decimal points:

1. 85-4321 × 100.

2. 42930 213401 × 10.

3. 1067-2350123 × 100.

4. 608-34017 × 1000.

5. 30-467214067 × 10000.

6. 446-3214022 × 100000.
7. 21:3456782106 × 100000.

rived from it)

Enorgueillir (ditto) Anh-or-guaygl-yeer

ENGLISH. Intoxicating. Intoxication. To intoxicate.

To render proud.

SECTION XXV.-IDIOMATIC USES OF VERBS, ETC.

1. The verb aller is used, in French, in the same manner as the verb to go, in English, to indicate a proximate future. Allez-vous écrire ce matin ?

Je vais écrire mes lettres,

Are you going to write this morning? I am going to write my letters.

to, to come to, in connection with nouns or pronouns representing 3. Aller trouver, venir trouver, are used in the sense of to go

persons.

Allez trouver le ferblantier,
J'ai envie d'aller le trouver,
Venez me trouver à dix heures,

4. Aller chercher means to go Allez chercher le médecin,

Je vais chercher du sucre et du

café,

5. Envoyer chercher means to Envoyez chercher le marchand, J'envoie chercher des légumes,

Go to the tinman.

I have a desire to go to him. Come to me a ten o'clock. for, to go and fetch.

Go and fetch the physician.
I am going for coffee and sugar.

send for, to send and fetch. Send for the merchant. I send for vegetables.

6. The first and second persons of the plural of the imperative are, with few exceptions, the same as the corresponding persons of the present of the indicative. The pronouns nous, vous, are not used with the imperative.

7. PLURAL OF THE IMPERATIVE OF ALLER, ENVOYER, AND
VENIR.
Envoyons, let us send.
Envoyez, send.

Allons, let us go. Allez, go.

Venons, let us come. Venez, come.

8. Tous, m., toutes, f., followed by the article les and a plural noun, are used in French in the same sense as the word every in English.

and interesting; so that in no portion of the globe have greater advances been made in the knowledge of physics and geography, and of all the sciences connected with them. Botanical geography may, in fact, be said to have originated with Baron von Humboldt. If to this we add that the author of the "Tableaux de la Nature" studied the countries in which he travelled both in an economical and political point of view, his merit as a scientific traveller stands unrivalled.

The travels of La Condamine in Peru and on the river Amazon; of Smith and Maw, on the same river; of Messrs. Spix, Martins, and Auguste St. Hilaire, in Brazil; of Don Felix Azara, in Paraguay; of Captains King and Fitzroy, in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego; of M. Stephenson, in Chili and Peru; of M. Gay, in Chili; and of M. Schomberg, in Guiana, have all contributed to the perfection of our knowledge of the geography, the productions, the geology, and the population of South America. Among these later travellers must be mentioned M. A. d'Orbigny, a learned French geologist, who, in 1826, after a sojourn of seven months at Buenos Ayres, ascended the Parana

stone, some of which weigh eighty tons. The great gates are each composed of one single mass; and there are colossal images rudely sculptured, showing that at a very early period there must have been some communication between the Old World and the New. The traveller above mentioned then visited in succession the cities of Cochabamba and of Santa Cruz de la Sierra; courageously penetrated into the province of the Chiquitos, which he surveyed in every direction to the river Paraguay and the Brazilian province of Matto-Grosso; noted the manners of the Guarayos, a tribe still entirely savage; traversed the province of the Moxos, to the north-east of Upper Peru; passed some time in the forests inhabited by the Yuracares Indians; discovered the points of discharge of the Rio Beni and Rio Mamoré, tributaries to the Amazon; returned to Santa Cruz; visited Potosi, the city of inexhaustible mines; and finally sailed for France from the coast of Peru. This remarkable expedition lasted for the space of eight years, and produced valuable results for the geographer, the natural historian, and the geologist.

