural elegance. Between the Old and New Towns, and between various sections of the New Town itself, as well as in the centres of the principal squares, there are gardens laid out in the modern landscape style, forming delightful places of recreation. It is chiefly owing to the unequal ground on which Edinburgh is situated, the massive elegance and regularity of its buildings, the intermixture of ornamental pleasure-ground, and the picturesque hills immediately adjacent, whence distant and extensive prospects are commanded, that this city makes so great an impression on most strangers.

Formerly the seat of the government of the country, Edinburgh is still that of the supreme law-courts and of a flourishing university. It is also to a great extent a city of residence, not only for affluent persons connected with the country, but for strangers desirous of enjoying a society of moderate habits, and the benefits of education for their children. Its leading classes are thus composed of legal practitioners, learned persons, and families in independent circumstances. It is only in a small degree a manufacturing town, the principal trades being the brewing of ale (for which the town is

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adjacent; the former being a collection of upwards of 150,000 volumes. Holyroodhouse, the palace of the Scottish kings, is situated at the lower extremity of the principal street of the Old Town. The oldest part is a mass of building erected by James V., containing the presence-chamber, bedroom, and other apartments, used by Queen Mary, with some of the original furniture; as also a gallery, furnished with (generally imaginary) portraits of the kings of Scotland. apartments of the queen are to be regarded with no ordinary interest, both as furnishing a curious and faithful memorial of the domestic accommodations of a princess of the sixteenth century, and on account of that extraordinary incident, the murder of David Rizzio, which took place within them. Another part of the building, erected in the reign of Charles II., contains the apartments used by George IV. for his levée in 1822, and a suite of rooms which furnished accommodation to Charles X. of France and his family, during the years 1831-2-3. Closely adjoining to the palace are the ruins of a Gothic church, originally that of the Abbey of Holyrood, and latterly a chapel-royal.

The College is a large modern quadrangular building, in the southern quarter of the city. It contains class-rooms for the professors (33 in number), a library of splendid proportions and decoration, and an extensive museum of natural history. The university is chiefly distinguished as a school of medicine; but it is also the means of preparing a great number of the native youth for the professions of law and divinity. The Register-House is a beautiful building, planned by Adam, in a conspicuous part of the New Town; it contains the records connected with the legal business of the country. The Royal Institution is the general appellation of an elegant building facing the centre of Princes Street, and containing halls for various public bodies, as the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Antiquarian Society of Scotland, the Scottish Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and an academy for instruction in drawing. Of places of worship, the most re

