the aged duke of Norfolk, father of his former victim, who had spent a long life, and expended a princely fortune, in his service. There being no charge on which to found an impeachment against him, a parliament was summoned to attaint him; and so well did these servile wretches fulfil their inhuman master's expectations, that the bill of attainder was passed in both houses in the short space of seven days; and the royal assent being given by commission, January 27, the duke was ordered for execution on the next morning; but in the course of the night, the king was himself summoned before the tribunal of the eternal Judge.

PART VI.

Persecutions in Scotland, and Progress of the Reformation during the reign of King Edward.

CHAPTER 1

Persecutions in Scotland during the 15th and part of

the 16th centuries.

HAVING brought our account of the sufferings and mar tyrdoms of the English reformers down to the death of Henry the Eighth, we shall now proceed to relate the cruel persecutions of God's faithful servants in Scotland to the same period; but it will previously be necessary to give a short sketch of the progress of the reformation in that country.

The long alliance between Scotland and France, had rendered the two nations extremely attached to each other; and Paris was the place where the learned of Scotland had their education. Yet early in the fifteenth century, learning was more encouraged in Scotland, and universities were founded in several episcopal sees. About the

same time some of Wickliffe's followers began to show themselves in Scotland; and an Englishman, named Resby, was burnt in 1407 for teaching some opinions contrary to the pope's authority.

Some years after that, Paul Craw, a Bohemian, who had been converted by Huss, was burnt for infusing the opinions of that martyr into some persons at St. Andrews.

About the end of the fifteenth century, Lollardy, as it was then called, spread itself into many parts of the diocese of Glasgow, for which several persons of quality were accused; but they answered the archbishop of that see with so much boldness and truth, that he dismissed them, having admonished them to content themselves with the faith of the church, and to beware of new doctrines.

The same spirit of ignorance, immorality, and superstition, had overrun the church of Scotland that was so much complained of in other parts of Europe. The total neglect of the pastoral care, and the scandalous lives of the clergy, filled the people with such prejudices against them, that they were easily disposed to hearken to new preachers, among the most conspicuous of whom was Patrick Hamilton.

Story and Martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton.

This noble martyr was nephew, by his father, to the earl of Arran, and by his mother, to the duke of Albany. He was educated for the church, and would have been highly preferred, having an abbey given him for prosecuting his studies. But, going over to Germany, and studying at the university of Marpurg, he soon distinguished himself by his zeal, assiduity, and great progress, particularly in the scriptures, which were his grand object, and to which he made everything else subservient. He also became acquainted with Luther and Melancthon; and being convinced, from his own researches, of the truth of their doctrines, he burned to impart the light of the gospel to his own countrymen, and to show them the errors and corruptions of their church. For this great purpose he returned to Scotland.

After preaching some time, and holding up the truth to his deluded countrymen, he was at length invited to St.

Andrews, to confer upon the points in question. But his enemies couli not stand the light, and finding they could not defend themselves by argument, resolved upon revenge. Hamilton was accordingly imprisoned. Articles were exhibited against him, in which he was charged with having denied free-will; advocated justification by faith alone; and declared that faith, hope, and charity, are so linked together, that one cannot exist in the breast without the other.

Upon his refusing to abjure these doctrines, Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, with the archbishop of Glasgow, three bishops, and five albots, condemned him as an obstmate heretic, delivered him to the secular power, and ordered his execution to take place that very afternoon; for the king had gone in pilgrimage to Ross, and they were afraid, lest, upon his return, Hamilton's friends might have interceded effectually for him. When he was tied to the stake, he expressed great joy in his sufferings, since by these he was to enter into everlasting life.

A train of powder being fired, it did not kindle the fuel, but only burnt his face, which occasioned a delay till more powder was brought ; and in that time the friars continually urged him to recant, and pray to the Virgin, saying the Salve 14 gina. Among the rest, a friar named Campbel, who had been often with hùn in prison, was very officions. Hundton answered I'm, that he knew he was not a heretic, and had coalessed to him in private, and charged him to answer for that at the throne of Almighty God. By this time toe gpowder was brought, and the fire being Kindled, he died, repeating these words, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit! How long, oh! Lord! how long shall darkne: s ove, sac. this kingdom? and how long wilt thou suffer the tyranny of these men ?" He suffered death in the year 1527.

The views and doctrines of this glorious martyr were such as could not fiil to excite the highest admiration of every red bellovor; aal they were expressed with such brevity, such clearness, and such peculiar vigour and beauty, forming in taemselves a complete summary of the gospel, that they afford d instruction to all who sought to know more of God.

The force of the truths preached by Hamilton, the firm

ness of his death, and the singular catastrophe of friar Campbel, made strong impressions on the people; and many received the new opinions. Seaton, a Dominican, the king's confessor, preaching in Lent, set out the nature and method of true repentance, without mixing the directions which the friars commonly gave on that subject; and when another friar atten.pted to show the defectiveness of what he had taught, Seaton defended himself in another sermon, and reflected on those bishops who did not preach, calling them dumb dogs. But the clergy dared not meddle with him, till they had by secret insinuations ruined his credit with the king; and the freedom he used in reproving him for his vices, quickly alienated James from him; upon which he withdrew into England, and wrote to the king, taxing the clergy for their cruelty, and praying him to restrain it.

Martyrdom of Henry Forest.

A few years after this event, Henry Forest, a young friar of Lithgow, was burnt for saying that Hamilton was a martyr, and that the doctrines he preached were

true.

Norman Gurley and David Strutton were also put to death about the same time, for saying there was no such place as purgatory, and that the pope was Antichrist.

The year following, viz. 1539, two others were apprehended on suspicion of heresy, namely: Jerome Russel and Alexander Campbell, a youth of about eighteen years of age. Being tried before the archbishop, they were sentenced to be burnt on the following day, which was executed accordingly.

Martyrdom of six Persons.

In 1543, the archbishop of St. Andrews making a visitation into various parts of his diocese, several persons were accused at Perth of heresy. Among these the six following were condemned to die: William Anderson, Robert Lamb, James Finlayson, James Hunter, James Raveleson, and Helen Stark.

The accusations laid against them were to the following effect:

The four first were accused of having hung up the image of St. Francis, nailing ram's horns on his head, and fastening a cow's tail to his rump; but the principal matter on which they were condemned was having regaled themselves with a goose on Allhallows-eve, a fast day, according to the Romish superstition.

James Raveleson was accused of having ornamented his house with the three-crowned diadem of Peter, carved in wood, which the archbishop conceived to be done in mockery to his cardinal's hat.

Helen Stark was accused of not having accustomed herself to pray to the Virgin Mary, more especially during the time she was in childbed.

On these accusations they were all found guilty, and immediately received sentence of death; the four men for eating the goose to be hanged; James Raveleson to be burnt; and the woman, with her sucking infant, to be put into a sack, and drowned.