as far as 1,000 miles from its mouth, travelled over the province of Corrientes, and other parts of the Argentine Confederation, visited the hordes of savages which people the Grand-Chaco, and returned to a civilised territory, passing through the provinces of Entre-Rios and Santa-Fe. He then travelled into Patagonia, ascended the Rio Negro, and sojourned eight months in that country amongst the stalwart savages, whose Herculean forms and size had been described with so much exaggeration by Pigaletta, Drake, Sarmiento, Lemaire, Byron, Bougainville, and many other navigators. This intrepid naturalist then proceeded to Chili, having doubled Cape Horn and reached Bolivia, sometimes called Upper Peru, of which he explored the western region, rendered so remarkable by the labours of the ancient Quichuas. He ascended the summits of the Andes, and on his reaching the opposite sides of these amazing heights, beheld a magnificent panorama of snowy peaks, and of immense chains of mountains. He at last reached the vast table-land on which is situated the great Lake of Titicaca, 150 miles long, rendered so famous by the Temple of the Sun, built by the Incas, on an island in its centre. At the village of Tiahuanacu, near the banks of this lake, are also to be seen the remains of the stupendous palace erected by the ancient Peruvians. The interior courts, 360 feet square, are built of enormous blocks of

From the extremity of South America let us pass on to the regions which surround the Antarctic pole. There we see navigators of all nations braving the storms and the icebergs of those seas which are covered with everlasting mists, in order to enrich geography with important observations and discoveries. After the immortal name of Cook, came those of William Smith (1818), of Lieutenant Barnsfield, of the Russian officers Bellinghausen and Lazareff (1819), of Botwell (1820), of Weddell and Palmer (1822), of Biscoe (1830), and of Balleny (1839). It is to these navigators, some commissioned by the government of the nations to which they belonged, and others who were simply whalers or seal-catchers, that we owe the successive discoveries of New South Shetland, the South Orkneys, Palmer Land, Trinity Land, the islands of Peter and Alexander, Enderby Land, Adelie Land, Graham Land, and the islands of Biscoe and Balleny. Three voyages in the southern circumpolar seas-those of Dumont d'Urville, of Captain James Clarke Ross, and of the American Commodore Wilkes-deserve particular notice. French expedition, under the command of Captain Dumont d'Urville, after a careful exploration of the Strait of Magellan, proceeded in 1838 towards the icy regions, and was stopped by an iceberg in latitude 64° S. The two vessels endeavoured to overcome the obstacles which opposed their progress, but they

The

were blockaded by the ice during five successive days, and only secured their safety by a sudden change of the wind to the south, and the immediate efforts of the crews, who cleared their way through the immense blocks of ice with which they were surrounded. Sailing in a different direction, they discovered Louis Philippe Land; and returning northward, Captain D'Urville visited, agreeably to his instructions, the island of Juan Fernandez, the Marquesas Islands, Otaheite or Tahiti-which has gained the name of the "Gem of the Pacific" from the exquisite beauty of its scenery-Samoa, Vavaoo, Hapace, and the Feejee Islands. He then touched at Banks Island, the Vanikoro, Solomon, and Caroline Islands, and others, and arrived at the hospitable port of Guam. He then sailed through the great Asiatic Archipelago, and explored the banks of New Guinea, Australia, and the isles of Sunda; he made the tour of Borneo, and stayed a short time at Hobart Town, in Tasmania. In January, 1840, the vessels of the same expedition, L'Astrolabe and La Zélée, sailed again towards the icy regions of the south, and swept over the immense space from 120° to 170° E., which had not hitherto been fully explored by navigators. Having discovered some land and coasts which they supposed to belong to the yet undiscovered Antarctic continent, they returned to New Zealand, and explored its coasts, and those of the islands of the Louisiade Archipelago and New Guinea, including the dangerous reefs of Torres Strait.