markable are St Giles's Church in the Old Town (once | burgh, 397 from London, and 196 from Dublin. The the cathedral), a Gothic building of the fifteenth cen- external appearance of this great city is elegant and tury, lately renovated; St George's, St Stephen's, and impressive. The streets are regular in arrangement, St Andrew's, modern churches of the establishment; and substantially built of smooth stone. The public and St Paul's and St John's, elegant Gothic chapels of buildings are in general handsome, and in most inthe Episcopalian body. There are two Roman Catholic stances disposed in such a manner as to be seen to chapels, and many dissenting places of worship. Of advantage. The more ancient part of the city extends the other public buildings, the most remarkable are along the line of the High Street, between the Cathethe Infirmary; the hospitals for the maintenance and dral and the river; the more modern and elegant part education of poor children, of which Heriot's and stretches towards the north-west. On the left bank of Donaldson's are the most elegant; the Surgeons' and the river, and connected by three bridges, is situated Physicians' Halls; and the offices of the Bank of Scot- the populous barony of Gorbals, bearing the same reland, of the Royal, Commercial, and other banks. On ference to Glasgow which Southwark bears to London. the Calton Hill are situated some other public struc- Westward from the lowest of the bridges, both sides of tures, as the County Jail and Bridewell; monuments to the river are formed into quays, which, owing to recent Nelson, Dugald Stewart, Burns, and Professor Playfair; operations for deepening the channel, are now apan astronomical observatory, and a small portion of a proached by vessels drawing about fourteen or fifteen building designed as a national monument to the feet water. The quay on the north bank is denomiScotsmen who perished in the last war, but which will nated the Broomielaw: it was recently extended to 3340 probably never be completed. In Princes Street Gar-feet in length, while that on the south bank is 1260 dens stands the monument erected in honour of Sir feet; and is still, along with the entire navigation of Walter Scott-a superb structure of Gothic design, the river, undergoing important improvements. and undoubtedly one of the leading ornaments of the Glasgow took its rise as a dependency of the cathecity. The population of Edinburgh and Leith in 1821 dral of the bishops (latterly archbishops) of the sec was 138,235; in 1831, 162,403; and in 1841, 166,450. bearing its name. It was not, however, till long after Leith, the seaport of Edinburgh, but an indendepent the Reformation that it became a seat of considerable parliamentary burgh, is situated at the efflux of the population. About the middle of the eighteenth cenrivulet of the same name, which originally constituted tury, it had acquired a considerable share of the import its harbour. The older part of the town is crowded colonial trade, which it still retains; but during the and mean, but in the outskirts there are some good last seventy years, it has chiefly been distinguished as streets. The town is connected with Edinburgh by a a seat of manufactures. The weaving of lawns, cambroad and beautiful road, above a mile in length, de- brics, and similar articles, commenced in Glasgow in nominated Leith Walk. Besides the quays skirting 1725. The advantages enjoyed by the city for the imthe embouchure of the river, there is a range of wet-portation of cotton, in time gave a greater impulse to docks, and extensive operations are now in progress that species of manufacture. In 1834, out of 134 cotfor the improvement of the harbour, which labours ton-factories existing in Scotland, 100 belonged to under several heavy natural disqualifications. During Glasgow and its neighbourhood; and the importation spring-tides, the utmost depth of water on the bar of cotton into that port amounted to 95,703 bales. In at the mouth of the river is 17 feet- during neap- the weaving of this material, upwards of 15,000 powertides, 14 feet; and it is rarely that a vessel of 400 looms, and 32,000 handloom weavers, were at the same tons can gain admission. The want of deep water time employed by the manufacturers of Glasgow. In at Leith is partly supplied by a small harbour at New- 1845 there were in Glasgow and neighbourhood, 784,756 haven, an extensive and substantial stone-pier at spindles, and 7847 workers; 17,620 power-looms, and Granton, and a chain-pier at Trinity, which serve as 11,200 workers. The value of the spinning-factories places of embarkation and debarkation for steamers was estimated at £784,756; of the power-loom or and other vessels devoted chiefly to passengers. The weaving factories, at £264,300. The calico-printing chief foreign trade of Leith is with the ports in the establishments, connected with the chief manufacture, Baltic and north of Europe; next to this in importance are between 40 and 50 in number. It would be vain ranks its intercourse with the West Indies. But the to attempt an exact enumeration of the less proimports of Leith are chiefly for local consumption, and minent features of the business carried on in Glasbear little reference to the great manufacturing busi-gow. The chief articles of importation besides cotton ness of the country. For the coasting trade there are are sugar, rum, tea, tobacco, and timber. The chief various companies, each of which has several vessels in articles manufactured or prepared besides cotton goods employment. Amongst the ports with which regular are sugar, soap, glass, iron, ropes, leather, chemical intercourse is carried on by steam, may be mentioned stuffs, and machinery. There were recently seven naLondon, Hull, Newcastle, Dundee, Aberdeen, Hamburg, tive banks, and several branches of other banks. Durand Rotterdam. The tonnage belonging to Leith is ing a year, extending from a certain period in 1839 to somewhat stationary: it was, in 1826, 25,674; in 1832, a certain period in 1840, 5484 vessels, of 296,302 ton23,094; in 1835, 22,073; and in 1845, 22,258-of nage, arrived at the Glasgow harbour; the customhouse which 2,750 belonged to vessels under 50 tons burthen, revenue of 1839 was £468,975, and the harbour dues and 19,508 to vessels upwards of 50 tons. In the same of the twelvemonth ending August 31 of that year were year the number of sailing vessels under 50 tons was £45,826. In 1845, 438 vessels belonged to Glasgow, 100; above 50 tons, 118. Besides the above there with an aggregate burthen of 117,000 tons; and in the were 8 steamers under 50 tons, having an aggregate same year the gross receipts at the customhouse were tonnage of 199; and 9 steamers above 50 tons, having £551,851. It is worthy of remark, that the Clyde was an aggregate tonnage of 1,972. In 1844 the nett the first river in the elder hemisphere on which steam receipt of customs' duties was £500,924; in 1845 it navigation was exemplified. A steam-vessel of threewas £606,407. In Leith there are several breweries, horse power was set afloat on the river in January 1812, a sugar-refining establishment, and several manufac- by Mr Henry Bell of Helensburgh; and there were tories of soap, candles, ropes, and glass. The Custom-twenty such vessels on the Clyde before one had dishouse, an elegant modern building, is the seat of the turbed the waters of the Thames. In 1845 there were Board of Customs for Scotland. În 1831 the popula- sixty-seven steam-vessels, of 11,100 aggregate tonnage, tion of Leith was 25,855; in 1841, 33,473. The town, connected with Glasgow, eighteen of which plied to in union with Newhaven, Portobello, and Musselburgh, Liverpool, Belfast, Dublin, and Londonderry. Within returns a member to parliament. the last few years the city has become a great centre Glasgow, the most populous city in Scotland, occupies of the iron trade, this metal being produced in the a highly advantageous situation on the banks of the neighbourhood to an annual amount of not less than Clyde, in Lanarkshire, a few miles from the place where 200,000 tons. As a necessary consequence of the comthe river expands into an estuary, 42 miles from Edin-merce and manufactures which flourish in Glasgow,

the city has a vast retail trade in all the articles of luxury and necessity which are used by human beings. But no circumstance connected with Glasgow could give so impressive an idea of the height to which business has been carried in it, as the rapid advance and present great amount of its population. By the census of 1791, the inhabitants were 66,578; and by the first government census in 1801, they were 77,385. But these numbers have been increased in 1811 to 110,749; in 1821 to 147,043; in 1831 to 202,426; and in 1841 to 274,533-a mass of population which, at the time of the Union, could not have been dreamt of as likely ever to exist in any Scottish city.

The Cathedral, or High Church, is situated in the northern outskirts of the city, near the upper extremity of the High Street. The bulk of the existing building was constructed at the close of the twelfth century, in place of another which had been consecrated in 1136, but was destroyed by fire. It consists of a long nave and choir, a chapter-house projecting from the northeast angle, a tower and spire in the centre, and a crypt extending beneath the choir or eastern portion of the building. In the nave, termed the Outer High Kirk, was held the celebrated General Assembly of the Church, November 1638, by which Episcopacy was abolished and pure Presbytery replaced the first great movement in the civil war.

is isolated, the other sides are also of decorative architecture. Altogether this building, supported by a set of very elegant domestic structures of similarly august proportions, impresses the mind of a stranger as something signally worthy of a great city.

Since the Reform Act of 1832, Glasgow has the privilege of returning two members to parliament. The places of worship, charitable and educational institutions, and associations of various kinds for public objects, are very numerous. A laudable zeal for the improvement of education marks the city; and a normal school, or seminary for the rearing of teachers-the first in the empire-has been erected under the auspices of a private society.

The means of communication in connection with Glasgow, are suitable to the character of the city as one of the greatest emporia of commerce and manufacture in the world. Besides a river, navigable by vessels drawing fifteen feet of water, and which gives the means of a ready communication with the western shores of Britain, with Ireland, and with America, the Forth and Clyde Canal, of which a branch comes to Port-Dundas, in the northern suburbs, serves to convey goods and passengers to the eastern shores of the island, while canals of less note connect the city with Paisley and Johnstone in one direction, and with the great coal-fields of Monkland in the other. There is also The elevated ground near the east end of the Cathe-railway communication connecting it with Edinburgh dral has been formed into an ornamental place of sepulture, under the appellation of the Necropolis. Since 1831, the Society of Merchants, its proprietors, have expended the sum of £6000 in laying out about twenty-four acres of ground in walks and shrubberies, and in connecting the spot with the opposite slope by means of a bridge across the intermediate rivulet. The taste manifested in the whole scheme and in its execution is extremely creditable to the city. The walks, several miles in extent, command an extensive view of the neighbouring country. They are skirted by numberless sepulchral plots and excavations, where already affection has been busy in erecting its frail memorials,' all of which, it may be mentioned, are fashioned according to certain regulations, with a view to general keeping and effect.