The object of the expedition under Captain, afterwards Sir James Ross, was to investigate the problem of the Artarctic continent of which D'Urville was considered to have seen the shores. He sailed for this purpose, with the Erebus and Terror under his command, and early in 1840 he discovered land in latitude 70° 47' S., and longitude 174° 56′ E., consisting of a collection of peaked mountains, varying from 9,000 to 12,000 feet in height, covered with snow, and surrounded with immense masses of ice which jutted into the ocean like huge promontories. An island discovered in the vicinity of this land was called Victoria. In latitude 76° 8' S., and longitude 170° 32′ E., they discovered another island; and next day they beheld a mountain 12,400 feet high belching forth, at an immense elevation, flames and smoke; to this volcano they gave the name of Mount Erebus. Having reached latitude 78° 4' S., the farthest south point yet reached in the Antarctic Ocean, the expedition proceeded on its way in a retrograde direction, coasting, as it were, the land first discovered, it being impossible to get on shore on account of the ice in which it was enveloped. It was thus ascertained that this land extended in latitude from 70° S. to 79° S.; and it was named Victoria Land. A second voyage of Captain Ross was fruitless, and a third ended in the discovery of a small volcanic island in latitude 64° 12' S., and in longitude 51° 29′ W. The expedition of Wilkes, the American navigator already mentioned, was practically useless; as it was proved that his claim to the discovery of the Antarctic continent could not be supported even by the testimony of his own officers. Recent attempts to penetrate into the land around the south pole have proved unsuccessful.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-XIV. SECTION XXV.-THE INFINITIVE, ETC. WHEN not governed by an auxiliary verb of mood, the infinitive! takes the preposition zu (§ 146) before it, as :-Ich habe Zeit zu Iesen, I have time to read. Er geht in tie Schule, um zu lernen he, goes to school, in order to learn. Er geht auf den Markt, um Fleisch zu kaufen, he goes to market, in order to buy meat. Ulm, in order, is, as in English, often omitted, as:-Er geht auf den Markt, Fleisch, za faufen, he goes to market to buy meat.

1. Können often signifies to know, to have learned a thing, and may be followed by a noun in the accusative, as :-Können Sie Deutsch? Do you know (understand) German ? Followed by a verb, fennen signifies either to be able (see Sect. XXIV. 1), or to know how, as:-Kann er schreiben? Can he write? or, does he know how to write, has he learned to write?

2. Wissen, to know, is frequently placed before an infinitive with 3, and corresponds to our phrase "to know how," as:Er weiß zu schreiben, he knows (how) to write. Ee weiß zu leben, he knows (how) to live. Er weiß sich zu helfen, he knows (how) to

get on.

3. Kennen also signifies to know, but only in the sense of to

be acquainted with, as :-Kennen Sie diese Leute? Do you know these people? Ich kenne sie, I know them, I am acquainted with them.

4. The indefinite pronoun man has no exact correspondent in English. It is variously translated, according to its position; thus, Man sellte immer ehrlich kantelu, one should always act honourably. Man läuft, they are running. Man schreit, they are crying. Ertragen muß man, was der Himmel sendet; what (the) Heaven sends, must we endure (§ 59. 1, 2). Man is often nominative to an active verb, which latter is best rendered by a passive one, as:—— Man weiß, no er ist. it is known where he is. Man hat den Dieb gefangen, the thief has been caught.

The above use obtains especially in the phrase, man sagt“ (French on dit), which, though more literally one says," is often better rendered by "it is said, rumoured, reported," etc.

1. Ich muß auf die Wiese gehen, Heu zu holen. 2. Was soll Ihr Bru ter in der Schule thun? 3. Er soll in tie Schule geben, um die lateinische ($ 5, 8) Sprache zu lernen. 4. Der Mensch muß ehrlich oder elend sein. 5. Was fell ich thun? 6. Sie können thun, was Sie wollen, und sollten thun, was Sie können 7. Warum sind Sie nicht gestern zu uns (Sect. 8. 3ch wollte, aber ich konnte nicht; ich muste zu