The College buildings are situated on the east side of the High Street, about half-way between the Cathedral and the Trongate. They consist in a sort of double court; the front which adjoins to the street being 330 feet in length, and three storeys in height. The whole edifice has a dignified and venerable appearance. A large piece of ground behind the College is formed into a park or green, interspersed with trees and hedges, and always kept in grass, to be used by the students as a place of exercise or amusement. In the College there are appointed professors or teachers of about thirty branches of science, theology, and polite literature. At the back of the interior court stands the modern Grecian building which contains the Hunterian Museum. This is a large collection of singular natural objects, coins, medals, rare manuscripts, paintings, and relics of antiquity, originally formed by Dr William Hunter, the celebrated anatomist, and bequeathed by him to this university, at which he received his education. While the College confers professional education, popular instruction is attainable, under unusually advantageous circumstances, through the medium of the Andersonian Institution, an extensive school of science founded at the close of the last century, and connected with which there is a general museum, containing many curious objects, and constantly open to the public.

and the north of Scotland on the one hand, and with the south of Scotland and England on the other. The steam communication between Glasgow and Liverpool, Dublin and other Irish ports, is conducted on a scale which may be called grand. The vessels are superb in magnitude, decoration, and power; and they sail frequently and rapidly. The steam intercourse between Glasgow and various places in Scotland, both for passengers and objects of traffic, is also conducted on a great scale: among the places touched at in the Clyde and to the south are Greenock, Dumbarton, Dunoon, Rothesay, Arran, Gourock, Troon, and Ayr. Among the places to the north to which vessels sail regularly are Inverary, Campbeltown, Obon, Staffa and Iona, Mull, Arisaig, Skye, Stornoway, and Inverness. In opening up markets for West Highland produce, and introducing luxuries in return, these vessels have also been of marked service, insomuch that the value of property in those hitherto secluded districts has experienced a very considerable rise.

The country around Glasgow, particularly towards the south, abounds in busy towns and villages, of the former of which the most remarkable is Paisley, situated in Renfrewshire, on the banks of the small river Cart, 7 miles from the city above described. The external appearance of this town is pleasing, and the streets are in general composed of substantial buildings. It originated from an abbey founded in 1160 by Walter, the first of the Stewarts, and of which considerable remains still exist. Paisley is a noted seat of the manufacture of shawls, and also of cotton thread, gauzes, and velvets. In the town and Abbey parish, exclusive of the large village of Johnstone, there were lately three cotton spinning-mills, and seven or eight thread-mills; two steam-loom factories; six flour-mills; a calico-printing work; many bleaching-works and dyehouses; three breweries and two distilleries; several timber yards; and several iron and brass foundries; an alum and coperas work, a soap work, and a tan-yard. An idea of the present extent of manufactures, in comparison with what it was in the last age, may be obtained from the fact, that while the whole of the manufactures in 1760 amounted to £15,000, the annual computed value of the goods made in and around the town a few years ago was £2,000,000.

The most attractive modern building in Glasgow is the Royal Exchange in Queen Street, a most superb structure, erected in 1829, as a point of assemblage for Paisley has been changed by the Reform Acts from the merchants in the western part of the city. The a burgh of barony into a parliamentary burgh of the principal room is a large hall, supported by a double first class, returning one member, divided into wards row of columns, and used as a reading-room. The for municipal purposes, and managed by sixteen counfront of the Exchange consists of a magnificent por- cillors, including a provost, four bailies, and a treasurer. tico, surmounted by a cupola; and as the building | Being, though not the county town, the seat of the

sheriff court, it is adorned by a large modern castellated | bank of the Don. The aggregate population, according building, containing a jail, bridewell, and series of to census 1841, was 64,767. court-rooms; but unfortunately the edifice is placed in a low situation, without reference to salubrity or external influences. Devoted as the inhabitants of Paisley are to the pursuits of business, they have long been honourably remarkable for a spirit of inquiry and a desire for intellectual improvement. The population of Paisley, like that of Glasgow, has experienced a very rapid advance: the inhabitants of the town and surrounding parochial district, in 1821, amounted to 47,003; in 1831 to 57,466; and in 1841 to 60,487.

Notwithstanding the inland situation of Paisley, its means of communication are unusually facile and ample. The White Cart, navigable from its efflux into the Clyde to the Sneddon in the outskirts of Paisley, presents all the advantages of a canal. A canal leaves the southern suburbs of Glasgow, and passing Paisley, terminates at Johnstone. Paisley is also benefited by the Glasgow and Ayr Railway, which passes it, as well as by the other lines which centre in Glasgow,

Aberdeen is a city of great antiquity. It became the seat of a university by the erection of King's College in Old Aberdeen in 1495; Mareschal College, in New Aberdeen, was added in 1593. By the recent Reform Acts it is a royal burgh of the first class, divided into districts for municipal purposes, and returning one member to parliament. Aberdeen is at once a seat of manufactures and a seaport. There are several houses engaged in the cotton manufacture, a few in the woollen trade, and three or four in flax-spinning and the weaving of linen. Ship-building, iron-founding, comb-making, rope-making, and paper-making are also carried on to a great extent. The fisheries of the River Dee, and the export of granite, are sources of considerable income. Of the exports for the year 1836, we may notice, as indicating at once the extent and nature of the agricultural and manufacturing products of the district, the following items:-Flax manufactures, 30,482 barrel bulk; cotton manufactures, 16,336 do.; woollen manufactures, 20,043 do.; oats, 69,239 quarters; meal, 13,375 bolls; sheep and lambs, 1407; pigs, 3034; butter, 9261 cwts.; eggs, 8120 barrel bulk; pork, 6006 cwts.; salmon, 7757 do.; granite stones, 1738 tons. The chief imports are-coal, of which there was unloaded, during the same year, 371,914 bolls; lime, cotton, flax, wool, wood, wheat, flour, salt, iron, whale-blubber, and miscellaneous goods, consisting of groceries, &c. There were in 1836 belonging to the port of Aberdeen 360 vessels, tonnage 42,080, employing 3110 men; in 1845 there were 322 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 48,559; and 14 steamers, with a tonnage of 3951. The gross receipts of the customhouse in 1845 was £76,259.

In Renfrewshire also is situated Greenock, till recently the greatest seaport of the kingdom as far as customhouse receipts form a criterion, these having been, in 1834, £482,138 in gross amount. Of late, the port of Greenock has been on the decline, in consequence of the improvement of the river to Glasgow: in 1845 the gross customhouse receipts were less than £348,000; while Glasgow was £498,000; and Leith, £628,000. This town occupies a strip of sloping ground facing towards the Firth of Clyde, at the distance of 24 miles from Glasgow. In the seventeenth century it was a mere hamlet; now it is a handsome town of about 40,000 inhabitants; its population in 1841 being 36,936; containing harbours and quays of 2200 feet in extent, to which belonged, in the same year, 422 ves- Aberdeen is entered from the south by Union Street, sels, of 82,200 tonnage. It is now, moreover, by virtue an elegant double line of buildings, 1 mile in length and of the recent Reform Acts, a parliamentary burgh of 70 feet wide, in the centre of which a ravine, pervaded the first class, returning one member to parliament. by a rivulet, is crossed by a noble arch of 132 feet in The principal branches of commerce conducted in span, upon a rise of 22. King Street, which opens Greenock have reference to the East and West Indies, up the city from the north, is 60 feet wide, and conthe United States, and British America, to which last tains many splendid edifices. Besides these two main it yearly sends out great numbers of emigrants. Sugar- streets, there is a considerable number of modern baking and ship-building are other branches of industry squares and terraces. The public buildings are much carried on here to a great extent. The Customhouse, scattered, but are generally of an elegant appearance. fronting to the Firth of Clyde, is a beautiful Grecian The Public Rooms, erected by the gentlemen of the building, erected in 1818 at an expense of £30,000. counties of Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Forfar, The Tontine Hotel-situated in one of the principal for meetings, dancing assemblies, &c., and partly occustreets, and containing a large public room, 12 sitting-pied as a reading-room, constitute a handsome Grecian rooms, and 30 bedrooms-was built in 1801 by 400 structure, fronting to Union Street. On the north subscribers of £25 each, the whole expense being thus side of Castle Street stands the Town-House, and in £10,000. There is also an elegant building, in the the centre is the Cross, a curious structure re-erected in character of an Exchange, which cost £7000, and con- 1822, and containing sculptures of eight Scottish sovetains, besides two spacious assembly rooms, a reading-reigns between James I. and James VII. Mareschal room, to which strangers are admitted gratuitously for six weeks. In Greenock there are two native banks, besides branches of several others.