XXIII.) gefemmen? Hause bleiben und lesen 9. Wird der Schneider mir einen Rock machen wellen? 10. Er wird Ihnen einen machen wollen, aber er wird es nicht thun können. 11. Warum wird er es nicht thun können? 12. Er wird morgen auf das Land gehen müssen, feinen kranken Bruter zu besuchen. 13. Was will ter Knabe mit seinem Messer? 14. Er will Bree und Kafe schneiten. 15. Haben Sie Zeit, in den Stall zu geben? 16. Ich habe Zeit, aber ich will nicht geben, ich will zu Hause bleiben. 17. Was haben

zu Hause zu thun? 18. Ich habe Briefe zu lesen und zu schreiben. 19. Müssen Sie sie beute schreiben? 20. 3ch mußt sie heute schreiben, weil ich morgen nach Heirelberg geben will. 21. Man muß in der Wahl seiner Freunte vorsichtig sein. 22. Dieser Knabe hat heute gar nichts gelernt 23. Haben Sie auch nichts gelernt? 24. Ich habe etwas gelernt, aber nicht viel.

us, out of, from. Baier, m. Bavarian. Berg, m. mountain. Behme, m. Bohemian. Brunnen, m. well. Dienst märchen, n. ser-' vant-girl.

VOCABULARY. Derf, n. village. genster, n. window. Flinte, f. gun. Haußknecht, m. house

servant.

Hejje, m. Hessian. Krafau, n. Cracow. EXERCISE 40.

1. 3u wem geben Sie? 2. Ich gehe zu meinem Bruter 3. Mit wem gebt rieser Knabe? 4. Er geht mit seinem Vater nach der Start 5. Von wem baben Sie diese Neuigkeiten gehört? 6. Ich habe sie von meinem alten Freunde gehört. 7. Mit wem gehen Sie nach dem Derfe? 8. 3 gehe nicht nach dem Derfe, ich gebe mit meinem Vater nach der großen Stadt. 9. Wann geben Sie aus ter Start zu unsern Freunden? 10. Wir gehen nicht zu Ihren Freunden, wir kommen morgen wieder nach Hause 11. 3ch gebe heute werer zu meinem Freunde, noch nach dem Dorfe, noch aus dem Hause. 12. Der Graf bat ein großes Schloß mit kleinen Jeustern. 13. Der Fluß kommt aus den Bergen. 14. Hat Ihr Vater etwas von

feinem Bruter gehört? 15. Ja, dieser Mann ist aus Ungarn, und hat meinem Vater eine Schachtel von meinem Oheim gebracht. 16. Geht er nach Wien? 17. Nein, er geht nach Warschau, und von Warschau nach Aratan. 18. Der Baier, der Böhme und der Hesse kommen aus Deutschlant. 19. Der Jäger mit seiner Flinte kommt aus dem Walde. 20. Der Knecht geht nach der Stadt. 21. Ich habe von meinen Brüdern gehört, sie gingen zu ihrem Freunde. 22. Das Dienstmädchen kommt vom Brunren, unt der Hausknecht geht zum Fleischer.

EXERCISE 41.

1. If we desire to be happy, we must not deviate from the path of virtue. 2. I know that he is not your friend, but I krow likewise [auch] that he is a man of probity [Redlichkeit). 3. Let them know that this news is only a rumour [Gerücht]. 4. They must not say everything they know. 5. You must be very careful in the choice of your friends. 6. We ought to know to whom we apply. 7. Will you tell the tailor, when he has finished your coat, to call on me? 8. Have you time to go with me to the city? 9. If he had not been able to perform (nicht hätte zu Stande bringen können] the work he would not ⚫ have undertaken [unternommen haben] it. 10. Have you time to read this letter? 11. He goes to school, in order to learn the Latin language.

particles.

1. In principal sentences (§ 160) the particle is separated from the verb and placed at the end. In subordinate sentences, however, the particle and the verb remain always in union, as :Er wirft ten Wagen um, he overturns the wagon. Der Wagen, ten er um wurst, the wagon which he overturns. Ich hob den Stein auf. I lifted the stone up. Der Stein, welchen ich aufbob, the stone which I lifted up. Der Mann gebt aus, the man goes out. Rann, welcher ausgeht, the man who goes out. Er schrieb den Brief ab, he copied the letter. Der Brief, den er ab schrieb, the letter which he copied. Er brach die Blumen ab, he broke off the flowers. Sie ist traurig, weil er die Blumen abbrach, she is sad, because he broke off the flowers.