James Watt, the improver of the steam-engine, was born in Greenock in 1736; and an institution for literary and scientific purposes, designed to serve as a monument to him, and termed the Watt Institution, was completed several years ago. The situation of the town, on the shore of a land-locked basin of the Firth of Clyde, with the mountains of Argyleshire and Dumbartonshire rising on the opposite side, is very fine. Amongst Scottish towns, Aberdeen ranks next to Edinburgh and Glasgow. It is situated in the county named from it, on a level piece of ground between the effluxes of the rivers Dee and Don, 110 miles from Edinburgh. Its external appearance produces a favourable impression; the principal streets are straight and regular, and the buildings at once substantial and elegant, the chief material used in constructing them being a gray granite found here in great abundance. New Aberdeen, or what is now generally called Aberdeen, is close to the efflux of the Dee, the mouth of which forms its harbour; and Old Aberdeen, where the ancient Cathedral and King's College are situated, is a comparatively small town, about a mile distant, on the

College, formerly a plain old structure, has lately been re-edified in handsome style, chiefly at the expense of the nation. King's College consists of a handsome but ill-assorted quadrangle, surmounted by a fine tower and spire. The two colleges are attended by about 500 students, nearly equally divided between them. In Old Aberdeen are also to be seen the remains of the Cathedral, consisting of the nave of the original building, with two towers at the west end. The ceiling is composed of oak, cut out into forty-eight compartments, each displaying in strong colours the armorial bearings of some eminent person, whose name is given below in Latin, and in the old Gothic character.

Dundee, situated in Forfarshire, on the shore of the Firth of Tay, may be considered as the fourth town in Scotland, whether in population or in the importance conferred by wealth. It is a busy seaport, and the chief seat of the linen manufacture in Scotland, and indeed in Great Britain. A series of docks, the erection of which cost about £400,000, extend along the shore, where, a century ago, there was only a small quay in the form of a crooked wall. In 1845 Dundee had 44 vessels under 50 tons, giving 1599 tonnage; 265 above 50 tons, giving 46,376 tonnage; and 8 steamers of 1560 tonnage. The gross receipts at the custom

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Penitentiary for Scotland, under the improved Prisons Act of 1841. The beauty and salubrity of Perth are much enhanced by two beautiful pieces of adjacent public ground, respectively entitled the North Inch and South Inch. In the midst of a highly cultivated vale, pervaded by a great river, and with lofty mountains in the distance, Perth, especially when its own neat appearance is considered, may be said eminently to deserve its appellation of the fair city. It is now connected by railway with Dundee and the north on the one hand, and with Glasgow, Edinburgh, and the south, on the other.

house amounted in the same year to £42,737. In 1815 | rons, besides a lunatic asylum, there is the General the harbour dues amounted to £4,411 only; but in 1846 they exceeded £25,000. In 1745,' says Mr M'Culloch, only 74 tons of flax were imported. From that period to 1791 the progress of the manufacture was more rapid in the latter year 2444 tons of flax and 299 tons of hemp being imported, and about 8,000,000 yards of linen, sail-cloth, &c. exported. Previously to this period all the yarn used in the manufacture was spun upon the common hand-wheel, partly in the town, and partly in the adjacent country; but the spinning of yarn by machinery began soon after to be introduced, and the increased facility of production, consequent to the erection of flax-mills, has been such, that the cost of the yarn, including of course the raw material, is now less than the mere expense of spinning amounted to 40 years ago! In 1811, 4 spinning-mills had been constructed in Dundee: in 1831 the number was increased to 31; and in 1846 there were 50! The imports of flax in 1845 amounted to 19,865 tons; flax codilla, 9198 tons; hemp, 1200; jute, 9298. The exports in the same year were 77,000 pieces Osnaburgs; 282,000 pieces sheetings; 952 cotton bagging; 28,000 sundries; 160,000 sail-cloth; 133,000 sacking; 73 dowlas; and 30 sundries. The entire annual value of the linen goods manufactured in Dundee are estimated at £1,600,000! | Besides the factories connected with the linen trade, there are several extensive machine-factories, candlefactories, sugar-refineries, and establishments for ropemaking and ship-building. This great hive of industry contained in 1831 a population of 45,355, which in 1841 had increased to 62,794, of whom about one-fifth part are engaged in the linen manufacture. The town is represented in parliament by one member.

Dumfries, the principal town of Dumfriesshire (71 miles from Edinburgh, and 34 from Carlisle), enjoys a beautiful situation on the Nith, which is navigable to nearly this point for small vessels. The population has varied little since 1821, being in that year 11,052; in 1831, 11,606; and in 1841, 11,069. Dumfries has a few small manufactures, but its chief importance rests in its character as a kind of provincial capital and seat of the county courts, and as an entrepôt for the transmission of cattle and pork to the English market. Eighty-four vessels belong to the port, with an aggregate tonnage of 5783; and steam-vessels sail regularly to Liverpool. The town has a neat and clean appearance, has some handsome public buildings, and is the seat of considerable refinement. In St Michael's Churchyard repose the remains of Burns, over which his admirers have reared a handsome mausoleum.