Der

In the above words, "overturn and uplift," it will be seen that the usage of the two languages is similar. In nearly all other English compounds, however, this resemblance to the German does not exist; thus, for,, ich fann den Wagen umwerfen," we may say, I can overturn the wagon, or, I can turn the wagon over. The sentence, Er kann ausgehen, however, we can only translate by placing the particle at the end of the sentence; as, he can go out.

2. In the infinitive mood, the particle is never separated from the verb, except by zu, which, when used, stands between the wo, as-Er will ausgehen, he will go out. Kann sie abschreiben? can she copy? Er ist bereit den Wagen um zuwerfen, he is ready to

overturn the wagon.

Unt fie gingen Jonathan nach, als And they went after Jonathan er hinaus zog zu David as he drew (forth) toward David.

Das geht mich nicht an (Sect.
LXXVIII. 6).

Die Sonne geht um fünf Uhr auf.
Die Sonne ist schon aufgegangen.

an.

That does not concern me.

The sun rises (goes up) at five
o'clock.

The sun has already risen.
EXERCISE 42.

1. Die Reiter trieben bei dieser Nachricht ihre Pferde zu größerer File 2. Der schöne Zeisig ist dem (§ 129. 3) Knaben weggeflogen. 3. Die Aussicht einer reichlichen Belohnung speente sie an, das Kind tes reichen Grelmannes zu retten. 4. Der Vauer hat seine Feldfrüchte eingesammelt, ausgebroschen und aufgefreichert. 5. Der Rachsüchtige wentet gern (Sect. XLIII. 1) tas Sprichwort an: „aufgeschoben ist nicht aufgehoben." 6. Ab geschieden von den Menschen lebt der Eremit in seiner Klause. 7. Der Krieg hat viele Menschen weggerafft, aber doch noch mehr die Pest. 8. Die Sonne ist untergegangen. 9. Der König hat nach Beendigung des Krieges vicle Soldaten entlassen. 10. Der Magnet zieht das Eisen und den Bliz an. 11. Die Magnetnatel zeigt dem Steuermann Nord und Süd an. 12. Die Drohungen sowohl als tie Verheißungen in der Bibel deuten die Liebe Gottes an. 13. Der kupferne Kessel hat Grünspan angezogen. 14. Der Müller hat sein Mehl abgesezt. 15. Der Vater hat den Hund in sein 3immer eingeschlossen. 16. Der Kaufmann preist das Tuch seinen Kunden 17. Das Gebet richtet ein gerrücktes Herz auf. 18. Der Mond steigt hinter dem Gebirge auf und erfüllt die Erde mit seinem sansten Lichte. 19. 3ch steige in den Wagen, Sie fteigen aus dem Wagen, und er steigt auf das Pferd. 20. Die müden Reiter steigen von ihren Pferden ab. Sie mich mitnehmen, wenn Sie nach Deutschland reisen? 22. Ich glaube nicht, daß Sie mitgehen wollen.

an.

EXERCISE 43.

21. Wollen

7.

1. After the termination of the war, the soldiers will be paid off. 2. I shall go with your brother to the hermit, who lives separated from the world. 3. The farmer has collected the corn in the field. 4. The citizens are shut up in the town from the enemy. 5. The war and the plague have destroyed a great many people. 6. The weary rider dismounts his horse. The merchant has disposed of his stock. 8. The sun rises in the east. 9. The sun rises at twenty minutes past five o'clock, and sets at half-past six. 10. You must incite your scholars to be more studious. 11. Will you defer your visit for to-morrow? 12. The magnetic needle points to the north. 13. The scholar has copied his lessons.

OUR HOLIDAY.

GYMNASTICS.-V.

THE PARALLEL BARS.

THE parallel bars afford advantages similar to those of the horizontal bar, which was the subject of our last paper; and also give scope for a still higher and more attractive series of exercises which are highly beneficial in strengthening the muscles of the arms, chest, and back. The form and construction