Inverness (155 miles from Edinburgh) is the principal seat of population in the northern counties of Scotland. It is an ancient royal burgh, a seaport for the export and import trade of the district, and the seat of the county courts. The situation on the river Ness, near its junction with the sea, with some picturesque eminences in the neighbourhood, is one of great beauty, and the town itself is well-built and remarkably clean. Inverness is often called the Highland capital, being within the line of the Grampians, and the residence of many persons connected with that district. In 1845 there were 144 vessels belonging to the port under 50 tons, whose tonnage was 3737; and 80 vessels above 50 tons, whose tonnage was 6481. The customhouse dues amounted in the gross to £5082. The popu

Dundee contains one handsome place, denominated the High Street, in the centre of the town, and several other good streets; but the most elegant and commodious private dwellings take the form of suburban villas. There is a handsome modern building, serving the purposes of an Exchange and reading-room, besides which the most conspicuous public buildings are the Town-House and a building comprehensively called the Seminaries, containing an academy and grammarschool. The High Church of Dundee was an interesting building of the thirteenth century, with a massive tower 156 feet high; but the whole structure, except-lation of the town and parish in 1831 was 14,324; in ing the steeple, was destroyed by fire in January 1841; it has since been rebuilt after an equally elegant and more commodious style. Dundee is now connected by railways with all the principal towns, and through them with England. It also carries on a regular steam intercourse with London.

Perth, the chief town of the county of the same name, is celebrated on account of its elegant appearance, and the beautiful situation which it enjoys on the banks of the Tay, here a broad and majestic stream. Umbrella-cloths, ginghams, handkerchiefs, and shawls are manufactured in Perth in considerable quantities, the number of weavers employed being 1600; and there are a flax spinning-mill and an extensive bleachfield. The river being navigable to this place for small vessels, there is a harbour, chiefly for coasting trade. In 1845 there were 89 vessels belonging to the place, the tonnage of which amounted to 8828; the gross receipt of customhouse dues was £12,572. The salmon fisheries on the river are a source of considerable income: the fish are sent to London in boxes, the number of which in 1845 was 6000, amounting to 300 tons. Perth had in 1831 a population of 20,016; and in 1841, 19,293. It is represented by one member in parliament.

The streets of Perth are generally rectangular, and well built of stone. The river is spanned by a substantial bridge, connecting the town with a small suburb on the other side, and forming part of the great north road. The town contains most of the public buildings found in places of similar character and magnitude: the ancient Church of St John, an elegant suite of county buildings, an academy, and Town-Hall, are those most entitled to notice within the town. In the envi

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1841 it was 15,418. Amongst objects of interest may be enumerated the remains of a fort built by Cromwell; Craig-Phadric, an eminence crowned by a vitrified fort; and the moor of Culloden (distant 5 miles), the scene of the fatal battle which extinguished the hopes of the House of Stuart.

The principal towns in Scotland, next to those above enumerated, are in Ayrshire, Kilmarnock, a prosperous seat of the coarser woollen manufacture-population in 1841, 19,956; Ayr, the capital of the county, a thriving market-town, and in a small degree a seaport population, 8264; in Stirlingshire, Stirling, the county town, remarkable chiefly for its castle, a favourite seat of the Scottish monarchs, and from which the most splendid views are commanded-population, 9095; Falkirk, a busy market-town, and the centre of a district remarkable for its iron-foundries, particularly the celebrated one of Carron-population, 15,621; in Fifeshire, Dunfermline, the principal seat of the manufacture of damasks, diapers, and similar fabrics, and an ancient seat of royalty, celebrated for the remains of its Abbey, which contain the tomb of King Robert the Bruce-population, 20,217; Cupar, the county townpopulation, 6400; Kirkaldy, a busy manufacturing and seaport town-with a population (including suburbs), of 18,000, and a commercial shipping amounting to 10,000 tons burthen; St Andrews, the seat of an ancient university: in Forfarshire, Montrose and Arbroath, active seats of the linen trade, celebrated for their pavement quarries, and likewise seaports the former having a population of 15,000, and a tonnage of 15,200, the latter a population of 8700, and a tonnage of 6500: in Morayshire, Elgin, a royal burgh and county town.

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